door openings, and to counteract thermal bowing.

Architectural
panels are sometimes pretensioned or post-tensioned
to avoid cracks, control warping and bowing, or reinforce
particularly large units. Firm anchorage of the prestressing
steel in a prestressing bed or in suitably designed individual
molds is necessary. When the prestressing force is released,
concrete compressive strength should be sufficient to meet
design and handling requirements of the precast panel. In
the case of prestressed architectural panels, special attention
should be paid to the transfer of prestress force to the panel,
particularly if it is a heavily sculptured precast panel or the
panel has many openings.
Accurate strand location is important to avoid inducing
permanent bowing or warping. Strand ends should be
recessed and backfilled with epoxy special grout, or otherwise
carefully protected to avoid corrosion.
Strands are normally tensioned in two increments. The
first increment applies sufficient load to the strands to
straighten them, eliminate slack, and provide a starting point
for measuring elongation. The second strand stressing increment
is then applied until the strands reach final stress and
elongation. Gauge readings and elongation measurements
should be taken and recorded for each strand being stressed.
Prestressing strand, rod, or wires should never be welded.
The high temperature may produce crystallization and cause
the steel to lose a considerable amount of strength and fail
when under tension.
6.4.1.2 Stringing the strands Strands are normally
supplied in reelless packs where the strands can be pulled
from the spool center. They should be placed in the form in a
way that avoids entanglement during the stressing operation.
Strands for pretensioned products should be free of dirt, oil,
grease, or any foreign substance that can affect their bond
to concrete. Strand chucks should be clean, well-lubricated,
crack-free, and capable of anchoring the loads induced by
the strand without allowing excessive slippage.
6.4.1.3 Jacking Hydraulic jacks with gauging systems
are normally used to tension strands. Hydraulic gauges
should be accurate to within 2 percent of the maximum
applied pressure. Strand force should be determined by
observing jack gauge pressure and measuring strand elongation.
The two control measurements should agree with
their computed theoretical values within a tolerance of 5
percent. Additionally, these two values should algebraically
be within 5 percent of each other. If strand readings are not
within this range, tensioning should be stopped and corrective
measures taken. Typically, elongation starting points
are marked after the initial 3000 lb force (13.3 kN) is applied
to the strand to remove any slack.
6.4.1.4 Strand detensioning Detensioning should not
begin until concrete has attained sufficient strength to resist
compressive forces induced by the strand and the strand has
bonded to the concrete in pretensioned construction. Strand
transfer is normally undertaken when the concrete is at least
3000 psi (21 MPa) but varies with design. Each strand should
be cut simultaneously and slowly at each end of the panel
or prestressing bed. Detensioning should be performed in a
door openings, and to counteract thermal bowing. Architectural
panels are sometimes pretensioned or post-tensioned
to avoid cracks, control warping and bowing, or reinforce
particularly large units. Firm anchorage of the prestressing
steel in a prestressing bed or in suitably designed individual
molds is necessary. When the prestressing force is released,
concrete compressive strength should be sufficient to meet
design and handling requirements of the precast panel. In
the case of prestressed architectural panels, special attention
should be paid to the transfer of prestress force to the panel,
particularly if it is a heavily sculptured precast panel or the
panel has many openings.
Accurate strand location is important to avoid inducing
permanent bowing or warping. Strand ends should be
recessed and backfilled with epoxy special grout, or otherwise
carefully protected to avoid corrosion.
Strands are normally tensioned in two increments. The
first increment applies sufficient load to the strands to
straighten them, eliminate slack, and provide a starting point
for measuring elongation. The second strand stressing increment
is then applied until the strands reach final stress and
elongation. Gauge readings and elongation measurements
should be taken and recorded for each strand being stressed.
Prestressing strand, rod, or wires should never be welded.
The high temperature may produce crystallization and cause
the steel to lose a considerable amount of strength and fail
when under tension.
6.4.1.2 Stringing the strands Strands are normally
supplied in reelless packs where the strands can be pulled
from the spool center. They should be placed in the form in a
way that avoids entanglement during the stressing operation.
