Abstract

In Ethiopian airports enterprise (EAE) there are many machines which are related to the field mechanical and electrical engineering. There are
three parts in Ethiopian airport enterprise:-communication and automation, AGL and electro mechanical. The first we are on electro mechanical
for example in electro mechanical part we had seen that passenger boring bridge, Escalators, Air conditioning, elevator, water pump.
This report is written in order to describe machines or systems that we see during one month in EAE/Addis Ababa bole international airport. We
write this report depending on the explanations about the machines that are working on the electromechanical area given to us by the supervisor
Mr. Habetom ,Asegedech and Fikermaryam employ the worker who is specialized in the sections.

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 Specific objective
To construct, maintain and administer aerodromes in Ethiopia which is safe, reliable and efficient. And to coordinate passengers and develop
non-aeronautical services in the aerodromes that is subject to the performing of security activity by the relevant body. In accordance with the
national aviation security program, it strives to ensure in the aerodrome to issue directive regarding airport facilitation to coordinate and control
the work.
General objective
To give brief explanation about the machine and how it work

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 CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF ADDIS ABABA BOLE INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT

8th April 1946 the first schedule flight took place to Cairo via Asmara in Douglas C-47 sky train. The national airline had been set up a few
month earlier as Ethiopian airlines ink 1947 three more sky train were purchased for international routes during the late of 1940s the routes
network was extended to :-Nairobi, Port Sudan, Bombay, Jeddah during Hajj season, Carrying pilgrims to Makah.1950 two conveyor 240 aircraft
was purchased (36 passenger )end of 1952 (21town) both passenger and cargo.1953 three quarter of air lines staff ethio government negotiated
with TWA.1957 first ethio commercial aircraft commander (Alemayhu Abebe) made his solo flight as captain on DC-31c-47 aircraft. Training
project was set up with us government help in Addis Ababa. 1958 DC-6B cloud masters were purchased four engines, 71-seat aircraft used on
long Haile routes.1960 Airline prepared to jet age and Boeing 720B the first was in A.A Lideta.1961 head quarter at bole. Addis Ababa Bole
International Airport is a public enterprise serves the city of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The airport is located in the Bole area, 6 km (3.7 mi) south
east of Addis Ababa City Centre. Formerly known as Haile Selassie I International Airport, it is the main hub of Ethiopian Airlines. It is currently
accommodates more than 150 flights per day that the facilities at this airport are serving an average capacity of over 3,500,000 passengers per
annum.

The Bole International Airport currently has two terminals with a total of 12 gates and an elaborate modern supporting infrastructure consisting of
numerous aircraft stands, aero-bridges and check-in desks enabling smooth air traffic movements. Other passenger convenience facilities at these
terminals include a post office, a bank, currency exchange counters, bars, restaurants, a VIP lounge, a duty free shop and various gift stalls for last
minute purchases. Private metered taxis and mini buses are readily located outside the terminal building providing convenient downtown travel
for passengers.

Factory Owner: The owner of Addis Ababa Bole International Airport is Government, means it is under the control of the Federal Democratic
Republic of Ethiopia Privatization and Public Enterprise Supervising Agency.

Vision: The vision of this company is to be the leading Airport service provider in Africa and to provide standardized service as international
overall the world.

Mission: Its mission is providing quality airport infrastructure and qualified, safe, fast and comfortable services to the customers. This plays a
great role in development of air transport through the country.

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Electromechanical systems (EMS)

Electromechanical systems (EMS) are physical structures characterized by interaction between

electromagnetic fields and inertial bodies. This section contains five sub sections which describes five
different objects that use electromechanical systems. These are
Passenger boarding bridge system,
Water pump station
Escalators,
Elevators and
Air conditioners

PASSENGER BORDING BRIDGE

Passenger Bridge is a telescopic apron drive bridge with two extension tunnels. It is a telescoping passage
way that can be driven from a parked position beside the terminal to the aircraft itself. These apron drive
bridges come in a variety of lengths and options, depending on the needs of the airport .It is driven using
PLC controls mounted on a console in a cab that is separated from the passenger walk way. A jet way
systems truss passenger boarding bridge is a convenient way to board and leave an aircraft and keeps
passengers safe from rain, snow, jet blast, noise, and dust. It also separates the passengers from the
aircrafts ground crews.
The passenger boarding bridge contain different component: - Hydraulic, Electrical, Mechanical. The
bridge that we see were made on fill land more they are working in hydraulic and mechanical.
Operation system of passenger boarding bridge is controlled from operator control console which is
located in the left side of the cab .It has all the controls needed to operate the passenger bridge.

First of all powering up the system is required. To do this first turn the control current switch to the one
position that light up the control current lamp. After that push start up button situated in control panel and
this makes the system ready for operation .Then go to touch display unit and enter password to gate menu
screen that:

Pass word Enter Aircraft type screen pulling aircraft.

After that the hidden push button on the left side of control panel must be pushed. Now the system is
ready for operation that we can move the bridge.

TO MOVE THE BRIDGE THE FOLLOWING REQUIREMENT MUST BE FULFILLED

The emergency stop must be inactivated.
Protective cable must be attached.
Manual/auto leveling switch must be in the manual position.
There must be no obstacle within one meter of the drive unit.
Startup light must be ON.
Hydraulic pressure must be OK.
Key lock must be inactive.
Aircraft stopped lamp must be ON or pulling aircraft button has been pushed on the touch display
unit.

