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Chapter16:WavesI
ProfRobertScholten
SchoolofPhysics
UniversityofMelbourne
Whereweare
Lastlecture
OscillationsandWaves:SimpleHarmonicMotion
Taylorseries
Smallangleapproximation
Gravityandverticaloscillations
Pendulum
Dampedandforcedoscillators
Thislecture
Introducewavesaspropagating disturbances
Travellingwaves;period,wavelength,phasevelocity
Thewaveequation
SuperpositionandFouriersynthesis
Wavesin3D
Wavemotiononastring
Energytransmittedbyawave
Nextlecture
Sound
Electromagneticwaves
Doppler
ProfREScholten(2015) 2
Waves:chapter17
SimpleHarmonicMotion:
lotsofoscillationnotgoinganywhere!
Awaveisadisturbancethattransports energy
withouttransportingmatter
Neednotbeperiodic,butwewillmainly
considerperiodicexamples
3
ProfREScholten(2015) http://www.bordfolio.com
Waves objectives
Howisitthatsomethingwaves???
Whydoesadisturbancepropagate?
Tousethewavemodel&understandhowitdiffersfromtheparticlemodel
Tovisualise wavemotionanddevelopintuitionaboutwaves
Toworkwithfunctionsoftwovariables,usingbothgraphicalandmathematical
representations
Tobecomefamiliarwiththepropertiesofsinusoidalwaves,suchas
wavelength,wavenumber,phase,andfrequency
Tostudyimportantcharacteristicsofsoundwavesandlightwaves
TounderstandtheDopplereffect
ProfREScholten(2015) 4
16.1,16.2Onedimensionalwaves
Tounderstandwaves,wemustdealwithtwo variables
Forexample,transversedisplacementonastring,
D,isafunctionofposition andtime
Textbookrefersto
snapshot graphs(D vs x foragivent asshownabove)
history graphs(D vs t foragivenx)
ProfREScholten(2015) Figure from Fundamentals of Physics by Halliday Resnick and Walker (Wiley) 5
16.1Onedimensionalwaves,twovariables
ProfREScholten(2015) 6
ConcepTest
Awavepulseismoving,asillustrated,withuniformspeedv alongarope.
Whichofthegraphs14belowcorrectlyshowstherelationbetweenthe
displacements ofpointP andtimet?
ProfREScholten(2015) FromPeerInstructionbyE.Mazur 7
16.1Onedimensionalwaves
Pulse
Longitudinal
Transverse
ProfREScholten(2015) Figures from Fundamentals of Physics by Halliday Resnick and Walker (Wiley) 8
Transversewaves
ProfREScholten(2015) http://www.gmi.edu/~drussell/Demos.html(16May2004) 9
Longitudinal(pressure)waves
ProfREScholten(2015) http://www.gmi.edu/~drussell/Demos.html(16May2004) 10
Mixedwaves
ProfREScholten(2015) http://www.gmi.edu/~drussell/Demos.html(16May2004) 11
Sinusoidalwaves:v=f
ASHMoscillatorcangenerate atravellingwave
E.g.loudspeaker,electronsinradioantenna
y
v
k
m x
ProfREScholten(2015) 12
Sinusoidalwaves:v=f
Velocity=distanceperunittime
Considermovementforexactlyoneperiod,T
Mustmoveonewavelength
Velocityisthen v f
T
Thatis: v f
Knightcallsthisthefundamentalrelationshipfor
sinusoidalwaves
Note:
f isapropertyofthesource,
v isapropertyofthemedium,
isthereforedependentonboth
13
ProfREScholten(2015)
Travellingwaves
Considerawavethattravelswithvelocityv
D x=vt
t=0 t=t
D(x) x
D(x-vt)
AnyfunctionoftheformD(xvt+) isatravelling wavewithspeedv
ProfREScholten(2015) 14
Periodandwavelength
E.g.sinusoidalwavetravellinginthepositivex direction:
D x, t A sin kx t 0
Period: timeforonecompletewavecycleatagivenpoint
sin kx t 0 sin kx t T 0
2
TrueifT=2 T
Wavelength: distancebetweenrepetitionsatagiventime
sin kx t 0 sin k x t 0
2
Trueifk=2
k
k =wavenumber (not springconstant)
ProfREScholten(2015) 15
Phasevelocity:v=f again
D x=vt
Considerapointofconstantphase
x
kx t 0 constant
dx
k 0
dt
v or kv Phasevelocity
k
D x=vt
ProfREScholten(2015) 16
Travellingwaves
ShowthatanyfunctionoftheformD(kxt+0) isalsoatravelling
wavewithspeedv=/k
kv = so D kx t 0 D kx kvt 0
D k x vt 0
D kx'0
whichisafunctionofx'=xvt asrequired
ProfREScholten(2015) 17
ConcepTest
Awaveissentalongalongspringbymovingthe
leftendrapidlytotherightandkeepingitthere.