Strands for pretensioned products should be free of dirt, oil,
grease, or any foreign substance that can affect their bond
to concrete. Strand chucks should be clean, well-lubricated,
crack-free, and capable of anchoring the loads induced by
the strand without allowing excessive slippage.
6.4.1.3 Jacking Hydraulic jacks with gauging systems
are normally used to tension strands. Hydraulic gauges
should be accurate to within 2 percent of the maximum
applied pressure. Strand force should be determined by
observing jack gauge pressure and measuring strand elongation.
The two control measurements should agree with
their computed theoretical values within a tolerance of 5
percent. Additionally, these two values should algebraically
be within 5 percent of each other. If strand readings are not
within this range, tensioning should be stopped and corrective
measures taken. Typically, elongation starting points
are marked after the initial 3000 lb force (13.3 kN) is applied
to the strand to remove any slack.
6.4.1.4 Strand detensioning Detensioning should not
begin until concrete has attained sufficient strength to resist
compressive forces induced by the strand and the strand has
bonded to the concrete in pretensioned construction. Strand
transfer is normally undertaken when the concrete is at least
3000 psi (21 MPa) but varies with design. Each strand should
be cut simultaneously and slowly at each end of the panel
or prestressing bed. Detensioning should be performed in a
door openings, and to counteract thermal bowing. Architectural
panels are sometimes pretensioned or post-tensioned
to avoid cracks, control warping and bowing, or reinforce
particularly large units. Firm anchorage of the prestressing
steel in a prestressing bed or in suitably designed individual
molds is necessary. When the prestressing force is released,
concrete compressive strength should be sufficient to meet
design and handling requirements of the precast panel. In
the case of prestressed architectural panels, special attention
should be paid to the transfer of prestress force to the panel,
particularly if it is a heavily sculptured precast panel or the
panel has many openings.
Accurate strand location is important to avoid inducing
permanent bowing or warping. Strand ends should be
recessed and backfilled with epoxy special grout, or otherwise
carefully protected to avoid corrosion.
Strands are normally tensioned in two increments. The
first increment applies sufficient load to the strands to
straighten them, eliminate slack, and provide a starting point
for measuring elongation. The second strand stressing increment
is then applied until the strands reach final stress and
elongation. Gauge readings and elongation measurements
should be taken and recorded for each strand being stressed.
Prestressing strand, rod, or wires should never be welded.
The high temperature may produce crystallization and cause
the steel to lose a considerable amount of strength and fail
when under tension.
6.4.1.2 Stringing the strands Strands are normally
supplied in reelless packs where the strands can be pulled
from the spool center. They should be placed in the form in a
way that avoids entanglement during the stressing operation.
Strands for pretensioned products should be free of dirt, oil,
grease, or any foreign substance that can affect their bond
to concrete. Strand chucks should be clean, well-lubricated,
crack-free, and capable of anchoring the loads induced by
the strand without allowing excessive slippage.
6.4.1.3 Jacking Hydraulic jacks with gauging systems
are normally used to tension strands. Hydraulic gauges
should be accurate to within 2 percent of the maximum
applied pressure. Strand force should be determined by
observing jack gauge pressure and measuring strand elongation.
The two control measurements should agree with
their computed theoretical values within a tolerance of 5
percent. Additionally, these two values should algebraically
be within 5 percent of each other. If strand readings are not
within this range, tensioning should be stopped and corrective
measures taken. Typically, elongation starting points
are marked after the initial 3000 lb force (13.3 kN) is applied
to the strand to remove any slack.