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After all the above conditions are fulfilled, we can drive to predetermine position by using buttons
situated in control panel. By using the controller for forward-back ward and the control wheel for steer
left-steer right, the bridge can be loaded to pre-determined basic position on the apron. With help of the
rotate left and rotate right buttons, rotate the cabin so that there is approximately 90 degree angle
between the cabin door opening and aircraft center line in the apron. By using raise and lower buttons,
the height of the cabin can be fine-tuned manually.

To docking to passenger to aircraft first roll up door from roll up button for better visibility and then drive
the bridge to predetermined position by using control panel. By using bellows out button, the canopy
(bellows) is extended and the protective cable must be removed. Then open the aircraft door and set door
shoe below opened aircraft door. Then after, manual/auto leveling switch has been turn to auto leveling
position and auto leveler automatically moves out and connects to aircraft. So the docking is completed
and the passengers can be start boarding to or leave from the aircraft. After boarding to or leave from
aircraft completed, it has been go back to its privies position and by pressing log off buttons, and the
power can be removed from the bridge.

Basic components of passengers boarding bridge are the following.

Cabin
Canopy
Roll up door
Control panel
Door shoe
Auto leveler
Protective cable
Stairs
Drive unit
Telescopic tunnels and so on.

Cabin: Cabin is the component that connects to aircrafts fuselage operation. It can rotate around its
Centre point, in order to secure proper alignment with different aircrafts. It contains canopy, roll up door,
control panels, protective cable, protective edge, and door shoe and auto leveler.

Canopy: Cover of the passenger bridge that prevents the bridge and the aircraft from sun and rain.

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 HYDRAULIC FOR PASSENGER BORDING BRIDGE
This hydraulic passenger boarding bridge are made on fil land

ELEMENT OF HYDRAULIC PASSEGER BORDING BRIDGE

*Power unit
*Valve assemble for cabin operation
*Hydraulic motor for driving
*Hosting cylinders
*Hydraulic motor cabin rotation
*Hydraulic cylinder for auto leveling

DEVICE MOVEMENTS
IQAN control system
PEPFORMANCE CHARACTERSTIC

Hosting lowering speed 0-25mm/sec

Horizontal moving speed 0-0.25m/s
Cabin rotating speed 0-20 deg/sec
POWER UNIT
*Power unit around axial
*Reservoir part terminal side of axial
*Pump /el motor located plan side of axial
*Oil volume of reservoir 220L
*Total volume of the system 300L include oil in the cylinder
Filing of the system performed by the pump connected to the filing valve located in the
return filter

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MAIN COMPONENT OF POWER UNIT
Q max =84 l/min
P max =240 bar
P max =15KW
Electric motor =15KW =1500rpm
There are three types of filter
Pressure filter
Return filter
Air filter
Low oil level alarm device
High oil temperature device
Contain oil heating element
Hand pump for brick release in emergency situations
Pressure measuring point where ever are needed
Control valve for hosting and driving
Control valve for cabin rotation and for probe cylinder
Electrical cabin
MAIN COMPONENT OF CONTROL SYSTEM
* Steering wheel (located in main control panel)
* Joy stick for motor speed (located in main control panel)
* IQAN MDM-Master unit (located in main control panel)
* IQAN XS expansion unit (located inside the control panel)
* IQAN XP- expansion unit (located on power unit)
* Feedback transducer for that axial angel FB-P6
* Feedback transducer for the cabin angel FB-P3
* Feedback transducer for cabin height FB-(B124)
* Auto level transducer
* Plc. system supplied by ABB/AIR-1X
* Various limit switches for safety and control purpose
TYPE PLATE OF POWER UNIT
There is type plate in the power unit like (identification card for power unit)
Give necessary information wherever spare part is needed.
There are 17PCS for measuring coupling in the system
Every power unit has two pressure measuring assemblies
They can be connected/ disconnected even if the pressure is on.
MAIN PART OF PUMP UNIT
*Pressure filter
*Pressure switch
*Pilot pressure control valve
*Piston pump
*Shut off valve
pump must be filled with clean oil before starting at the first time
ADJUSTMENT OF PUMP
*P max=240bar

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 *Control pressure=20-25bar
The purpose of pressure switch to give a signal when the pump is running therefor adjust is not critical
*In order to adjust switch, temporarily decrees the pilot pressure of pump around 10-15bar
Contact open when 10-15bar
Restore the proper pilot pressure seating 20-25bar
valve for cabin rotation are located under cabin
Valve for probe movement are located in cabin
SOLENOID VALVES
The valve is used for brake release
The valve are used for cabin movement control
SPER PART
Coil
Seal kit
PLANENTARY GEAR
The reduction gear is supplied without lubricant and must be filled up with lubricant by the user before
start up.
First oil change must be made after 50/100 houses of operation subsequently every 1000hours or at least
every 6 months.
INTEGRAL BRAKE MOTOR FOR CABIN ROTATION
Max torque -1250Nm
Braking torque -1000Nm
Release pressure min -19-21 bar
Tightening torque -75Nm
AIR FILTER
Replace air filter with a new one once in a year
OIL LEVEL SWITCH
Normal oil volume 220L
Normal use oil level fluctuating 20L
Oil level decrees to 120L (oil level is 340mmfor top of reservoir
Low level indicate that there is 184L oil in the reservoir
Whenever an oil level alarm occur the reason low oil level must be checked out immediately
FLUID RECOMMENDETION
*Viscosity in normal operating temperature (30-55C) (20-55Cst)
*Min viscosity 13CSt
*Max viscosity 320CSt
*Viscosity index (vl) >150
HYDRSULIC SYSTEM IN GENERAL
Clean lines more than 90% of faults are caused by contaminated oil
The filter element must be replaced with new ones as soon as filter indicators indicts
Prior to start up the case of piston pump must be filled with hydraulic fluid
All pressure adjusted to the proper level
The max pressure of the system (=compensating pressure of main pump) must always be lower than the
cracking pressure of pressure relief valve of the same circuit.