ThefigureshowsthewavepulseatQR:partRSof
thelongspringisasyetundisturbed.
Whichofthegraphs15correctlyshowsthe
relationbetweendisplacements andpositionx?
Displacementstotherightarepositive.
ProfREScholten(2015) FromPeerInstructionbyE.Mazur 18
16.4Thewaveequation
Canany functionbeawave?
Seekanequationthatdescribestravellingwaves,includingthepositionandtime
dependence.FirstintroducedbydAlembert (1747).
Travelling wave
Let , where
f f x' f x' x vt
Spacederivative because 1
x xx x' x x' x x
f f x' f
Timederivative v v f
t t t x' t x' x'
Canshow: v
t x
ProfREScholten(2015) 19
Partialderivatives;CraterLake,Oregon
=slopestraightup
x
y
=slopealongcontour
ProfREScholten(2015) 20
Thewaveequation
Canany functionbeawave?
Seekanequationthatdescribestravellingwaves,includingthepositionandtime
dependence.FirstintroducedbydAlembert (1747).
Let , where
f f x' f x' x vt
Spacederivative because 1
x x x' x x' x x
f f x' f
Timederivative v v f
t t x' t x' x'
Combine: v
t x
ProfREScholten(2015) 21
Thewaveequation
f
Wehaveand v
x x t x
2 2 f
Takesecond derivatives: *
x 2 x'2
2 f f
v v
t 2
t x' x' t
v
x' t
2 2
2
v
t 2 x 2
2
1 2
Combiningwith(*): The1dwaveequation
x 2 v 2 t 2
Atravellingwavemustobeythewaveequation
ProfREScholten(2015) 22
Importantexamplesofthewaveequation
2 1 2
Wehavethegeneralwaveequation
x 2 v 2 t 2
2E 2E 2B 2B
Foranelectricormagneticfield 2 2
x 2 t x 2 t
Foramatterwave,(x) istheprobabilityoffindingtheparticleatx:
theprobabilitywavefunction
2 2 2 2 2 2
i 2 V i
2m x 2 t 2m x 2 t 2
Schrdingerwaveequation thebasisofquantummechanics
ProfREScholten(2015) 23
Homework?Ifyouknowpartialderivatives
2 1 2
Showthatthefollowingobeythewaveequation
x 2 v 2 t 2
x, t 0 sin kx t 0
x, t 0 sin qkx qt 0
ProfREScholten(2015) 24
Waves objectives
Tousethewavemodel&understandhowitdiffersfromtheparticlemodel
Tovisualizewavemotionanddevelopintuitionaboutwaves
Toworkwithfunctionsoftwovariables,usingbothgraphicalandmathematical
representations
Tobecomefamiliarwiththepropertiesofsinusoidalwaves,suchas
wavelength,wavenumber,phase,andfrequency
Howisitthatsomethingwaves???
Whydoesadisturbancepropagate?
Tostudyimportantcharacteristicsofsoundwavesandlightwaves
TounderstandtheDopplereffect
ProfREScholten(2015) 25
16.5Superposition
Whatconstraintsdoesthewaveequationenforce?
Manysolutionssatisfythewaveequation
Propertyofalineard.e. thatthesumofanynumberofsolutionsisalsoa
solution:
If1 and2 aresolutionsthensois =1+2
Thusanycombinationofsines andcosinesisasolution
Anywave,whetherperiodicornot,canbeexpressedasalinearcombinationof
sines andcosines
BasisofFourieroptics
ProfREScholten(2015) 26
16.5Superposition
Ifweaddtwowaves,theamplitudeofthecombinedeffectisjustthesum
oftheindividualwaves
Atagivenpoint,overlappingwavesaddalgebraically,toproducearesultantwave
Thetravelofawaveisunaffectedbyinteractionwithotherwaves
http://www.surendranath.org/Applets/Waves/TWave02/TW02.html
Theprincipleofsuperposition
Whentwoormorewavesaresimultaneously presentatasinglepointin
space,thedisplacementofthemediumatthatpointisthesumofthe
displacementsduetoeachindividualwave
Dx, t i Di x, t
ProfREScholten(2015) 27
PrincipleofSuperPosition
Pulsesinterfering
ProfREScholten(2015) http://phys23p.sl.psu.edu/phys_anim/waves/indexer_wavesB.html 28
Summaryandhomework
Waves
Introducedwavesaspropagating disturbances D kx t
Functionsoftwo variables,e.g.x andt
Travellingwaves;period,wavelength,phasevelocity
SuperpositionandFouriersynthesis
Reading
Nextlecture:Chatper 17WavesII
Recommendedexercises
SeeLMS,Suggestedproblems&solutions
Chapter 16:Q1,Q2,Q3,P1,P6,P8,P9,P28
ProfREScholten(2015) 29