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ZONAL INSTITUTE OF
EDUCATION AND
TRAINING
Bhubaneswar
STUDY MATERIAL 2012
CLASS XI
CHEMISTRY
PATRON: Ms Usha Aswath Iyer, Director,
ZIET Bhubaneswar.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: Mr Siharan Bose,
KV No 2 Kalaikunda
MATERIAL PRODUCTION: Ms Hajra
Shaikh, PGT Chemistry, ZIET Bhubaneswar
This material is prepared to give the lessons of class XI in brief. The contents make summarizing the lessons
easy for the student. Difficult numerical have been worked out.
ENJOY CHEMISTRY
1.SOME BASIC CONCEPTS OF CHEMISTRY
16. Mass of a substance is the amount of matter present in it while weight is the force exerted
by gravity on an object. The mass of a substance is constant whereas its weight may vary
from one place to another due to change in gravity.
17. Volume has the units of (length) 3. So in SI system, volume has units of m3. A common
unit, litre (L) which is not an SI unit, is used for measurement of volume of liquids. 1 L =
1000 mL , 1000 cm3 = 1 dm3
22. In scientific notation (exponential Notation) any number can be represented in the form
N 10n where n is an exponent having positive or negative values and N can vary between
1 to 10. Thus, we can write 232.508 as 2.32508 X102 in scientific notation. Note that while
writing it, the decimal had to be moved to the left by two places and same is the exponent
(2) of 10 in the scientific notation. Similarly, 0.00016 can be written as 1.6 X104. Here the
decimal has to be moved four places to the right and ( 4) is the exponent in the scientific
notation.
23. Significant figures are meaningful digits which are known with certainty. The uncertainty
is indicated by writing the certain digits and the last uncertain digit. Thus, if we write a
result as 11.2 mL, we say the 11 is certain and 2 is uncertain and the uncertainty would be
1 in the last digit. Unless otherwise stated, an uncertainty of +1 in the last digit is always
understood.
24. There are certain rules for determining the number of significant figures. These are
stated below:
a) All non-zero digits are significant. For example in 285 cm, there are three significant
figures and in 0.25 mL, there are two significant figures.
b) Zeros preceding to first non-zero digit are not significant. Such zero indicates the position
of decimal point. Thus, 0.03 has one significant figure and 0.0052 has two significant
figures.
c) Zeros between two non-zero digits are significant. Thus, 2.005 has four significant figures.
d) Zeros at the end or right of a number are significant provided they are on the right side of
the decimal point. For example, 0.200 g has three significant figures. But, if otherwise, the
terminal zeros are not significant if there is no decimal point. For example, 100 has only
one significant figure, but 100. has three significant figures and 100.0 has four significant
37. Mole Fraction: It is ratio of number of moles of a particular component to the total number
of moles of all the components.
No. of moles of solute
Mole-fraction of solute =
No. of moles of solute No. of moles of solvent
WB
MB W W
xB in case of dilute solution B < < A
WA MB MA
MA
38. Molality (m). It is defined as number of moles of solute (B) per 1000 g or 1 kg of solvent.
No. of moles of solute WB 1000
Molality (M) =
Kg. of solvent MA WB in grams.
39. Molarity (M). It is expressed as the number of moles of solute per litre of solution.
No. of moles of solute WB 1000
Molarity (M) =
Litres of solution M B Volume of solution in ml.
1.3 (a) What do you mean by significant figures? What are rules for determining the number of
significant figures?
(b)Explain the terms: Precision and Accuracy
1.4 Express the following in the scientific notation: (i) 0.0048 (ii) 234,000 (iii) 8008 (iv) 500.0 (v)
6.0012
1.5 How many significant figures are present in the following? (i) 0.0025 (ii) 208 (iii) 5005 (iv) 126,000
(v) 500.0 (vi) 2.0034
1.6 Round up the following upto three significant figures: (i) 34.216 (ii) 10.4107 (iii) 0.04597
(iv) 2808
1.7 The following data are obtained when dinitrogen and dioxygen react together to form different
compounds :
S.No Mass of Mass of
dinitrogen dioxygen
1 14 g 16 g
Molecular Mass, Formula Mass, mole concept and molar Masses, percentage composition,
ANSWERS
2.2 Calculate the mass per cent of different elements present in sodium sulphate (Na2SO4).
Ans % Na= 46 X100/142=32.4, %S= 32 X100/142= 22.53, %O = 64X100/142= 45.1
2.3 Determine the empirical formula of an oxide of iron which has 69.9% iron and 30.1% Dioxygen by
mass.
Ans: no of moles of Fe: 69.9/56= 1.248
no of moles of O =30.1/ 16= 1.881
whole number ratio between the number of moles = 1: 1.5= 2: 3.
Hence empirical formula is Fe2O3
2.4 How much copper can be obtained from 100 g of copper sulphate (CuSO4)?
Ans: 63.5g of Cu in 159.5g of CuSO4.
63.5X100/159.5g = 39.81g of Cu in 100g of CuSO4
2.5 In a reaction A + B2 2 Identify the limiting reagent, if any, in the following reaction mixtures.
(i) 300 atoms of A + 200 molecules of B Ans:B is limiting
(ii) 2 mol A + 3 mol B Ans: A is limiting
(iii) 100 atoms of A + 100 molecules of B Ans: reactants totally consumed
(iv) 5 mol A + 2.5 mol B Ans: B is limiting
(v) 2.5 mol A + 5 mol B Ans: A is limiting
2.8 If ten volumes of dihydrogen gas reacts with five volumes of dioxygen gas, how many volumes of
water vapour would be produced?