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Power unit are equipped with certain alarm and gauges.
All kind of tube fitting will loosen over the first month of use and the special attention paid for to avoid
leakage and check all connection regularly

Lowering the bridge when the power unit is not running.

Near the right hosting cylinder in the drive column is needle valve carefully the bridge can be lowered.
REMEMBER to close the valve after lowering

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 AIR CONDITIONING (A C)

Air quality is essential considerations in maintaining the productivity, comfort and health of the
occupants. If air quality and temperature are not maintained, occupants comfort in the work place can
suffer directly affecting productivity. Air conditioning is the process of altering the properties
of air (primarily temperature and humidity) to more favorable conditions. The control of these conditions
may be desirable to maintain the health and comfort of the occupants, or to meet the requirements of
industrial processes irrespective of the external climatic conditions. It is used to cool products or a
building environment. An air conditioning system is an assembly of different part of the system used
produce a specified condition of air within a require space or building. Refrigeration systems are also
used for providing cooling and dehumidification in summer for personal comfort (air conditioning). The
first air conditioning systems were used for industrial as well as comfort air conditioning. Eastman Kodak
installed the first air conditioning system in 1891 in Rochester, New York for the storage of photographic
films. An air conditioning system was installed in a printing press in 1902 and in a telephone exchange in
Hamburg in 1904. Many systems were installed in tobacco and textile factories around 1900. The first
domestic air conditioning system was installed in a house in Frankfurt in 1894. A private library in St
Louis, USA was air conditioned in 1895, and a casino was air conditioned in Monte Carlo in 1901.
Efforts have also been made to air condition passenger rail coaches using ice. The widespread
development of air conditioning is attributed to the American scientist and industrialist Willis Carrier.
Carrier studied the control of humidity in 1902 and designed a central air conditioning plant using air
washer in 1904. Due to the pioneering efforts of Carrier and also due to simultaneous development of
different components and controls, air conditioning quickly became very popular, especially after 1923.
At present comfort air conditioning is widely used in residences, offices, commercial buildings, air ports,
hospitals and in mobile applications such as rail coaches, automobiles, aircrafts etc. Industrial air
conditioning is largely responsible for the growth of modern electronic, pharmaceutical, chemical
industries etc. Most of the present-day air conditioning systems use either a vapor compression system or
a vapor absorption system.

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Principle of working cycle (how does it work?)

The goal is to keep it more comfortable inside the house than it is outside.

Fig 1: cycles of refrigeration

Principles of Refrigeration

Liquids absorb heat when changed from liquid to gas

Gases give off heat when changed from gas to liquid.
For an air conditioning system to operate with economy, the refrigerant must be used repeatedly. For this
reason, all air conditioners use the same cycle of compression, condensation, expansion, and evaporation
in a closed circuit. The same refrigerant is used to move the heat from one area, to cool this area, and to
expel this heat in another area.

The refrigerant comes into the compressor as a low-pressure gas, it is compressed and then moves
out of the compressor as a high-pressure gas.
The gas then flows to the condenser. Here the gas condenses to a liquid, and gives off its heat to
the outside air.
The liquid then moves to the expansion valve under high pressure. This valve restricts the flow of
the fluid, and lowers its pressure as it leaves the expansion valve.
The low-pressure liquid then moves to the evaporator, where heat from the inside air is absorbed
and changes it from a liquid to a gas.
As a hot low-pressure gas, the refrigerant moves to the compressor where the entire cycle is
repeated.
Note that the four-part cycle is divided at the center into a high side and a low side This refers to the
pressures of the refrigerant in each side of the system

A.C. works on the mechanism of refrigerant liquid. This liquid change to gas and evaporates as it extracts
heat from the air around it and in low pressure conditions it again gets converted to liquid and after
entering into the normal pressure region this again changes into gas. Any A.C. will comprise of 4 parts
i.e. a compressor, a condenser, expansion valve and an evaporator. Compressor and condenser are usually

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kept outside the house where as an evaporator is kept inside the house. Compressor is the most important
part of all the three as it pumps the vapor refrigerant through the system.

In the evaporator, the fluid leaves as low pressure cool gas to reach compressor. The compressor will
compress the gas to liquid. As the gas becomes liquid, the molecules are together and their energy is high
resulting in high temperature. The working fluid leaves compressor and flows into condenser as hot air
which will convert this hot air to low pressurized liquid. One can observe the temperature around outside
unit, which is high due to heat dissipated from compressor.

