Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
In an air conditioning design, it is important to calculate accurately the load (cooling load for
summer and heating load for winter). It is necessary again to know about the heat sources and
their nature before taking the job of design of air conditioning system.
An important consideration in this exercise is the date and time for which these
calculations are made.
Date:
-depend on local climatic condition.
-although the longest day in summer is June 21, the hottest and most humid day may
occur in July.
-similarly, the coldest day may occur in January or even February, instead of on
December 21.
Time:
Though the maximum temperature may occur outside at 1 or 2p.m. , the maximum heat
gain of the room may occur at 3 or 4p.m.. Due to the direct radiation through the glass on the
west side.
Further, the purpose of use of the building also governs the choice of time. For example,
an office building which is not used at night. But in winter season, the maximum heating load
may occur at night. Therefore, the time for heating load calculation may be taken during the
early hours of the morning. Similarly, in summer an office building may have maximum
cooling load at 7p.m., but since no occupants would be present at that time, the time for load
calculations may be taken as 4 or 5p.m.
SOURCES OF HEAT:
The air conditioning system used has to carry out two types of loads known as sensible heat
load and latent heat load.
A.SOURCES CONTRIBUTING TO SENSIBLE HEAT:
1) Heat flows through the exterior walls, ceilings, floors, windows and doors due to
temperature difference between their two sides.
2) Load due to solar radiation is divided into forms
a) Heat transmitted directly by radiation through glass of windows and ventilators.
b) Heat from the sun will be absorbed by the walls and roofs and later on transferred to
room by conduction.
3) Heat received from the occupants.
4) Heat received from different equipments which are commonly used in air conditioning
building.
5) Heat received from the infiltrated air from outside through cracks in doors, windows and
ventilators and through their frequent openings.
6) Miscellaneous heat sources
a) Heat gained through ducts carrying the conditioned air and passing through the
unconditioned space.
b) Heat transferred through interior partition of rooms in the same building which are not
air conditioned.
Case I:
Dehumidified air quantity is equal to the ventilation air requirement.
(cmm)o = (cmm)d
The fresh air is directly taken through air conditioning apparatus and is then supplied to
the room.
Case II:
(cmm)d < (cmm)o
There are two alternatives:
(i) When the difference in air quantities is very small, then a coil of large BPF may be
used. The effect of this is to raise the leaving air temperature from the coil and hence to
increase the necessary supply air quantity.
(ii) When the difference in air quantities is large, then it is necessary to condition the
outdoor air and then it is reheated to increase the supply air temperature so that a larger
quantity of supply air is required.
Case III:
(cmm)d > (cmm)o
In this calculations have to be repeated by taking the outdoor air equal to the calculated
dehumidified air quantity.
1. Various inlets to return air duct and various outlets for supply air duct.
2. The duct system including return duct, supply duct and air conditioning apparatus
comprising dampers, filters, coil or air washer.
Draft: It is defined as any localized feeling of coolness or warmth of any portion of the body
due to both air motion and air temperature with humidity and radiation considered constant.
The warmth and coolness is measured above or below the controlled room condition of
24.4oC DBT at the centre of the room and air moving at approximately 9.1m/min.
Drop: It is the vertical distance, the air moves after it leaves the
outlet and reaches the end of the throw.
Spread: It is the angle of divergence of an air stream after it
leaves the outlet. The spread can be maintained in horizontal
and vertical plane is required.
Grille outlets: They may have adjustable bar grilles which are the most common types with
vertical and horizontal vanes. They may have fixed bar grilles in which case vanes are not
adjustable. Grille outlets are used in high side wall location. They are not applicable in
ceiling location for comfort application as they create draft conditions.
Slot diffuser; It is an elongated outlet with an aspect ratio of 25:1 and a maximum height of
7.5cm. This is applied in high side wall locations or along the perimeter of the floor. They
should not be installed in ceilings as it creates high draft.
Ceiling diffuser: They are mounted in ceilings. Multipassage round, square or rectangular are
the most common types. They consist of a series of flaring rings which may be adjustable
pattern or variable area type.
Perforated ceiling outlets: They use the confined space above the ceiling as a supply plenum.
Air is delivered to the room through holes or slots.
Thus for the given condition, the factor [A3(1/P)]1/2 in eqn (1) must be the same for
both the ducts.
[A3(1/P)]1/2circular = [A3(1/P)]1/2rectangular
Where a and b are the two sides of the rectangular duct and D is the diameter
of the circular duct.
=> D = 1.265[(a.b)3/(a+b)]5
B) The air velocity through rectangular duct is same as circular duct and pressure drop
per unit length of the duct in both cases is same.
We have the frictional resistance loss of a duct of any cross section is
Hf = fL/Rh *(V2/2g)
=> V = [(2g*Hf) / (f*L)]1/2 [Rh]1/2
For a circular duct of diameter D
Rh = D
Thus, V = [(2g*Hf) / (f*L)]1/2 [D]1/2
= [(2g*Hf) / (f*L)]1/2 [4(D2/4)(1/D)]1/2
= [(2g*Hf) / (f*L)]1/2 [4(A/P)]1/2
For the given condition, the factor [(A/P)]1/2 must be same for both the cases
Thus, [(A/P)]1/2circular = [(A/P)]1/2rectangular
=> [(D2/4)/D]1/2 = [(a.b)/2(a+b)]1/2
=> D = 2(a.b)/(a+b)
ZONING OF AIR:
It is the air distribution system by which different amount of air at different conditions
may be supplied to different space as per requirement. For example, if a room is to be placed
at some different temperatures and at different humidity where a room is situated near about
it, required 100% fresh air circulation, controlling or zoning of air will be necessary by
installing separate air handling units.