Ans: 2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(g); 10 volumes of water vapour
2.9A welding fuel gas contains carbon and hydrogen only. Burning a small sample of it in oxygen gives
3.38 g carbon dioxide, 0.690 g of water and no other products. A volume of 10.0 L (measured at STP)
of this welding gas is found to weigh 11.6 g. Calculate (i) empirical formula, (ii) molar mass of the gas,
and (iii) molecular formula.
Ans:
i. 12g of C in 44g of CO2 =>(12/44)X3.38g of C in 3.38g of CO2= 0.922
2g of H in 18g of H2O => (2/18) X 0.690 of H in 0.690g of H2O=0.077
No of Moles of C= 0.922/12= 0.077
No of moles of H =0.077
The empirical formula =CH
ii. 22.4L at STP =1 molar mass
10L at STP weighs11.6g;
22.4L will weigh (11.6/10)X22.4= 26
iii. Empirical formula mass= 13
Molecular mass=26
The ratio of molecular mass: empirical formula mass=2
Hence molecular formula is C2H2
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN
Zonal Institute Of Education And Training; Bhubaneswar
Study Material- Chemistry- Class XI
2.10 Calculate the amount of water (g) produced by the combustion of 16 g of methane.
Ans: CH4+ 2O22H2O + CO2; 16g CH4is 1mole. From the stoichiometric equation we get 1mole of
methane gives 2moles of H2O. ie is 18X2 =36g of water.
2.11 How many moles of methane are required to produce 22 g CO2 (g) after combustion?
Ans: 22g of CO2 is 22/44 moles ie 0.5 moles; 1mole of CH4 produces 1mole of CO2. Hence 0.5 moles of
methane is required.
3.2 Calculate the concentration of nitric acid in moles per litre in a sample which has a density, 1.41 g
mL1 and the mass per cent of nitric acid in it being 69%.
Ans: 69g of HNO3 in 100g of sample. => 69/63=1.095moles in 100g of sample. => 1.095 moles in
100/1.41ml of acid i.e 70.92ml.
No of moles of HNO3 in 1000ml= (1.095/70.92)X1000= 15.44M
3.3 What is the concentration of sugar (C12H22O11) in mol L1 if its 20 g are dissolved in enough water to
make a final volume up to 2L?
Ans: 20g in 2lit 10g in 1 lit; 10/342=0.02924moles /lit
3.4 If the density of methanol is 0.793 kg L1, what is its volume needed for making 2.5 L of its 0.25 M
solution?
3.5 A sample of drinking water was found to be severely contaminated with chloroform, CHCl3,
supposed to be carcinogenic in nature. The level of contamination was 15 ppm (by mass).
(i) Express this in percent by mass. Ans: (15/106)X 100= 15X10-4% by mass
(ii) Determine the molality of chloroform in the water sample. Ans: Mass of solute in 1kg of solvent
is15X10-3g. => 15X10-3/119.5 = 1.26X 10-4molal.
3.6 The density of 3 M solution of NaCl is 1.25 g mL1. Calculate molality of the solution.
Ans: 1.25g/ml 1250g/lit. Mass of 1 litre solution is 1250g of which 3X58.5g= 175.5g is solute. Mass
of solvent = 1250- 175.5= 1074.5 g.
3moles of solute in 1.074kg of solvent 3/1.074 moles in 1kg of solvent. Hence
molality=2.79moles/kg
3.8 Which one of the following will have largest number of atoms?
(i) 1 g Au (s) (ii) 1 g Na (s) (iii) 1 g Li (s)(iv) 1 g of Cl2(g)
Ans: iii) 1 g Li, because it has the least atomic mass among the given ones.
3.9 Calculate the molarity of a solution of ethanol in water in which the mole fraction of ethanol is
0.040 (assume the density of water to be one).
Ans: we have to calculate no of moles per litre. Let no of moles of ethanol be X. let 1 litre of water =
1kg of water. Then:
X/(X + 55.56)= 0.04 ;let X << 55.56 then X/55.56=0.04 ; X = 2.22,
Hence molarity is 2.22moles /lit
3.12 A solution is prepared by adding 2 g of a substance A to 18 g of water. Calculate the mass per cent
of the solute.
Ans: (2/18) X 100 is the mass percent.
c) The energy of an electron in the orbit does not change with time. However, the electron
will move from a lower stationary state to a higher stationary state when required amount
of energy is absorbed by the electron or energy is emitted when electron moves from
higher stationary state to lower stationary state . The energy change does not take place
in a continuous manner.
d) The frequency of radiation absorbed or emitted when transition occurs between two
stationary states that differ in energy by E, is given by :
expression
16. Limitations of Bohrs Model: It fails to account for the finer details (doublet, that is two closely
spaced lines) of the hydrogen atom spectrum observed by using sophisticated spectroscopic
techniques. This model is also unable to explain the spectrum of atoms other than hydrogen, for
example, helium atom which possesses only two electrons. Further, Bohrs theory was also
unable to explain the splitting of spectral lines in the presence of magnetic field (Zeeman effect)
or an electric field (Stark effect).
17. Dual Behaviour of Matter: The French physicist, de Broglie in 1924 proposed that matter, like
radiation, should also exhibit dual behaviour i.e., both particle and wavelike properties.