The temperature in condenser is very low and this converts the high temperature gas into low pressurized
liquid. Through a small hole (expansion valve) this pressurized liquid will flow to into evaporator. In this
process, the pressure drops and the liquid is converted into low pressure cool air to start the cycle once
again. In the process of changing liquid to gas it extracts heat from the air around it. Evaporator has fins
and it will blow that cool air into the room. The hot air is lighter than cool air, so it is in the upper part of
the room whose heat is used to convert high pressurized liquid into low pressurized gas.

This process continues till the room attains the temperature you set. The thermostat present in the A.C.
will temporarily stop A.C. for some time; if the room temperature raises again, the thermostat will
automatically on the A.C. to set the temperature of your room to your desired level.

The basic elements of air conditioning system: --

Fans: For circulation of air

Filters: For cleaning air
Grill: It adjust the direction of the conditioned air to the room.
Tray: It collects condensed water.
Refrigerating Plant: provide cooling. It consists of compressor/generator and absorber,
evaporator, condenser, expansion device (capillary tube).
TYPE OF AIR-CONDITIONING

The choice of which air conditioner system to use depends upon a number of factors including how large
the area is to be cooled, the total heat generated inside the enclosed area, etc. An HVAC designer would
consider all the related parameters and suggest the system most suitable for your space.

Window air-conditioning system

Split air-conditioning system
Centralized air-conditioning system
Package air-conditioning system

1) Windows Air-conditioning System

Window air conditioner is the most commonly used air conditioner for single rooms. In this air
conditioner all the components, namely the compressor, condenser, expansion valve or coil, evaporator
and cooling coil are enclosed in a single box. This unit is fitted in a slot made in the wall of the room, or
more commonly a window sill.
Window air conditioners are one of the most commonly used and cheapest type of air
conditioners.
To install one of these units, you need the space to make a slot in the wall, and there should
also be some open space behind the wall.

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 Window air-conditioner units are reliable and simple-to-install solution to keep a room cool
while avoiding the costly construction of a central air system.
Better yet, when the summer heat dies down, these units can be easily removed for storage, and you can
use the window sill for other purpose

Fig 2: window air conditioner

2) Split Air-Conditioning System

The split air conditioner comprises of two parts: the outdoor unit and the indoor unit. The outdoor unit,
fitted outside the room, houses components like the compressor, condenser and expansion valve. The
indoor unit comprises the evaporator or cooling coil and the cooling fan. For this unit, you dont have to
make any slot in the wall of the room. Further, present day split units have aesthetic appeal and do not
take up as much space as a window unit. A split air conditioner can be used to cool one or two rooms.

The split air conditioner comprises of two parts: the outdoor unit and the indoor unit.

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 The outdoor unit, fitted outside the room, houses components like the compressor, condenser
and expansion valve.
The indoor unit comprises the evaporator or cooling coil and the cooling fan. For this unit,
you dont have to make any slot in the wall of the room.
Further, the present day split units have aesthetic looks and add to the beauty of the room.
The split air conditioner can be used to cool one or two rooms
The Split Air Conditioner divided in two parts: --

1) First part:-Include the evaporator, filter, evaporator fan and grill. They placed inside the room.
2) Second part:-Include Condenser, fan, and compressor. This placed outside the room. Diameter
tubes. Therefore, small hole required in wall of installation of split air condition. The split air
conditioning units are available in capacity range of 1 to 3 tons.
WORKING OF SPLIT AC CONDITIONER

The fans blow air over the coils to improve their ability to dissipate heat (to the outside air) and cold (to
the room being cooled). When you get into larger air-conditioning applications, its time to start looking
at split-system units. A split-system air conditioner splits the hot side from the cold side of the system, as
in the diagram below.

The cold side, consisting of the expansion valve and the cold coil, is generally placed into a furnace or
some other air handler. The air handler blows air through the coil and routes the air throughout the
building using a series of ducts. The hot side, known as the condensing unit, lives outside the building.
The unit consists of a long, spiral coil shaped like a cylinder. Inside the coil is a fan, to blow air through
the coil, along with a weather-resistant compressor and some control logic. This approach has evolved
over the years because it's low-cost, and also because it normally results in reduced noise inside the house
(at the expense of increased noise outside the house). Other than the fact that the hot and cold sides are
split apart and the capacity is higher (making the coils and compressor larger), there's no difference
between a split-system and a window air conditioner.

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Fig 3: split air conditioner

How is a Split Air Conditioner Different from Other AC Units?

A split air conditioner does not require major installation work because it does not require ductwork.
Rather, the indoor and outdoor units are connected with a set of electrical wires and tubing. This is good
for your wallet and the environment. The ductwork required for many traditional A/C units generally
increases energy expenditures, as many centralized A/C units lose a lot of energy due to heat exchange in
the air duct system. So, without a duct system, there is very little opportunity for heat or energy loss in a
split air conditioner system.

Benefits of a Split Air Conditioning System

This kind of air conditioner system has many advantages over traditional air conditioners. Perhaps the
most obvious benefit is the quiet performance of a split air conditioner system. The parts of an air
conditioner that make the most noise is the compressor and the fan that cools the condenser. In a split
system, the compressor and fan for the condenser are located outside of the room being cooled and
therefore the major sources of noise are removed - unlike with window units.

Another benefit of a split air conditioner system is that you can opt for a multi-split system, where you
can have more than one indoor unit connected to a single outdoor unit. This makes it easy to cool multiple
rooms or maintain the temperature throughout a large room through the use of two indoor cooling units.