6.4.1.4 Strand detensioning Detensioning should not
begin until concrete has attained sufficient strength to resist
compressive forces induced by the strand and the strand has
bonded to the concrete in pretensioned construction. Strand
transfer is normally undertaken when the concrete is at least
3000 psi (21 MPa) but varies with design. Each strand should
be cut simultaneously and slowly at each end of the panel
or prestressing bed. Detensioning should be performed in a
door openings, and to counteract thermal bowing. Architectural
panels are sometimes pretensioned or post-tensioned
to avoid cracks, control warping and bowing, or reinforce
particularly large units. Firm anchorage of the prestressing
steel in a prestressing bed or in suitably designed individual
molds is necessary. When the prestressing force is released,
concrete compressive strength should be sufficient to meet
design and handling requirements of the precast panel. In
the case of prestressed architectural panels, special attention
should be paid to the transfer of prestress force to the panel,
particularly if it is a heavily sculptured precast panel or the
panel has many openings.
Accurate strand location is important to avoid inducing
permanent bowing or warping. Strand ends should be
recessed and backfilled with epoxy special grout, or otherwise
carefully protected to avoid corrosion.
Strands are normally tensioned in two increments. The
first increment applies sufficient load to the strands to
straighten them, eliminate slack, and provide a starting point
for measuring elongation. The second strand stressing increment
is then applied until the strands reach final stress and
elongation. Gauge readings and elongation measurements
should be taken and recorded for each strand being stressed.
Prestressing strand, rod, or wires should never be welded.
The high temperature may produce crystallization and cause
the steel to lose a considerable amount of strength and fail
when under tension.
6.4.1.2 Stringing the strands Strands are normally
supplied in reelless packs where the strands can be pulled
from the spool center. They should be placed in the form in a
way that avoids entanglement during the stressing operation.
Strands for pretensioned products should be free of dirt, oil,
grease, or any foreign substance that can affect their bond
to concrete. Strand chucks should be clean, well-lubricated,
crack-free, and capable of anchoring the loads induced by
the strand without allowing excessive slippage.
6.4.1.3 Jacking Hydraulic jacks with gauging systems
are normally used to tension strands. Hydraulic gauges
should be accurate to within 2 percent of the maximum
applied pressure. Strand force should be determined by
observing jack gauge pressure and measuring strand elongation.
The two control measurements should agree with
their computed theoretical values within a tolerance of 5
percent. Additionally, these two values should algebraically
be within 5 percent of each other. If strand readings are not
within this range, tensioning should be stopped and corrective
measures taken. Typically, elongation starting points
are marked after the initial 3000 lb force (13.3 kN) is applied
to the strand to remove any slack.
6.4.1.4 Strand detensioning Detensioning should not
begin until concrete has attained sufficient strength to resist
compressive forces induced by the strand and the strand has
bonded to the concrete in pretensioned construction. Strand
transfer is normally undertaken when the concrete is at least
3000 psi (21 MPa) but varies with design. Each strand should
be cut simultaneously and slowly at each end of the panel
or prestressing bed. Detensioning should be performed in a
door openings, and to counteract thermal bowing. Architectural
panels are sometimes pretensioned or post-tensioned
to avoid cracks, control warping and bowing, or reinforce
particularly large units. Firm anchorage of the prestressing
steel in a prestressing bed or in suitably designed individual
molds is necessary. When the prestressing force is released,
concrete compressive strength should be sufficient to meet
design and handling requirements of the precast panel. In
the case of prestressed architectural panels, special attention
should be paid to the transfer of prestress force to the panel,
particularly if it is a heavily sculptured precast panel or the
panel has many openings.
Accurate strand location is important to avoid inducing
permanent bowing or warping. Strand ends should be
recessed and backfilled with epoxy special grout, or otherwise
carefully protected to avoid corrosion.
Strands are normally tensioned in two increments. The
first increment applies sufficient load to the strands to
straighten them, eliminate slack, and provide a starting point
for measuring elongation. The second strand stressing increment
is then applied until the strands reach final stress and
elongation. Gauge readings and elongation measurements
should be taken and recorded for each strand being stressed.
Prestressing strand, rod, or wires should never be welded.
The high temperature may produce crystallization and cause
the steel to lose a considerable amount of strength and fail
when under tension.
6.4.1.2 Stringing the strands Strands are normally
supplied in reelless packs where the strands can be pulled
from the spool center. They should be placed in the form in a
way that avoids entanglement during the stressing operation.