18. The de Broglie relation. :de Broglie relation state that the wavelength associated with a moving
object or an electron is inversely proportional to the momentum of the particle.
h h
where p is the momentum of particle = mv.
mv p
19. Heisenbergs Uncertainty Principle. It is not possible to determine the position and velocity
simultaneously for a sub-atomic particle like electron at any given instant to an arbitary degree of
precision. Consequently, it is not possible to talk of path of the electron in which it moves. If
x is uncertainty in position and P is uncertainty in momentum then
h
x.P
4
20. Orbital. It is a region or space where there is maximum probability of getting electron.
21. Quantum numbers. They are used to get complete information about electron, i.e., location,
energy, spin, etc. These quantum numbers also help to designate the electron present in an
orbital.
22. Principal quantum number. It specifies the location and energy of an electron. It is measure
of the effective volume of the electron cloud. It is denoted by n. Its possible values are 1, 2,
3,4 ..
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN
Zonal Institute Of Education And Training; Bhubaneswar
Study Material- Chemistry- Class XI
23. Angular momentum quantum number. It is also called azimuthal quantum number. It
determines the shape of the orbital. It is denoted by l. The permitted values of l are 0, 1, 2,
etc., upto n1. For a given value of n, l = 0 to n 1 . e.g., if value of n is 4, l can have values
h
mvr l (l 1)
0, 1, 2, 3. It determines angular momentum. 2
24. Magnetic quantum number. It is denoted by m and its value depends on value of l since
magnetism is due to angular momentum. It determines the magnetic orientation of an orbital,
i.e., the direction of orbital relative to magnetic field in which it is placed. Its permitted values
are - l to + l including zero, e.g., when l = 1, then m = -1, 0, +1. It has total number of values
equal to 2l + 1.
25. Spin quantum number. It indicates, the direction in which electron revolves. Spin is
magnetic property and is also quantized. It has two permitted values + or . The spin
angular momentum of an electron is constant and cannot be changed.
26. (n+l) rule: The relative order of energies of various sub-shells in a multi-electron atom can be
predicted with the help of (n+l) rule (also called Bohr-Bury rule)According to this rule a sub-
shell with lower values of (n+l) has lower energy.In case two sub-shell has equal value of (n+l),
the sub-shell with lower value of n has lower energy
27. Paulis Exclusion Principle. No two electrons in an atom can have all the four quantum
numbers same. It can also be stated as An orbital can have maximum two electrons and they
must be of opposite spin quantum numbers.
28. Aufbau principle. Electrons are filled in the various orbitals in the increasing order of their
energies, i.e., orbital having lowest energy will be filled first and the orbital having highest
energy will be filled last.Increasing energy ofatomic orbitals for multi-electron atoms
1s < 2s < 2p < 3s <3p < 4s <3d < 4p <5s < 4d <5p < 6s < 4f < 5d < 6p < 7s
29. Hunds rule of maximum multiplicity. No electron pairing takes place in p, d and f orbitals
until each orbital in the given sub-shell contains one electron, e.g., N (7) has electronic
configuration 1s2 2s2 2 p1x 2 p1y 2 p1z according to Hunds rule and not 1s 2 2s 2 2 p x2 2 p1y .
30. The valence electronic configurations of Cr and Cu, therefore, are 3d5 4s1 and 3d104s1
respectively and not 3d4 4s2 and 3d94s2. It has been found that there is extra stability(Stability of
Completely Filled and Half Filled Subshells) associated with these electronic configurations.
31. Three orbitals of 2p subshell (2px, 2py, and 2pz orbitals).
STRUCTURE OF ATOM
4. Write the complete symbol for the atom with the given atomic number (Z) and atomic mass (A)
(i) Z = 17 , A = 35. (ii) Z = 92 , A = 233. (iii) Z = 4 , A = 9.
5. Which of the following are isoelectronic species i.e., those having the same number of electrons?
Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, S2, Ar.
6. Give the number of electrons in the species H2+,H2 and O2+.
7. Calculate the number of electrons which will together weigh one gram.
8. Calculate the mass and charge of one mole of electrons.
9. Compare Electron, Protons and Neutrons.
10. Describe Thomson Model Of Atom.
11. Explain Rutherfords scattering experiment.. What conclusions regarding the structure of atom
were drawn by Rutherford on the basis of the observations of experiment? Give the major
drawbacks of Rutherford Model.
12. In Rutherfords experiment, generally the thin foil of heavy atoms, like gold, platinum etc. have
been used to be bombarded by the a-particles. If the thin foil of light atoms like aluminium etc. is
used, what difference would be observed from the above results?
13. Define the terms Atomic Number, Mass Number, Isobars, Isotopes,
2. The number of electrons, protons and neutrons in a species are equal to 18,16 and 16
respectively. Assign the proper symbol to the species.
Ans: [16S32]2-
3. How many neutrons and protons are there in the following nuclei?
13
a. 6C , ans P=6, n=7
16
b. 8O ,ans: P=8, n=8
24
c. 12Mg , Ans: P=12, n=12
56
d. 26Fe , Ans: P=26, n=30
88
e. 38Sr , Ans: P=38, n=50
4. Write the complete symbol for the atom with the given atomic number (Z) and atomic mass
(A)
a. Z = 17 , A = 35.Ans: 17Cl35
b. Z = 92 , A = 233.Ans: 92U233
c. Z = 4 , A = 9. Ans: 4Be9
5. Which of the following are isoelectronic species i.e., those having the same number of
electrons? Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, S2, Ar.