A split air conditioner is an efficient and cost-effective way to cool your home. It should be noted that the
initial cost of this kind of air conditioning unit is significantly higher than a window unit and it does
require professional installation. However, the amount of money you will save on your energy bills as
well as the longevity of the unit will make it worth your while in the end.

3) Centralized Air-Conditioning System

The central air conditioning plants or the systems are used when large buildings, hotels,
theaters, airports, shopping malls etc. are to be air conditioned completely.
The window and split air conditioners are used for single rooms or small office spaces.
If the whole building is to be cooled it is not economically viable to put window or split air
conditioner in each and every room.
Further, these small units cannot satisfactorily cool the large halls, auditoriums, receptions
areas etc.
The central air conditioning plants or the systems are used when large buildings, hotels, theaters, airports,
shopping malls etc. are to be air conditioned completely. The window and split air conditioners are used
for single rooms or small office spaces. If the whole building is to be cooled it is not economically viable

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to put window or split air conditioner in each and every room. Further, these small units cannot
satisfactorily cool the large halls, auditoriums, receptions areas etc.

In the central air conditioning systems, there is a plant room where large compressor, condenser,
thermostatic expansion valve and the evaporator are kept in the large plant room. They perform all the
functions as usual similar to a typical refrigeration system. However, all these parts are larger in size and
have higher capacities. The compressor is of open reciprocating type with multiple cylinders and is cooled
by the water just like the automobile engine. The compressor and the condenser are of shell and tube type.
While in the small air conditioning system capillary is used as the expansion valve, in the central air
conditioning systems thermostatic expansion valve is used.

The chilled is passed via the ducts to all the rooms, halls and other spaces that are to be air conditioned.
Thus, in all the rooms there is only the duct passing the chilled air and there are no individual cooling
coils, and other parts of the refrigeration system in the rooms. What is we get in each room is the
completely silent and highly effective air conditions system in the room. Further, the amount of chilled air
that is needed in the room can be controlled by the openings depending on the total heat load inside the
room.

The central air conditioning systems are highly sophisticated applications of the air conditioning systems
and many a times they tend to be complicated. It is due to this reason that there are very few companies in
the world that specialize in these systems. In the modern era of computerization, a number of additional
electronic utilities have been added to the central conditioning systems.

WORKING OF CENTRAL AC CONDITIONER

The central AC type that Addis Ababa bole airport uses consists of an evaporator, compressor, condenser
& expansion valve. The compressor is of open type and can be driven by the motor directly or by the belt
via pulley arrangement connected to the motor. The refrigerant fluid enters the compressor inhaling the
refrigerant from the suction channel compressing to the discharge channel. There is a silencer device
which is used to keep the noise level low or keep it silent.

In the condenser heat is removed by cooled water, with water flowing along the shell side and refrigerant
along the tube side. In the condenser, Refrigerant vapor turn to liquid.

To complete the cycle, the high-pressure liquid is made to flow through an expansion valve (venturi-
valve). The thermostatic expansion valve is operated automatically by the solenoid valve. In the
expansion valve, Low the temperature and pressure of liquid is obtained.it controls Control the flow rate
in to the evaporator.

The refrigeration effect is obtained in the cold region as heat is extracted by vaporization of refrigerant in
the evaporator. The evaporator is also called as the chiller, because it chills the water. If the water flows
along the shell side and refrigerant on the tube side, it is called as the dry expansion type of chiller.

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thenevaporatorliquidturnstovaporandcoldairflowsoutroom.

Fig 4: central air-conditioner

With blower distributing the chilled is passed via the ducts to all the rooms, halls and other spaces that are
to be air conditioned

1) Compressor: - is a mechanical device that increases the pressure of a gas by reducing its volume.
2) Condenser: - In the condenser heat is removed from the refrigerant by providing a condensing fluid at
a lower temperature to which the heat can flow and be dissipated.
3) Expansion Valve: - when liquid refrigerant flows from the higher pressure of the condenser to the lower
pressure of the vapor some type of metering device must control its rate of flow. The airport uses a
venture meter as a metering device. The liquid refrigerant goes through the expansion valve (also called a
throttle valve) where its pressure abruptly decreases. That results in a mixture of liquid and vapor at a
lower temperature and pressure.
4) Evaporator: - It is a heat exchanger used to evaporate a refrigerant and in doing so it absorbs heat from
the substance being refrigerated. Thereafter a fan blows on the evaporator coil to guide the cold air into a
certain direction.
The cold air blown by the fan reaches its destination through air holes on the ground. The activation and
deactivation of the system is determined by timing motors. In addition asbestos insulation on evaporator
and condenser coils prevents unwanted heat and works as a sound buffer.
There are two types of central air conditioning plants or systems:

Direct expansion or DX central air conditioning plant: In this system the huge compressor and the
condenser are housed in the plant room, while the expansion valve and the evaporator or the
cooling coil and the air handling unit are housed in separate room. The cooling coil is fixed in the
air handling unit, which also has large blower housed in it. The blower sucks the hot return air
from the room via ducts and blows it over the cooling coil. The cooled air is then supplied
through various ducts and into the spaces which are to be cooled. This type of system is useful for
small buildings.