Strands for pretensioned products should be free of dirt, oil,
grease, or any foreign substance that can affect their bond
to concrete. Strand chucks should be clean, well-lubricated,
crack-free, and capable of anchoring the loads induced by
the strand without allowing excessive slippage.
6.4.1.3 Jacking Hydraulic jacks with gauging systems
are normally used to tension strands. Hydraulic gauges
should be accurate to within 2 percent of the maximum
applied pressure. Strand force should be determined by
observing jack gauge pressure and measuring strand elongation.
The two control measurements should agree with
their computed theoretical values within a tolerance of 5
percent. Additionally, these two values should algebraically
be within 5 percent of each other. If strand readings are not
within this range, tensioning should be stopped and corrective
measures taken. Typically, elongation starting points
are marked after the initial 3000 lb force (13.3 kN) is applied
to the strand to remove any slack.
6.4.1.4 Strand detensioning Detensioning should not
begin until concrete has attained sufficient strength to resist
compressive forces induced by the strand and the strand has
bonded to the concrete in pretensioned construction. Strand
transfer is normally undertaken when the concrete is at least
3000 psi (21 MPa) but varies with design. Each strand should
be cut simultaneously and slowly at each end of the panel
or prestressing bed. Detensioning should be performed in a
door openings, and to counteract thermal bowing. Architectural
panels are sometimes pretensioned or post-tensioned
to avoid cracks, control warping and bowing, or reinforce
particularly large units. Firm anchorage of the prestressing
steel in a prestressing bed or in suitably designed individual
molds is necessary. When the prestressing force is released,
concrete compressive strength should be sufficient to meet
design and handling requirements of the precast panel. In
the case of prestressed architectural panels, special attention
should be paid to the transfer of prestress force to the panel,
particularly if it is a heavily sculptured precast panel or the
panel has many openings.
Accurate strand location is important to avoid inducing
permanent bowing or warping. Strand ends should be
recessed and backfilled with epoxy special grout, or otherwise
carefully protected to avoid corrosion.
Strands are normally tensioned in two increments. The
first increment applies sufficient load to the strands to
straighten them, eliminate slack, and provide a starting point
for measuring elongation. The second strand stressing increment
is then applied until the strands reach final stress and
elongation. Gauge readings and elongation measurements
should be taken and recorded for each strand being stressed.
Prestressing strand, rod, or wires should never be welded.
The high temperature may produce crystallization and cause
the steel to lose a considerable amount of strength and fail
when under tension.
6.4.1.2 Stringing the strands Strands are normally
supplied in reelless packs where the strands can be pulled
from the spool center. They should be placed in the form in a
way that avoids entanglement during the stressing operation.
Strands for pretensioned products should be free of dirt, oil,
grease, or any foreign substance that can affect their bond
to concrete. Strand chucks should be clean, well-lubricated,
crack-free, and capable of anchoring the loads induced by
the strand without allowing excessive slippage.
6.4.1.3 Jacking Hydraulic jacks with gauging systems
are normally used to tension strands. Hydraulic gauges
should be accurate to within 2 percent of the maximum
applied pressure. Strand force should be determined by
observing jack gauge pressure and measuring strand elongation.
The two control measurements should agree with
their computed theoretical values within a tolerance of 5
percent. Additionally, these two values should algebraically
be within 5 percent of each other. If strand readings are not
within this range, tensioning should be stopped and corrective
measures taken. Typically, elongation starting points
are marked after the initial 3000 lb force (13.3 kN) is applied
to the strand to remove any slack.