Ans: i)Na+, Mg2+,
ii)K+, Ca2+, S2, Ar are isoelectronic.
7. Calculate the number of electrons which will together weigh one gram.
Ans: mass of an electron: 9.1X10-28g;
No of electrons weighing 1 g= 1/9.1X10-28 =1.1X1027
function (W0 ), Photoelectric effect, Emission and Absorption Spectra, Line Spectrum
of Hydrogen, Bohrs model for hydrogen atom, radii of the stationary states, energy of
1. Define the terms frequency wavelength & wave number (Write mathematical forms also).
2.The Vividh Bharati station of All India Radio, Delhi, broadcasts on a frequency of 1,368 kHz (kilo
hertz). Calculate the wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation emitted by transmitter. Which part of
the electromagnetic spectrum does it belong to?
3. The wavelength range of the visible spectrum extends from violet (400 nm) to red (750 nm). Express
these wavelengths in frequencies (Hz). (1nm = 10 9 m)
4. Calculate(a) wavenumber and (b) frequency of yellow radiation having wavelength 5800.
5. Yellow light emitted from a sodium lamp has a wavelength of 580 nm. Calculate the frequency and
wavenumber of the yellow light.
6. Find energy of each of the photons which (i) correspond to light of frequency 3 10 15Hz. (ii) have
wavelength of 0.50 .
7. Calculate the wavelength, frequency and wave number of a light wave whose period is 2.0 1010s.
8. Electrons are emitted with zero velocity from a metal surface when it is exposed to radiation of
0 ) and work function (W0 ) of the metal.
9. Explain Photoelectric effect, Emission and Absorption Spectra
10. Give the postulates of Bohrs model. also write its Limitations.
11. Write a note on the Spectral Lines for Atomic Hydrogen.
12. What are the frequency and wavelength of a photon emitted during a transition from n = 5 state to
the n = 2 state in the hydrogen atom?
13. Calculate the energy associated with the first orbit of He + .What is the radius of this orbit?
ANSWER
2.The Vividh Bharati station of All India Radio, Delhi, broadcasts on a frequency of 1,368 kHz (kilo
hertz). Calculate the wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation emitted by transmitter. Which part of
the electromagnetic spectrum does it belong to?
Ans: =1.368 X106= c/=> = 3 X 108/1.368 X 106= 219m.
3. The wavelength range of the visible spectrum extends from violet (400 nm) to red (750 nm). Express
these wavelengths in frequencies (Hz). (1nm = 10 9 m)
Ans: = c/= 3X108/400X10-9= 7.5X1014hertz
= c/=3X108/750X10-9= 4X1014hertz
4. Calculate(a) wavenumber and (b) frequency of yellow radiation having wavelength 5800.
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN
Zonal Institute Of Education And Training; Bhubaneswar
Study Material- Chemistry- Class XI
Ans: = c/= 3X108/5800X10-10= 5.17X 1014hertz
Wave number (- )=1/ = 1/5.8X10-7=1.72 X 106
5. Yellow light emitted from a sodium lamp has a wavelength of 580 nm. Calculate the frequency and
wavenumber of the yellow light.
Ans: = c/= 3X108/5800X10-10= 5.17X 1014hertz
Wave number (- )=1/ = 1/5.8X10-7=1.72 X 106
7. Calculate the wavelength, frequency and wave number of a light wave whose period is 2.0 1010s.
Ans: 1/T= 1/2X10-10 = ;
= c/;
=c/ = 3X108/5X109= 6X10-2m
Wave number (- ) =1/= 1/6 X 10-2=167m-1
8. Electrons are emitted with zero velocity from a metal surface when it is exposed to radiation of
0 ) and work function (W0 ) of the metal.
Ans: : work function = hc/= 6.6X10-34X3X108/6.8 X 10-7= 2.912 X10-19Joules
Threshold frequency = c/= 3X108/6.8 X 10-7= 4.4X1014
12. What are the frequency and wavelength of a photon emitted during a transition from n = 5 state to
the n = 2 state in the hydrogen atom?
Ans: E=-1312(1/52-1/22)= hc/ in kJoules/mole= 1312 X21X103/100X6.022X1023
= hc/E= 6.6X10-34X3X108X100 X6.022X1023 /1312X21X103=19.8X6.6X10-1/27552
=4.743 X10-7m= 4743X 10-10
Wavelength of the emitted photon is 4743A
= c/
= 3X108/4.743X10-7 = 6.325X1014
14. What is the wavelength of light emitted when the electron in a hydrogen atom undergoes transition
from an energy level with n = 4 to an energy level with n =2?
E=-2.18X10-18(1/22-1/42)
=-2.18X10-18X3/16= -0.40875X10-18
E= -0.40875X10-18 energy is released.
E= hc/= 6.6X10-34X3X108/
=6.6X10-34X3X108/0.40875X10-18= 48.44X10-8m=4844A
15 How much energy is required to ionize a H atom if the electron occupies n = 5 orbit? Compare your
answer with the ionization enthalpy of H atom (energy required to remove the electron from n =1 orbit).
E5= -2.18X10-18/52= -8.72X10-20J
E1=-2.18X10-18. Ionization energy of 1 H atom is 25 times the energy required to remove an
electron from n=5.