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 Chilled water central air conditioning plant: This type of system is more useful for large
buildings comprising of a number of floors. It has the plant room where all the important units
like the compressor, condenser, throttling valve and the evaporator are housed. The evaporator is
a shell and tube. On the tube side the Freon fluid passes at extremely low temperature, while on
the shell side the brine solution is passed. After passing through the evaporator, the brine solution
gets chilled and is pumped to the various air handling units installed at different floors of the
building. The air handling units comprise the cooling coil through which the chilled brine flows,
and the blower. The blower sucks hot return air from the room via ducts and blows it over the
cooling coil. The cool air is then supplied to the space to be cooled through the ducts. The brine
solution which has absorbed the room heat comes back to the evaporator, gets chilled and is again
pumped back to the air handling unit. To operate and maintain central air conditioning systems
you need to have good operators, technicians and engineers. Proper preventative and breakdown
maintenance of these plants is vital.
4) Packaged Air-Conditioning System

The window and split air conditioners are usually used for the small air conditioning capacities up
to 5 tons.
The central air conditioning systems are used for where the cooling loads extend beyond 20 tons.
The packaged air conditioners are used for the cooling capacities in between these two extremes.
The packaged air conditioners are available in the fixed rated capacities of 3,5, 7, 10 and 15 tons.
These units are used commonly in places like restaurants, telephone exchanges, homes, small
halls, etc.

ESCALATOR

An escalator is a moving staircase conveyor transport device for carrying people between floors of a
building. The device consists of a motor-driven chain of individual, linked steps that move up or down on
tracks, allowing the step treads to remain horizontal.

Escalators are used around the world to move pedestrian traffic in places where elevators would be
impractical. Principal areas of usage include department stores, shopping malls, airports, transit systems,
convention centers, hotels, and public buildings.

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 The benefits of escalators are many. They have the capacity to move large numbers of people, and they
can be placed in the same physical space as one might install a staircase. They have no waiting interval
(except during very heavy traffic), they can be used to guide people toward main exits or special exhibits,
and they may be weatherproofed for outdoor use.

Escalators are one of the largest, most expensive machines people use on a regular basis, but they're
also one of the simplest.

At its most basic level, an escalator is just a simple variation on the conveyer belt. A pair of rotating
chain loops pull a series of stairs in a constant cycle, moving a lot of people a short distance at a good
speed.

In this article, we'll look inside an escalator to find out exactly how these elements fit together. While
it is exceedingly simple, the system that keeps all the steps moving in perfect synchrony is really quite
brilliant.

An escalator is a mechanized moving stairway, common in places with a lot of foot traffic or where a
conventional staircase would be very long and tiring to climb. Escalators can often be seen in shopping
malls, museums, multi-story parking garages, and subway stations, for example. Escalators are often
installed in pairs, with an up escalator and a down escalator adjacent to each other, while a single
escalator may be changed to go up or down according to the direction of heavier traffic at different times
of the day.

An escalator is similar to a conveyor belt, but differs in that it is on an incline and has a surface of
stairs rather than a flat belt. Most escalators also include a handrail that moves in conjunction with the
stairs. To move from one end of an escalator to the other, a person may simply stand on one step until one
reaches the end, or one may climb or descend the escalator like conventional stairs. Many escalators in
busy areas are wide enough to accommodate two columns of people, and those who wish to stand
conventionally remain on one side of the escalator.

Modern escalators are usually inclined at 30, limited in rise to about 60 feet (18 m), with floor-to-
floor rise of about 12 feet (3.5 m). They are electrically powered, driven by chain and sprocket, and held
in the proper plane by two tracks. As the treads approach the landing, they pass through a comb device; a
deflection switch is actuated to cut off power if an object becomes jammed between the tread and the
comb.

Escalators move at a rate of up to 120 feet (36 m) per minute; larger types have a capacity of 6,000
passengers per hour. If a chain breaks, the release of tension stops the escalator, a safety switch also halts
the device if a handrail is broken or comes loose or if a side panel is deflected.

Moving ramps or sidewalks, sometimes called revelators, are specialized forms of escalators
developed to carry people and materials horizontally or along slight inclines. Ramps may have either

Solid or jointed treads or a continuous belt. Ramps can move at any angle of up to 15; beyond this
incline the slope becomes too steep and escalators are favored. Escalator as shown in fig.1& fig.2

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 Fig.-1 ESCALATOR

Fig-2 INTERNAL VIEW OF ESCALATOR

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 An escalator is a moving staircase conveyor transport device for carrying people between floors of a
building. The device consists of a motor-driven chain of individual, linked steps that move up or down on
tracks, allowing the step treads to remain horizontal.

Escalators are used around the world to move pedestrian traffic in places where elevators would be
impractical. Principal areas of usage include department stores, shopping malls, airports, transit systems,
convention centers, hotels, and public buildings.as shown in fig.3

Fig.3 ASSEMBLY OF THE ESCALATOR

HISTORY

There are many claims to the invention of the escalators, but it is like that it was known, at least in
some place .in ancient times. Here some of thermals stones in the history of the device

Inventors and manufacturers

Nathan Ames, a patent solicitor from Saugus, Massachusetts, is credited with patenting the first
"escalator" in 1859, despite the fact that no working model of his design was ever built. His invention, the
"revolving stairs", is largely speculative and the patent specifications indicate that he had no preference
for materials or potential use (he noted that steps could be upholstered or made of wood, and suggested
that the units might benefit the infirm within a household use), though the mechanization was suggested
to run either by manual or hydraulic power.

