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69. Breton Lay Fourteenth Century English narrative poem in rhyme about
courtly love. The poem contains elements of the supernatural. The English
borrowed the Breton-lay format from storytellers in Brittany, France. A lay is a
medieval narrative poem originally intended to be sung. Breton is an
adjective describing anyone or anything from Brittany. "The Franklin's Tale," a
story in Geoffrey Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales, is an example of a Breton
lay.
72. Green Mansions Green Mansions: A Romance of the Tropical Forest (1904) is
an exotic romance by William Henry Hudson about a traveller to the Guyana
jungle of southeastern Venezuela and his encounter with a forest dwelling girl
named Rima.
76. Canon - Originated from a Greek term kanon, canon means a yard stick
or a measuring rod. Generally, the term canon is used in three different
meanings.
First, it is defined as a traditional collection of writings against which other
writings are evaluated. In other words, it means a long list of works taken as
authentic in the Bible written in Hebrew or even translated versions. This
sense makes canon opposite to apocrypha, which means written works
having anonymous authors. The Bible was considered a yardstick to evaluate
a literary piece according to a certain criterion.
Secondly, students of literature use it to refer to the writings included in
anthologies, or textbooks under certain genres and thus are evaluated
according to the genre they are placed under. This meaning covers the entire
literature generally thought as suitable for aesthetic admiration and
academic use.
The third definition of the term indicates the literary writings of a particular
author, which are considered by scholars and critics in general to be the
genuine creations of that particular author based on some already deduced
rules intended to be applied on the future pieces in the same genre. The term
canon is also confused with a homonym cannon, which means a military
weapon.
77. Vopatrization/focalization
78. Stichomythia (stik uh MITH e uh) In a stage play brief, alternating lines of
dialogue spoken in rapid-fire succession. It occurs frequently in Greek drama,
especially when characters are arguing or expressing strong emotions.
Following is an example of stichomythia in The Clouds, by Aristophanes, in
which two charactersUnjust Cause and Just Causeare insulting each other:
Unj. You are a dotard and absurd.
Just You are debauched and shameless.
Unj. You have spoken roses of me.
Just And a dirty lickspittle.
Unj. You crown me with lilies.
Just And a parricide.
Unj. You don't know that you are sprinkling me with
gold.
Just Certainly not so formerly, but with lead.
Unj. But now this is an ornament to me.
Just You are very impudent.
Unj. And you are antiquated.
79. Populism - Populism is a political doctrine that proposes that the common
people are exploited by a privileged elite, and which seeks to resolve this.
The underlying ideology of populists can be left, right, or center. Its goal is
uniting the uncorrupt and the unsophisticated "little man" against the corrupt
dominant elites (usually established politicians) and their camp of followers
(usually the rich and influential). It is guided by the belief that political and
social goals are best achieved by the direct actions of the masses. Although it
chiefly comes into being where mainstream political institutions are perceived
to have failed to deliver, there is no identifiable economic or social set of
conditions that give rise to it, and it is not confined to any particular social
class.[1]
Political parties and politicians often use the terms populist and populism as
pejoratives against their opponents. Such a view sees populism as
demagogy, merely appearing to empathize with the public through rhetoric or
unrealistic proposals in order to increase appeal across the political spectrum.
80. Confessional Poetry - Confessional poetry or 'Confessionalism' is a style of
poetry that emerged in the United States during the 1950s. It has been
described as poetry "of the personal," focusing on extreme moments of
individual experience, the psyche, and personal trauma, including previously
and occasionally still taboo matters such as mental illness, sexuality, and
suicide, often set in relation to broader social themes.[1] It is sometimes also
classified as Postmodernism.
The school of "Confessional Poetry" was associated with several poets who
redefined American poetry in the 1950s and 1960s, including Robert Lowell,
Sylvia Plath, John Berryman, Anne Sexton, Allen Ginsberg, and W. D.
Snodgrass
Zeami was the originator of the dramatic art form Noh theatre and wrote the
classic book on dramatic theory (Kadensho). He uses images of nature as a
constant metaphor. For example, "snow in a silver bowl" represents "the
Flower of Tranquility". Ygen is said to mean "a profound, mysterious sense of
the beauty of the universe ... and the sad beauty of human suffering".[12] It
is used to refer to Zeami's interpretation of "refined elegance" in the
performance of Noh.
The student's mind must be prepared by rigorous study, with the use of
koans, and the practice of meditation to concentrate the mind, under the
guidance of a teacher. Koans are short anecdotes of verbal exchanges
between teachers and students, typically of the Song dynasty, dealing with
Buddhist teachings. The Rinzai-school utilizes classic collections of koans
such as the Gateless Gate. The Gateless Gate was assembled by the early
13th-century Chinese Zen master Wumen Hui-k'ai ().