16. What is the maximum number of emission lines when the excited electron of a H atom in n = 6
drops to the ground state?
Ans: 5+4+3+2+1=15 lines
17.(i) The energy associated with first orbit in the hydrogen atom is 2.18 10 18J atom1. What is the
energy associated with the fifth orbit?
(ii) Calculate the radius of Bohrs fifth orbit for hydrogen atom.
R=52.9(n2)/z= 52.9X25/1=1322.5pm
18. Calculate the wave number for the longest wavelength transition in the Balmer series of atomic
hydrogen.
19. What is the energy in joules, required to shift the electron of the hydrogen atom from the first Bohr
orbit to the fifth Bohr orbit and what is the wavelength of the light emitted when the electron returns to
the ground state? The ground state electron energy is 2.18 X 1011ergs.
Ans: E=2.18X10-11(1/52-1/12)
E=2.18X10-11(24/25) = 2.09X10-11ergs.=2.09X10-18J
=hc/E= 6.6X10-34X3X108/2.09X10-18=9.474X10-8m =947.4A. This falls in the uv range
20. The electron energy in hydrogen atom is given by En = (2.18 X 1018)/n2J. Calculate the energy
required to remove an electron completely from the n = 2 orbit. What is the longest wavelength of light
in cm that can be used to cause this transition?
Ans:E2= 2.18X10-18/4=5.36X10-19J
=hc/E= 6.6X10-34X3X108/5.36X10-19= 3.694X10-7m= 3.694X10-5cm
Ie light of minimum wavelength3.694X10-5cm is required to remove the electron from n=2
21. What transition in the hydrogen spectrum would have the same wavelength as the Balmer transition
n = 4 to n = 2 of He+ spectrum?
E=-2.18X10-18X22X(1/22-1/42)=2.18X10-18X4X3/16= 1.635X10-18J
=hc/E= 6.6X10-34X3X108/1.635X10-18=12.11X10-8m= 1211A. This belongs to the uv range
and hence the llyman series.
E=2.18X10-18X(1-1/n2)=2.18X10-18X12/16
1-1/n2= 12/16=3/4
1/n2=1/4
Hence n=2. The transition 21 in the Hydrogen spectrum corresponds to the given
energy transition.
uncertainty principle.
1. Explain Dual behaviour of matter.
2. State de Broglies relation. Give its mathematical expression.
3. What will be the wavelength of a ball of mass 0.1 kg moving with a velocity of 10 m s 1?
4. The mass of an electron is 9.1 X 10 kg. If its K.E. is 3.0 X10 25 J, calculate its wavelength.
5. Calculate the mass of a photon with wavelength 3.6 .
ANSWER
3. What will be the wavelength of a ball of mass 0.1 kg moving with a velocity of 10 m s 1?
Ans: =h/mv= 6.6X10-34/0.1X10= 6.6 X 10-34m
4. The mass of an electron is 9.1 X 10 kg. If its K.E. is 3.0 X10 25 J, calculate its wavelength.
Ans: KE= mv2=3X10-25; v2= 6X10-25= 60X10-26=> v=7.746X 10-13m/s
=h/mv= 6.6X10-34/9.1X10-31X7.746X 10-13=9.363X10-12m
7. If the velocity of the electron in Bohrs first orbit is 2.19 106ms1, calculate the de Broglie
wavelength associated with it.
=h/mv= 6.6X10-34/9.1X10-31X2.19X106= 3.3X10-10m
8. Similar to electron diffraction, neutron diffraction microscope is also used for the determination
of the structure of molecules. If the wavelength used here is 800 pm, calculate the characteristic
velocity associated with the neutron.
=h/mv= 6.6X10-34/6.67X10-27kgXv = 8X10-10
v=6.6X10-34/6.67X10-27kgX8X10-10=125m/s
9. Dual behavior of matter proposed by de Broglie led to the discovery of electron microscope
often used for the highly magnified images of biological molecules and other type of material. If
the velocity of the electron in this microscope is 1.6 106ms1, calculate de Broglie wavelength
associated with this electron.
=h/mv= 6.6X10-34/9.1X10-31X1.6X106= 4.5X10-10m
10. Calculate the wavelength of an electron moving with a velocity of 2.05 X 107ms1
=h/mv= 6.6X10-34/9.1X10-31X 2.05X107=3.538 X10-10m
14. A microscope using suitable photons is employed to locate an electron in an atom within a distance
of 0.1 . What is the uncertainty involved in the measurement of its velocity?
h
x.P
4
x.mv=h/4
v=h/4mx =6.6X10-34/4X3.14X9.1X10-31X10-11=5.77X10-6m/s
5. Modern periodic law: Properties of elements are the periodic function of their atomic number.
6. Modern Periodic Table: This table was prepared was Bohr and is based upon the electronic
configuration of elements. The table consists of 18 vertical columns called groups Elements
having similar outer electronic configurations in their atoms are arranged in vertical columns,
referred to as groups . According to the recommendation of International Union of Pure and
Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), the groups are numbered from 1 to 18 and the table consists of 7
horizontal rows called periods. The first period contains 2 elements. The subsequent periods
consists of 8, 8, 18, 18 and 32 elements, respectively. The seventh period is incomplete and like
the sixth period would have a theoretical maximum (on the basis of quantum numbers) of 32
elements. In this form of the Periodic Table, 14 elements of both sixth and seventh periods
(lanthanoids and actinoids, respectively) are placed in separate panels at the bottom
8. We can classify the elements into four blocks viz., s-block, p-block, d-block and f-block
depending on the type of atomic orbital that are being filled with electrons.