Leamon Souder

In 1889, Leamon Souder successfully patented the "stairway", an escalator-type device that featured a
"series of steps and links jointed to each other". No model was ever built. This was the first of at least
four escalator-style patents issued to Souder, including two for spiral designs

In 1892, Jesse W. Reno, son of American Civil War notable Jesse L. Reno, and an 1883 engineering
graduate of Lehigh University, patented the "Endless Conveyor or Elevator." A few months after Reno's
patent was approved, George A. Wheeler patented his ideas for a more recognizable moving staircase,
though it was never built. Wheelers patents were bought by Charles Seeberger; some features of
Wheelers designs were incorporated in Seebergers prototype built by the Otis Elevator Company in
1899.

Reno produced the first working escalator (he actually called it the "inclined elevator") and installed it
alongside the Old Iron Pier at Coney Island, New York in 1896. This particular device was little more
than an inclined belt with cast-iron slats or cleats on the surface for traction, and traveled along a 25

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incline. A few months later, the same prototype was used for a month-long trial period on the Manhattan
side of the Brooklyn Bridge. Reno eventually joined forces with Otis Elevator Company, and retired once
his patents were purchased outright. Some Reno-type escalators were still being used in the Boston
subway until construction for the Big Dig precipitated their removal. The Smithsonian Institution
considered re-assembling one of these historic units from 1914 in their collection of Americana, but
"logistics and reassembly costs won out over nostalgia", and the project was discarded.

Around May 1895, Charles Seeberger began drawings on a form of escalator similar to those patented
by Wheeler in 1892. This device actually consisted of flat, moving stairs, not unlike the escalators of
today, except for one important detail: the step surface was smooth, with no comb effect to safely guide
the rider's feet off at the ends. Instead, the passenger had to step off sideways. To facilitate this, at the top
or bottom of the escalator the steps continued moving horizontally beyond the end of the handrail (like a
miniature moving sidewalk) until they disappeared under a triangular "divider" which guided the
passenger to either side. Seeberger teamed with Otis Elevator Company in 1899, and together they
produced the first commercial escalator which won the first prize at the Paris 1900 Exposition Universally
in France. Also on display at the Exposition were Reno's inclined elevator, a similar model by James M.
Dodge and the Link Belt Machinery Co., and two different devices by French manufacturers Hall and
Piat.

There is various type of escalator given below:

Escalators, like moving walkways, are powered by constant-speed alternating current motors and move at
approximately 12 feet (0.300.61 m) per second. The maximum angle of inclination of an escalator to
the horizontal floor level is 30 degrees with a standard rise up to about 60 feet (18 m). Modern escalators
have single piece aluminum or steel steps that move on a system of tracks in a continuous loop.

Layout as shown in fig.4

"Crisscross" "Multiple parallel" "Parallel"

Fig.4 Types of escalator

Escalators have three typical configuration options: parallel (up and down escalators "side by side or
separated by a distance", seen often in multilevel motion picture theatres), crisscross (minimizes structural
space requirements by "stacking" escalators hat go in one direction, frequently used in department stores
or shopping centers), and multiple parallel (two or more escalators together that travel in one direction
next to one or two escalators in the same bank that travel in the other direction).

Escalators are required to have moving handrails that keep pace with the movement of the steps. The
direction of movement (up or down) can be permanently the same, or be controlled by personnel

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according to the time of day, or automatically be controlled by whoever arrives first, whether at the
bottom or at the top (the system is programmed so that the direction is not reversed while a passenger is
on the escalator).

WORKING PRINCIPLE

Escalators while rather expensive and large, are actually relatively basic machines. The machinery of
an escalator is hidden beneath its steps in what is called a truss. At the top of the escalator, housed in the
truss, is an electric motor which runs the four gears that all escalators have two drive gears on either
side at the top and two return gears on either side at the bottom. These gears have chains that loop around
the gears and run down each side of the escalator. Connected to each step, these chains help the steps
make their way up, or down, the escalator.

The handrails that riders use for balance and safety on their ride up or down escalators are powered by
the same system that powers the steps. The handrails are essentially long rubber loops connected to the
two drive gears at the top of the escalator and powered by the same electric motor that powers the steps

Speed is controlled by a governor, similar in general principle to that used on stationary steam engines.
Two heavy metal balls are attached to pivoted levers which are in turn fixed to a vertical shaft, revolving
through gearing. The faster the shaft revolves, the more are the metal balls swung out by centrifugal force,
and should the lift speed exceed a predetermined figure the governor actuates a brake.

In Addis Ababa bole airport, the escalator work in line mode rather than working in invertor mode, in
inverter mode when the passenger reaches to either of top or bottom of escalator, the sensor which it is
basically the proximity sensors senses and then the escalator allows the passenger to go in desired
direction. But the line mode works as the key is switched to either clockwise or anti-clockwise & motor is
turned on, the shaft, the gear looped with chain start the motion and the steps movement is limited to the
key that is switched which can be clockwise or anti-clock wise

Pumping station
Pump stations are facilities including pumps and equipment for pumping fluids from one place to another.
They are used for variety of systems. A pumping station is simply a building with equipment for
pumping large amounts of water from the reservoir.
In ADDIS ABABA BOLE INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT (AABIA),there are two pump stations which
are used for firefighting, potable and sanitary supply of water to both terminals(terminal oneand terminal
two) and other related buildings. Pump station one is used (for terminal one) and pump station two (for
terminal two). Each and every pump stations consists pump house, reservoir and valve (collection)
chamber.

