Microelectronic circuits-Tutorial 1

January 18, 2017

Q.1-BJt-small signal model

A npn BJT is biased as shown below. Draw the small

signal equivalent model of the circuit and find the value of
all the small signal parameters r ,gm and r0 . The early
voltage of the BJT is 50 V and the collector to base current
gain is 100. Assume the temperature to be 300 K.

1.01 mA
100 k
Cc

vi
Q.1-BJt-small signal model

The emitter current is IE = 1.01 mA and hence the base

current and collector currents are given by

IE 1.01x103
IB = = = 10 A
1+ 101

IC = IB = 1 mA
The small signal parameters can be computed from the
bias current
IC I 103
gm = = C = = 38.5 mA/V
VBE VT 26 mV
VBE 100VT
r = = = = 2.6 k
IB gm IC
VCE VA 50
r0 = = = = 50 k
IC IC 1 mA
Q.1-BJt-small signal model

The small signal model of the circuit is given below

gm = 38.5 mA/V & r = 2.6 k & r0 = 50 k

100 k
Cc

+
vi r v gmv r0
-
Q.2-BJT-Equivalent resistance

Find the small signal equivalent resistance Req at 300 K.

for the following cases 1) = and VA = and 2)
= 100 and VA = 50. (Given that IS = 1012 A)

1.01 mA

Req
Q.2-BJT-Equivalent resistance
The small signal model of the BJT and its reduced model
shown below
ii

r + g m v r0 vi
v
-

ii

Req=r0||(1/gm)||r vi
Q.2-BJT-Equivalent resistance

Using KCL one can write

vi vi
ii = + + gm vi
r r0
ii 1 1 1
= = + gm +
vi Req r r0
since r = /gm we have

1 gm 1 gm 1
= + gm + = +
Req r0 r0

Req = ||r0
gm
where = /( + 1)
Q.2-BJT-Equivalent resistance

case 1) = and VA = . The equivalent resistance is

given by

Req = ||r0
gm
since = , = /( + 1) = 1. Also
VA = = r0 =
1
Req =
gm

In this case IC = IE = 1.01 mA, Thus

V 26 mV
Req = T = = 25.743
IC 1.01 mA
Q.2-BJT-Equivalent resistance

case 2) = 100 and VA = 50. The equivalent resistance is

given by

Req = ||r0
gm
since = 100 , = /( + 1) = 0.9901. IC = IE = 1 mA.

0.990 26 mV 1
= = 25.743
gm 1 mA

Also VA = 50. Hence r0 = VA /IC = 50 k

Req = ||r0 = 25.73
gm
Q.3-BJT- Voltage division
Find the collector current (IC ) at 300 K and the node
voltage Vx in the circuit given below. Assume that IS is
same for both the pnp and npn devices. and IS = 1016
and =
1.6 V

100
IC

vx
Q.3-BJT- Voltage division

All the devices are in series and hence the current in all the
devices are same. Since IS is same for all the devices, the
base emitter voltages are also same
Applying KVL we can write

2VEBp + 2VBEn = 1.6 V

Since VBEn = VEBp , we have

1.6
VBEp = VBEn = = 0.4 V
4
From the figure

Vx = 2VBEn = 0.8 V
Q.3-BJT- Voltage division

The voltage Vx is fed as a base-emitter voltage to another

identical npn transistor. Since =
 
IC = IE = IS eVX /VT 1 = 2.3 mA
Q.4-BJT- Small signal gain

The small signal circuit of a BJT is shown below. Assume

that the BJT is biased with a collector current of IC = 1 mA.
Find the small signal gain (vo /vi ) for the following cases 1)
= and VA = 2) = 100 and VA = . Given that
RS = 2.6 k and RL = 260
+
RS vo
RL
vi
-
Q.4-BJT- Small signal gain

The small signal model of the circuit is shown below

Since VA = for both cases, ro = VA /IC = . And
gm = IC /VT = 38.5 mA/V
RS
+ +
vi r v gmv r0 RL vo
-
-
Q.4-BJT- Small signal gain

Since ro = , it can be ignored in the model. From the

model we have
r
v = vi & vo = gm RL v
RS + r

RS
+ +
vi r v gmv RL vo
-
-
Q.4-BJT- Small signal gain

case 1) = , hence r = /gm = . Thus

r
v = vi = vi
RS + r

vo = gm RL v = gm RL vi = 10
vo
= 10vi
vi
Q.4-BJT- Small signal gain

case 2) = 100, hence r = /gm = 2.6 k . Given

RS = 2.6 k Thus
r
v = vi = 0.5vi
RS + r

vo = gm RL v = 0.5gm RL vi = 5vi
vo
= 5
vi
Q.5-BJT- Cascading amplifiers
Find the small signal gains vo1 /vi and vo /vi for the small
signal equivalent circuit shown below. Assume that all the
transistors Q, Q1 , Q2 are identical and biased in active
region. The following parameters are given = 100 and
VA = .
Q2

Q1
+
Q vo
+
vo1 -
vi
-
Q.5-BJT- Cascading amplifiers

The small signal model of the circuit is shown below. ro is

ignored in the model since VA = .
The input base resistance of the BJT r acts as the load for
the preceding stage

+ + +
vi r v gmv r v1 gmv1 r v2 gmv2

- - -
Q.5-BJT- Cascading amplifiers

From the model we have v = vi , vo1 = v1 vo = v2

From the circuit, the first stage gain is

vo1 = v1 = gm r vi = vi
vo1
=
vi
The second stage gain can be similarly written as

vo = v2 = gm r v1 = vo1
vo vo1 vo
= = ()() = 2 = 104 V /V
vi vi vo1