9. s-Block Elements :The elements of Group 1 (alkali metals) and Group 2 (alkaline earth metals)
which have ns1and ns2 outermost electronic configuration belong to the s-Block Elements.
10. p-Block Elements The p-Block Elements comprise those belonging to Group 13 to 18 and these
together with the s-Block Elements are called the Representative Elements or Main Group
Elements. The outermost electronic configuration varies from ns2np1 to ns2np6 in each period.
11. d-Block Elements These are the elements of Group 3 to 12 in the centre of the Periodic Table.
These are characterised by the filling of inner d orbitals by electrons and are therefore referred to
as d-Block Elements. These elements have the general outer electronic configuration (n-1)d1-
10
ns0-2 .
12. f-Block Elements The two rows of elements at the bottom of the Periodic Table, called the
Lanthanoids, Ce(Z = 58) Lu(Z = 71) and Actinoids, Th(Z = 90) Lr (Z = 103) are
characterised by the outer electronic configuration (n-2)f1-14 (n-1)d01ns2. The last electron added
to each element is filled in f- orbital. These two series of elements are hence called the Inner-
Transition Elements (f-Block Elements).
13. Variation in Atomic Radius in Period: The atomic size generally decreases across a period It is
because within the period the outer electrons are in the same valence shell and the effective
nuclear charge increases as the atomic number increases resulting in the increased attraction of
electrons to the nucleus.
14. Variation in Atomic Radius in Group: Within a family or vertical column of the periodic table,
the atomic radius increases regularly with atomic number as). as we descend the groups, the
principal quantum number (n) increases and the valence electrons are farther from the nucleus.
This happens because the inner energy levels are filled with electrons, which serve to shield the
outer electrons from the pull of the nucleus. Consequently the size of the atom increases as
reflected in the atomic radii.
15. The atomic radii of noble gases are not considered here. Being monatomic, their (non-bonded
radii) values are very large. In fact radii of noble gases should be compared not with the covalent
radii but with the van der Waals radii of other elements.
16. A cation is smaller than its parent atom because it has fewer electrons while its nuclear charge
remains the same. The size of an anion will be larger than that of the parent atom because
the addition of one or more electrons would result in increased repulsion among the electrons
and a decrease in effective nuclear charge. For example, the ionic radius of fluoride ion (F ) is
136 pm whereas the atomic radius of fluorine is only 64 pm. On the other hand, the atomic radius
of sodium is 186 pm compared to the ionic radius of 95 pm for Na+.
17. Isoelectronic species :Atoms and ions which contain the same number of electrons.. For
example, O2, F, Na+ and Mg2+ have the same number ofelectrons (10). Their radii would be
different because of their different nuclear charges. The cation with the greater positive charge
will have a smaller radius because of the greater attraction of the electrons to the nucleus. Anion
with the greater negative charge will have the larger radius. In this case, the net repulsion of the
electrons will outweigh the nuclear charge and the ion will expand in size.
18. Ionization Enthalpy: It represents the energy required to remove an electron from an isolated
gaseous atom (X) in its ground state. In other words, the first ionization enthalpy for an element
X is the enthalpy change (iH) for the reaction depicted in equation. X (g) X+(g) + e . The
ionization enthalpy is expressed in units of kJ mol1. We can define the second ionization
enthalpy as the energy required to remove the second most loosely bound electron; it is the
energy required to carry out the reaction shown in equation X+(g)X2+(g) + e . Energy is
always required to remove electrons from an atom and hence ionization enthalpies are always
positive. The second ionization enthalpy will be higher than the first ionization enthalpy because
it is more difficult to remove an electron from a positively charged ion than from a neutral atom.
21. Electron Gain Enthalpy: When an electron is added to a neutral gaseous atom (X) to convert it
into a negative ion, the enthalpy change accompanying the process is defined as the Electron
Gain Enthalpy (egH). Electron gain enthalpy provides a measure of the ease with which an atom
adds an electron to form anion as represented by equation. X(g) + e X(g) . Depending on the
element, the process of adding an electron to the atom can be either endothermic or exothermic.
For many elements energy is released when an electron is added to the atom and the electron
gain enthalpy is negative. For example, group 17 elements (the halogens) have very high
negative electron gain enthalpies because they can attain stable noble gas electronic
configurations by picking up an electron. On the other hand, noble gases have large positive
Unit-3
CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS AND PERIODICITY IN PROPERTIES
5. Electrovalent bond or Ionic Bond: The chemical bond as result of transfer of electron from one
atom(electropositive) to another atom (electronegative).Ionic bonds will be formed more easily
between elements with comparatively low ionization enthalpies and elements with comparatively
7. Bond length is defined as the equilibrium distance between the nuclei of two bonded atoms in a
molecule.
8. Bond Angle:It is defined as the angle between the orbital containing bonding electron pairs
around the central atom in a molecule/complex ion. It gives some idea regarding the distribution
of orbital around the central atom in a molecule/complex ion and hence it helps us in determining
its shape
9. Bond enthalpy: It is defined as the amount of energy required to break one mole of bonds of a
particular type between two atoms in a gaseous state. The unit of bond enthalpy is kJ mol1
10. Bond Order : The Bond Order is given by the number of bonds between the two atoms in a
molecule. E.g.: Bond Order of O2= 2. With increase in bond order, bond enthalpy increases and
bond length decreases.