Components
a) Pump house: - is a house where pumps are installed and operated.
b) Reservoir: - is a tanker which is used to store water for various supply purpose. Generally, there
are three types of reservoir

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 Elevated reservoir (service reservoir): - store fully treated potable water which is close to the
point of distribution.
Underground reservoir: - It is found beneath the ground. This type of reservoir is especially
used in more hilly or mountainous country.
Ground reservoir: - is reservoir on the surface
c) Valve chamber: - is the chamber in which pump valve operates. It distributes water that is stored
in the reservoir to various locations.
Generally there are three types of distribution system
Pressurized system: use pumps.
Ground system: use the principle of gravity (from higher level to lower).
Ground + pressure system: use both gravity and pumps, but give the priority for the gravity.

d) Pump: is used to convert electrical energy in to mechanical energy. Here we use centrifugal
type pump.
e) Screen chamber: which is used to remove big sands and it also used as an out let when we
wash the reservoir.
f) Motor: used to convert electric energy into mechanical energy basically to drive the pump
g) Ventilation: is used for air conditioning system in order to control over heating of the
pump station. The ventilation system is found on the walls of the pump station.
h) Strainer: it is used to prevent undesirable particles from getting in to the pump's impeller.
i) Flexible connection: it is used to control pressure.
J) Checked valve: to prevent back flow to through the pump.
k) Compressor: it is used to increase the pressure of the pressure vessels
Pump station of terminal 1
It was built at the time of Emperor Hailesellasie, when the airport was built for the first
time.Terminal one pump station has nothing different from the terminal two but its reservoir is
underground type and its capacity is about 960m3. And also its system of distribution is pressure +
ground. This pump station is almost in fixing. Only the one pump is accomplishing its work finely. Pump
station one's reservoir has a gooseneck on its head which is used to facilitate the circulation of air. The
facilitation of circulation of air is needed when expansion and contraction of the wall occurs. Purposely
for this expansion and contraction the walls used to have a little gap between them. In this pump station
we have two water and two fire pumps.

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 Pump station of terminal 2

1. Reservoir
The terminal 2 reservoir is ground type reservoir, which has two compartments named C and D.The
reason for having two compartments in one reservoir is for cleaning (inspection) purpose.The wall
dividing the reservoir into two has an opening at the top which allows the water to flow through it to the
other compartment and helps to fill each other. Each compartment has its own gate valve (valve which
control the flow) and also inlet pipe (150mm diameter). The total capacity of this reservoir is 4385m3.
Generally this reservoir has 2 inlets and 6 outlets. This means 1 inlet and 3 outlets for each compartment.
The inlets are from the source and the outlet pipes are to the screen (collecting) chamber then to the pump
house. Three of the outlet pipes have different purpose that is the reason why they are different in their
colors. Those colors are standard for their particular purpose. Red colored pipes are used for firefighting
whereas the green coloredand the black onesare for potable water and for overflow respectively. There are
about 8 goose necks on the reservoir which are used for air circulation (venting purpose). There are also
sand and aggregates on the reservoir to keep the water temperature lower.

Pipes and pumps

For this station there are 2 inlet pipes with 300mm (fire water supply) and 200mm (potable water supply).
There are 3 pumps particularly for fire water supply and also 4 pumps for water supply. The pipe that
comes from the reservoir is branched into three pipes in the pump house. Each side pipe is connected to
its pump. There is also a line that goes from the continuous pipe to the jockey pumps. Each side
(branched pipes) hasits own check valve to prevent the back flow to the reservoir. Also, there are strainers
to prevent undesirable particles from passing to the pump impeller. Generally pumps can be controlled
automatically (by using electric fire pump controller) and also manually (by using keys). Electric fire
pump controller triggers itself when there is a fire in the terminal.
On this pump station we do have three types of pumps; fire pump, water pump and jokey pumps.
Fire pump
The fire pump is assigned by red color. They have three pumps and each motor have 125hp power
and 380 volt. The pump does not work at normal time. If something happen at the terminal two there are
heat sensors. If fire explodesin the terminal, the fire pump will start at the same time.

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 Water pump
The water pumps areassigned by blue color. The four pumps operate simultaneously by
synchronization that means the two will operate at once and also the other two at once. The pump is used
for high pressure pump else it works on water jokey pump.
Jockey pump
The jokey pumps are assigned by green color. In the station there are two pumps. They are used for
low pressure but as demand increase the water pump is directly standby.
Generally in both pump stations we have control boards which enable us to control the whole system of
the pump station.

Main pipe

Side
pipes

Inlet
pipe

In order to minimize the number of starts of the water main pump and to prevent unnecessary starts of
these pumps due to low water consumption, the system is provided with jockey pumps and pressure
vessels (required to minimize the number of starts and stops of the water supply jockey pumps). But if
there is high water consumption then one of larger pumps triggers itself. Those pumps increase the
pressure of water to 6bar that is the reason pressure reducing valves which are used to reduce the inlet
pressure of water to 4barat the terminal are needed.

Strainer

Flexible connector
(joint)
Problems if both larger pumps are triggered at the same time include the building up of pressure beyond 6
bars and reduction in pump life.

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