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Alpha stunners
Topic: Reproduction in organisms
By: Sonu Kumar Pandit

CHAPTER- 1
REPRODUCTION IN ORGANISMS
Reproduction is defined as a biological process in which an organism give rise to
young ones similar to itself. No individual is immortal except single celled organism.

There are two types of reproduction:

i. Asexual reproduction when offspring is produced by a
single parent
ii. Sexual reproduction when two parents are involved of
opposite sex

1.1 Asexual reproduction

Single parent is involved.
Offsprings produced are morphologically and genetically similar (clone).
No gamete formation takes place.
Found mostly in lower forms like protozoans, poriferans, etc.

Modes of asexual reproduction:

1.Binary fission: Cell division of parent cell into 2 daughter cells.
E.g.. Amoeba, Paramecium, etc.

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2.Budding: Parent cell divides to form large cell and small cell, called bud,
attached to the large cell; the bud gets separated and grows into an adult. E.g., Yeast

In fungi and algae specialized asexual reproductive units are formed Zoospores
in many algae and certain aquatic fungi, Conidia (Penicillium), Buds (Hydra),
Gemmules (Sponge).

In higher plants, vegetative propagation is followed using units such as rhizome,

sucker, offset, bulb, tuber etc. known as vegetative propagules.

Examples of Vegetative Propagation:

WATER HYACINTH (Terror of Bengal)

One of the most invasive weeds

Grows wherever there is standing water
Drains oxygen from water- leads to death of fishes.
Introduced in India because of its pretty flowers & shape of leaves
Vegetative propagation occurs at a phenomenal rate.

Sexual reproduction
Two different parents - male and female
Specialised cells called gametes are involved
Male male gametes Isogamous (similar gametes)
Female female gametes Anisogametes (dissimilar)
Fusion fertilization

Zygote develops into adult

Female organisms accommodates the embryo
Female are well equipped for reproduction
Oestrus and menstrual cycle
Events in sexual reproduction
Pre fertilization fertilization post fertilization

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Pre fertilization events

Gametogenesis and gamete transfer
Production of gametes
Male : antherozoid or sperm
Female : ovum or egg
Bisexual both sexes in same plant
Unisexual separate sexes
Homothallic or monoecious (bisexual)
Heterothallic or dioecious (unisexual)
Flowering plant Male staminate
Female - pistillate
In mammals possing both male and female organs hermaphrodites
Cell division during gamete formation gametes
o Gametes are haploid
o Haploid parents haploid gametes
o Diploid parents haploid gametes
Gamete transfer : pollination in plants
Matting in animals
Fertilization
Both gametes fuses together fusion (syngamy)
Development of organism without fertilization parthenogenesis

Post fertilization
The development of zygote into embryo
Embryogenesis : process of development of an embryo

Oviparous Viviparous
These animals lay eggs. These animals give birth to young ones.
The fertilized eggs have a calcareous shell Embryo is protected inside the mothers
to protect them from harsh environment. body

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