11. Resonance: According to the concept of resonance, whenever a single Lewis structure cannot
describe a molecule accurately, a number of structures with similar energy, positions of nuclei,
bonding and the non- bonding pairs of electrons are taken as the canonical structures of the
hybrid which describes the molecule accurately
12. Polarity of bonds: In case of heteronuclear molecules like HCl, the shared pair of electron
between the two atoms gets displaced more towards chlorine since the electronegativity of
chlorine is far greater than that of hydrogen. The resultant covalent bond is called a polar
covalent bond.
13. Dipole moment: As a result of polarization, the molecule possesses the dipole moment which
can be defined as the product of charge and the distance between the centers of positive and
negative charge. It is usually designated by a Greek letter . Mathematically, it is expressed as
follows:
Dipole moment ( ) = charge (Q) X distance of separation (r)
17. Molecular orbital. It gives electron probability distribution around a group of nuclei in a
molecule. They are filled in the same way as atomic orbitals. Molecular orbitals are formed by
linear combination of atomic orbitals.
18. Bonding molecular orbital. A molecular orbital that is formed by addition overlap (i.e., when
the lobes of atomic orbitals overlap with the same sign) of two atomic orbitals is known as
bonding molecular orbital. It is represented as
MO A B Its energy is lower than the atomic orbitals from which it is formed. It
favours bonding.
19. Anti-bonding molecular orbital. A molecular orbital that is obtained by the subtraction overlap
(i.e., when the lobes of atomic orbitals overlap with the opposite sign) of two atomic orbitals is
know as anti-bonding molecular orbital. It is represented as
* MO A B Its energy is higher than the atomic orbitals from which it is formed. It
22. Sigma ( ) molecular orbitals. A molecular orbital which is formed from the overlap of two s
atomic orbitlas or head to head overlap of one s and p-atomic orbitals or head to head overlap of
two p-atomic orbitals, is known as sigma molecular orbital.
23. pi ( ) molecular orbitals. A molecular orbital which is formed by lateral overlap of two
parallel p-orbitals is known as pi( ) molecular orbital.
24. Conditions for the Combination of Atomic Orbitals. The linear combination of atomic
orbitals takes place only if the following conditions are satisfied :
(i) The combining atomic orbitals must have same or nearly same energy.
(ii) The combining atomic orbitals must have the same symmetry about the molecular axis. By
convention, z-axis is taken as the molecular axis.
(iii) The combining atomic orbitals must overlap to the maximum extent. Greater the extent of
overlapping, the greater will be electron density between the nuclei of a molecular orbital.
25. Energy level Diagrams for Molecular Orbitals. The increasing order of energies of various
molecular orbitals for O2 and F2 is given below.
* * * * *
1s 1s 2s 2s 2 p z 2 p x 2 p y 2 p x 2 p y 2 p z
However, this sequence of energy levels of molecular orbitals is not correct for
remaining molecules Li2, Be2, B2, C2, N2. For instance, it has been observed
experimentally that for molecules such as B2, C2, N2 etc., the increasing order
of energies of various molecular orbitals is
these molecules.
3. Dipole -Induced Dipole Forces: This type of attractive forces operate between
the polar molecules having permanent dipole and the molecules lacking
permanent dipole. Permanent dipole of the polar molecule induces dipole on
the electrically neutral molecule by deforming its electronic cloud.Thus an
.
4. Dispersion Forces or London Forces:Atoms and nonpolar molecules are
electrically symmetrical and have no dipole moment because their electronic
charge cloud is symmetrically distributed. But a dipole may develop
momentarily even in such atoms and molecules. This can be understood as
follows. Suppose we have two atoms A and B in the close vicinity of each
other (Fig. 5.1a NCERT page 133). It may so happen that momentarily
electronic charge distribution in one of the atoms, say A, becomes
unsymmetrical i.e., the charge cloud is more on one side than the other (Fig.
5.1 b and c NCERT page 133). This results in the development of
instantaneous dipole on the atom A for a very short time. This instantaneous
or transient dipole distorts the electron density of the other atom B, which is
close to it and as a consequence a dipole is induced in the atom B. The
temporary dipoles of atom A and B attract each other. Similarly temporary
dipoles are induced in molecules also. This force of attraction was first
proposed by the German physicist Fritz London, and for this reason force of
attraction between two temporary dipoles is known as London force. Another
name for this force is dispersion force.
5. Hydrogen bond: Hydrogen bond is represented by a dotted line ( ) while a
solid line represents the covalent bond. Thus, hydrogen bond can be defined as
the attractive force which binds hydrogen atom of one molecule with the
electronegative atom (F, O or N) of another molecule this is special case of
dipole-dipole interaction..
19. Significance of Vander wall parameter: Vander wall parameter a is the measure
of intermolecular forces while b is the measure of effective size of gaseous
molecules Unit of a = bar L3 mol-2 Unit of b = L mol-1
20. The deviation from ideal behaviour can be measured in terms of
compressibility factor Z, which is the ratio of product pV and nRT.
pV
Mathematically Z=
nRT
21. The temperature at which a real gas obeys ideal gas law over an appreciable
range of pressure is called Boyle temperature or Boyle point.