6.4.1.4 Strand detensioning Detensioning should not
begin until concrete has attained sufficient strength to resist
compressive forces induced by the strand and the strand has
bonded to the concrete in pretensioned construction. Strand
transfer is normally undertaken when the concrete is at least
3000 psi (21 MPa) but varies with design. Each strand should
be cut simultaneously and slowly at each end of the panel
or prestressing bed. Detensioning should be performed in a
door openings, and to counteract thermal bowing. Architectural
panels are sometimes pretensioned or post-tensioned
to avoid cracks, control warping and bowing, or reinforce
particularly large units. Firm anchorage of the prestressing
steel in a prestressing bed or in suitably designed individual
molds is necessary. When the prestressing force is released,
concrete compressive strength should be sufficient to meet
design and handling requirements of the precast panel. In
the case of prestressed architectural panels, special attention
should be paid to the transfer of prestress force to the panel,
particularly if it is a heavily sculptured precast panel or the
panel has many openings.
Accurate strand location is important to avoid inducing
permanent bowing or warping. Strand ends should be
recessed and backfilled with epoxy special grout, or otherwise
carefully protected to avoid corrosion.
Strands are normally tensioned in two increments. The
first increment applies sufficient load to the strands to
straighten them, eliminate slack, and provide a starting point
for measuring elongation. The second strand stressing increment
is then applied until the strands reach final stress and
elongation. Gauge readings and elongation measurements
should be taken and recorded for each strand being stressed.
Prestressing strand, rod, or wires should never be welded.
The high temperature may produce crystallization and cause
the steel to lose a considerable amount of strength and fail
when under tension.
6.4.1.2 Stringing the strands Strands are normally
supplied in reelless packs where the strands can be pulled
from the spool center. They should be placed in the form in a
way that avoids entanglement during the stressing operation.
Strands for pretensioned products should be free of dirt, oil,
grease, or any foreign substance that can affect their bond
to concrete. Strand chucks should be clean, well-lubricated,
crack-free, and capable of anchoring the loads induced by
the strand without allowing excessive slippage.
6.4.1.3 Jacking Hydraulic jacks with gauging systems
are normally used to tension strands. Hydraulic gauges
should be accurate to within 2 percent of the maximum
applied pressure. Strand force should be determined by
observing jack gauge pressure and measuring strand elongation.
The two control measurements should agree with
their computed theoretical values within a tolerance of 5
percent. Additionally, these two values should algebraically
be within 5 percent of each other. If strand readings are not
within this range, tensioning should be stopped and corrective
measures taken. Typically, elongation starting points
are marked after the initial 3000 lb force (13.3 kN) is applied
to the strand to remove any slack.
6.4.1.4 Strand detensioning Detensioning should not
begin until concrete has attained sufficient strength to resist
compressive forces induced by the strand and the strand has
bonded to the concrete in pretensioned construction. Strand
transfer is normally undertaken when the concrete is at least
3000 psi (21 MPa) but varies with design. Each strand should
be cut simultaneously and slowly at each end of the panel
or prestressing bed. Detensioning should be performed in a
door openings, and to counteract thermal bowing. Architectural
panels are sometimes pretensioned or post-tensioned
to avoid cracks, control warping and bowing, or reinforce
particularly large units. Firm anchorage of the prestressing
steel in a prestressing bed or in suitably designed individual
molds is necessary. When the prestressing force is released,
concrete compressive strength should be sufficient to meet
design and handling requirements of the precast panel. In
the case of prestressed architectural panels, special attention
should be paid to the transfer of prestress force to the panel,
particularly if it is a heavily sculptured precast panel or the
panel has many openings.
Accurate strand location is important to avoid inducing
permanent bowing or warping. Strand ends should be
recessed and backfilled with epoxy special grout, or otherwise
carefully protected to avoid corrosion.
Strands are normally tensioned in two increments. The
first increment applies sufficient load to the strands to
straighten them, eliminate slack, and provide a starting point
for measuring elongation. The second strand stressing increment
is then applied until the strands reach final stress and
elongation. Gauge readings and elongation measurements
should be taken and recorded for each strand being stressed.
Prestressing strand, rod, or wires should never be welded.
The high temperature may produce crystallization and cause
the steel to lose a considerable amount of strength and fail
when under tension.
6.4.1.2 Stringing the strands Strands are normally
supplied in reelless packs where the strands can be pulled
from the spool center. They should be placed in the form in a
way that avoids entanglement during the stressing operation.
