164 Band-Type Clutches and Brakes - Flexible clutch and brake bands are

used in power excavators and in hoisting and other machinery.

Because of friction and the rotation of the drum, the actuating force P2 is less than the pin
reaction P1. Any element of the band, of angular length d, will be in equilibrium under the
action of the forces shown in the figure. Summing these forces in the vertical direction, we
have

since for small angles sin d/2 = d/2. Summing the forces in the horizontal direction gives.

since for small angles, cos(d/2).= 1. Substituting the value of dN from Eq. (b) in (d) and
integrating give
165 Frictional-Contact Axial Clutches - An axial clutch is one in which the
mating frictional members are moved in a direction parallel to the shaft. One of the earliest
of these is the cone clutch, which is simple in construction and quite powerful.

Figure 1614 shows a single-plate disk clutch.

 Fig. 1615. Shows a multiple-disk clutch-brake. Let us now determine the capacity of such a
clutch or brake in terms of the material and geometry.

Figure 1616 shows a friction disk having an outside diameter D and an inside diameter d.

Uniform Wear
After initial wear has taken place and the disks have worn down to a point where uniform
wear is established, the axial wear can be expressed by Eq. (1227),
w = f1 f2K PVt
p. 643, as in which only P and V vary from place to place in the rubbing surfaces. By
definition uniform wear is constant from place to place; therefore.

We can take an expression from Eq. (a), which is the condition for having the same amount
of work done at radius r as is done at radius d/2. Referring to Fig. 1616, we have an element
of area of radius r and thickness dr . The area of this element is 2r dr , so that the normal
force acting upon this element is dF = 2pr dr . We can find the total normal force by letting
r vary from d/2 to D/2 and integrating. Thus, with pr constant,

Uniform Pressure
When uniform pressure can be assumed over the area of the disk, the actuating force F is
simply the product of the pressure and the area. This gives.
166 Disk Brakes - As indicated in Fig. 1616, there is no fundamental difference
between a disk clutch
and a disk brake. We have seen that rim or drum brakes can be designed for self-
energization.

floating caliper brake is a type of disk brake which supports a single floating piston
actuated by hydraulic pressure.

w = f1 f2K PVt
Uniform Wear
It is clear from Eq. (1227) that for the axial wear to be the same everywhere, the product
PV must be a constant. From Eq. (a), Sec. 165, the pressure p can be expressed in terms of
the largest allowable pressure pa (which occurs at the inner radius ri ) as.

p = pari/r. Equation (1629) becomes

Uniform Pressure
In this situation, approximated by a new brake, p = pa . Equation (1629) becomes.

Circular (Button or Puck) Pad Caliper Brake