Wumen struggled for six years with koan "Zhaozhous dog", assigned to him
by Yuelin Shiguan (; Japanese: Gatsurin Shikan) (11431217), before
attaining kensh. After his understanding had been confirmed by Yuelin,
Wumen wrote the following enlightenment poem:
82. Mono no aware - Mono no aware (?), literally "the pathos of things",
and also translated as "an empathy toward things", or "a sensitivity to
ephemera", is a Japanese term for the awareness of impermanence (
muj?), or transience of things, and both a transient gentle sadness (or
wistfulness) at their passing as well as a longer, deeper gentle sadness about
this state being the reality of life. Notable manga artists who use mono no
awarestyle storytelling include Hitoshi Ashinano, Kozue Amano, and Kaoru
Mori. In anime, both Only Yesterday by Isao Takahata and Mai Mai Miracle by
Sunao Katabuchi emphasize the passing of time in gentle notes and by
presenting the main plot against a parallel one from the past. In addition, the
Japanese director Yasujir Ozu was well known for creating a sense of mono
no aware, frequently climaxing with a character very understatedly saying "Ii
tenki desu ne?" (?, "Fine weather, isn't it?"), after a familial and
societal paradigm shift, such as a daughter being married off, against the
backdrop of a swiftly changing Japan
83. Conscientification/ consciensification Literacy is not viewed in the
traditional sense of the mechanical techniques of writing, reading, and
thinking. It is conceived as a form of conscientification, that is to move
towards action. It is not separate from social contexts (gender, race, class,
sexual orientation) and therefore is not perceived as passively acquired.
84. Theater of the Absurd - The Theatre of the Absurd (French: thtre de
l'absurde [tet() d lapsyd]) is a postWorld War II designation for
particular plays of absurdist fiction written by a number of primarily European
playwrights in the late 1950s, as well as one for the style of theatre which has
evolved from their work. Their work focused largely on the idea of
existentialism and expressed what happens when human existence has no
meaning or purpose and therefore all communication breaks down, in fact
alerting their audiences to pursue the opposite. Logical construction and
argument gives way to irrational and illogical speech and to its ultimate
conclusion, silence.[1]
Critic Martin Esslin coined the term in his 1960 essay "Theatre of the
Absurd."[2] He related these plays based on a broad theme of the Absurd,
similar to the way Albert Camus uses the term in his 1942 essay, The Myth of
Sisyphus.[3] The Absurd in these plays takes the form of mans reaction to a
world apparently without meaning, and/or man as a puppet controlled or
menaced by invisible outside forces. This style of writing was first popularized
by the 1952 Samuel Beckett play Waiting for Godot. Though the term is
applied to a wide range of plays, some characteristics coincide in many of the
plays: broad comedy, often similar to vaudeville, mixed with horrific or tragic
images; characters caught in hopeless situations forced to do repetitive or
meaningless actions; dialogue full of clichs, wordplay, and nonsense; plots
that are cyclical or absurdly expansive; either a parody or dismissal of realism
and the concept of the "well-made play". These plays were shaped by the
political turmoil, scientific breakthrough, and social upheaval going on in the
world around the playwrights during these times.
85. Existential hero A protagonist who grasps the absurd pointlessness of his
task (existing) and chooses to embrace it anyway
Has flaws
Often misunderstood by society
Sometimes immoral
Selfish
Lacks idealism of courage
Rejection of traditional values
Seeks revenge (sometimes for greater good of society)
Disillusioned with society
Can be rude, selfish, disloyal, obnoxious, violent
Will still fight on the "good side" if they are will to or forced to.
86. The Guest Short Story -
The Guest follows the story of Daru, who is a schoolteacher in a remote
plateau region. The area has gone through a draught, but recently a blizzard
has passed through, leaving everything covered in snow. This has kept away
Daru's pupils.
The narrative opens as Daru watches two men approach his schoolhouse. He
watches them climb the hill. One of the men, a gendarme named Balducci, is
very familiar to Daru. He leads an Arab prisoner who has been accused of
murdering his cousin in a family squabble. Balducci has been ordered to bring
the Arab to Daru, and then return immediately to his post. Likewise, Daru has
orders to turn in the prisoner to police headquarters at a town approximately
twenty kilometers away. Daru refuses this task, considering it dishonorable.
Balducci agrees with the schoolmaster, but insists that in war men must be
prepared to do many different jobs. The gendarme is insulted by Daru's
stubborn refusal, and leaves in anger.
Daru feeds the Arab and spends the night sleeping in the same room as the
prisoner. During the night the Arab gets up for water, and Daru mistakenly
thinks he has escaped. The next day Daru leads the Arab to a point on the
plateau, and equips him with money and food supplies. He points him in the
direction of imprisonment, and then also points him in the direction away
from police headquarters, where he will find shelter with the native people.
He leaves the Arab with the choice, but when he looks back, he is upset to
see the Arab ultimately chooses the direction leading towards imprisonment.
The story ends with Daru looking out the window of his schoolhouse.
91. Diaspora - Diaspora (from the Greek word for scattering) refers to the
dispersion of a people from their homeland. A simple definition of diaspora
literature, then, would be works that are written by authors who live outside
their native land. The term identifies a works distinctive geographic origins.
But diaspora literature may also be defined by its contents, regardless of
where it was written. For example, the story of Joseph (Gen 37-50) is often
called a diaspora story because although its final form was written within
the land of Israel, it describes how Joseph learns to survive outside his
homeland.
Verisimilitude Definition
Example #1