Strands for pretensioned products should be free of dirt, oil,
grease, or any foreign substance that can affect their bond
to concrete. Strand chucks should be clean, well-lubricated,
crack-free, and capable of anchoring the loads induced by
the strand without allowing excessive slippage.
6.4.1.3 Jacking Hydraulic jacks with gauging systems
are normally used to tension strands. Hydraulic gauges
should be accurate to within 2 percent of the maximum
applied pressure. Strand force should be determined by
observing jack gauge pressure and measuring strand elongation.
The two control measurements should agree with
their computed theoretical values within a tolerance of 5
percent. Additionally, these two values should algebraically
be within 5 percent of each other. If strand readings are not
within this range, tensioning should be stopped and corrective
measures taken. Typically, elongation starting points
are marked after the initial 3000 lb force (13.3 kN) is applied
to the strand to remove any slack.
6.4.1.4 Strand detensioning Detensioning should not
begin until concrete has attained sufficient strength to resist
compressive forces induced by the strand and the strand has
bonded to the concrete in pretensioned construction. Strand
transfer is normally undertaken when the concrete is at least
3000 psi (21 MPa) but varies with design. Each strand should
be cut simultaneously and slowly at each end of the panel
or prestressing bed. Detensioning should be performed in a
door openings, and to counteract thermal bowing. Architectural
panels are sometimes pretensioned or post-tensioned
to avoid cracks, control warping and bowing, or reinforce
particularly large units. Firm anchorage of the prestressing
steel in a prestressing bed or in suitably designed individual
molds is necessary. When the prestressing force is released,
concrete compressive strength should be sufficient to meet
design and handling requirements of the precast panel. In
the case of prestressed architectural panels, special attention
should be paid to the transfer of prestress force to the panel,
particularly if it is a heavily sculptured precast panel or the
panel has many openings.
Accurate strand location is important to avoid inducing
permanent bowing or warping. Strand ends should be
recessed and backfilled with epoxy special grout, or otherwise
carefully protected to avoid corrosion.
Strands are normally tensioned in two increments. The
first increment applies sufficient load to the strands to
straighten them, eliminate slack, and provide a starting point
for measuring elongation. The second strand stressing increment
is then applied until the strands reach final stress and
elongation. Gauge readings and elongation measurements
should be taken and recorded for each strand being stressed.
Prestressing strand, rod, or wires should never be welded.
The high temperature may produce crystallization and cause
the steel to lose a considerable amount of strength and fail
when under tension.
6.4.1.2 Stringing the strands Strands are normally
supplied in reelless packs where the strands can be pulled
from the spool center. They should be placed in the form in a
way that avoids entanglement during the stressing operation.
Strands for pretensioned products should be free of dirt, oil,
grease, or any foreign substance that can affect their bond
to concrete. Strand chucks should be clean, well-lubricated,
crack-free, and capable of anchoring the loads induced by
the strand without allowing excessive slippage.
6.4.1.3 Jacking Hydraulic jacks with gauging systems
are normally used to tension strands. Hydraulic gauges
should be accurate to within 2 percent of the maximum
applied pressure. Strand force should be determined by
observing jack gauge pressure and measuring strand elongation.
The two control measurements should agree with
their computed theoretical values within a tolerance of 5
percent. Additionally, these two values should algebraically
be within 5 percent of each other. If strand readings are not
within this range, tensioning should be stopped and corrective
measures taken. Typically, elongation starting points
are marked after the initial 3000 lb force (13.3 kN) is applied
to the strand to remove any slack.
6.4.1.4 Strand detensioning Detensioning should not
begin until concrete has attained sufficient strength to resist
compressive forces induced by the strand and the strand has
bonded to the concrete in pretensioned construction. Strand
transfer is normally undertaken when the concrete is at least
3000 psi (21 MPa) but varies with design. Each strand should
be cut simultaneously and slowly at each end of the panel
or prestressing bed. Detensioning should be performed in a