22. Critical temperature (TC)of a gas is highest temperature at which liquifaction
of the gas first occurs. Liquifaction of so called permanent gase Volume of one
mole of the gas at critical temperature is called critical volume (VC) and
pressure at this temperature is called critical pressure (pC). The critical
temperature, pressure and volume are called critical constants.
STATES OF MATTER
6.
7. On a ship sailing in pacific ocean where temperature is 23.4 C , a balloon is
filled with 2 L air. What will be the volume of the balloon when the ship
reaches Indian ocean, where temperature is 26.1C ?
Ans: V1/T1=V2/T2
2/296.4=V2/299.1
V2=2.018l
8. A student forgot to add the reaction mixture to the round bottomed flask at 27
C but instead he/she placed the flask on the flame. After a lapse of time, he
ANSWER
11. At 25C and 760 mm of Hg pressure a gas occupies 600 mL volume. What will
be its pressure at a height where temperature is 10C and volume of the gas is
640m L
Ans P1V1/T1=P2V2/T2
760X600/298=P2X640/283
P2=760X600X283/298X640= 676.6 mm of Hg
12. At 0C, the density of a certain oxide of a gas at 2 bar is same as that of
dinitrogen at 5 bar. What is the molecular mass of the oxide?
Ans: PV=nRT
PV= (m/M)RT
15. What will be the pressure of the gaseous mixture when 0.5 L of H2 at 0.8 bar
and 2.0 L of dioxygen at 0.7 bar are introduced in a 1L vessel at 27C?
Ans: PV=nRT
P1V1=PxV2 0.5X0.8= Px.1 pressure of H2 in the flask=Px=0.40bar
P1V1=PxV20.7X2=Pxx1 pressure of oxygen in the flask= 1.4bar
Pressure of the gaseous mixture=1.4 + 0.4 = 1.8bar.
17. 34.05 mL of phosphorus vapour weighs 0.0625 g at 546 C and 0.1 bar
pressure. What is the molar mass of phosphorus?
Ans: d=( 0.0625 x1000/34.05)g/L
M=dRT/P=1.836 X 0.08314X 819/0.1= 1250
18. Calculate the temperature of 4.0 mol of a gas occupying 5 dm3 at 3.32 bar. (R =
0.083 bar dm3 K1 mol1).
Ans: PV=nRT
T=PV/nR=( 3.32X5)/(4X0.083)= 50K
20. Calculate the volume occupied by 8.8 g of CO2 at 31.1C and 1 bar pressure.
R = 0.083 bar L K1 mol1.
Ans: PV=nRT; n=8.8/44= 0.2
V= nRT/P= 0.2X0.083X304.1/1= 5.05L
22. A mixture of dihydrogen and dioxygen at one bar pressure contains 20% by
weight of dihydrogen. Calculate the partial pressure of dihydrogen.
Ans: let 20g H2 + 80g O2
G TS
r G 2.303RT log K
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN
Zonal Institute Of Education And Training; Bhubaneswar
Study Material- Chemistry- Class XI
Some Important Formulas(Thermodynamics)
U=q+w
H = U + pV
H = U + ngRT
Cp -CV=R
rH=bondenthapiesreactants- bondenthapiesproducts
H fusion
S fusion =
Tm
G TS
r G = -nFEcell
rG = -2.303RT log K
THERMODYAMICS
15. The combustion of 1 mol of benzene takes place at 298K .After combustion
CO2 and H2O are formed and 3267KJ/mol of heat is liberated .calculate f H0
(C6H6) Given: f H0 = -286 KJ/mol , f H0 = -393 KJ/mol
16. Calculate the standard enthalpy of formation of CH3OH (l) from the following
data:CH3OH (l) + 3/2 O2 (g) CO2 (g) + 2H2O (l); rH0 = -726 KJ/mol
C (g) + O2 (g) CO2 (g) ; C H0 = -393 KJ/mol
H2 (g) + O2 (g) H2O (l); f H0 = -286 KJ/mol
17. Calculate the enthalpy change for the process :
CCl4 (g) C (g) + 4Cl (g) and calculate the bond enthalpy of C-Cl in CCl4 ( g)
vap H0 (CCl4 ) = 30.5 KJ/mol, f H0 (CCl4 ) = -135.5 KJ/mol
a H0 (C ) = 715 KJ/mol a H0 (Cl2 ) = 242 KJ/mol
18. Define the Extensive, intensive properties & Heat capacity.
Addition of Inert gas at const.pressure where the no. of gaseous moles are more
Unit-7
EQUILIBRIUM(Part-I)
1.Question based on law of chemical equilibrium, Equilibrium constant,
3. Find out the value of Kc for each of the following equilibria from the value
of Kp:
4. Wri
te the balanced chemical equation corresponding to this equilibrium
constant expression for a gas reaction. \
14. Which of the following reactions will get affected by increasing the
pressure?Also, mention whether change will cause the reaction to go into
15. Dihydrogen gas is obtained from natural gas by partial oxidation with
steam as per following endothermic reaction:
CH4[g] + H2O [g] CO [g] + 3H2[g]
a) Write as expression for Kp for the above reaction.
b) How will the values of Kp and the composition of equilibrium mixture
be affected by
i) Increasing the pressure
ii) Increasing the temperature
iii) Using a catalyst
16. Describe the effect of: - a) Addition of H2 b) Addition of CH3OH c)
Removal of CO d) Removal of CH3OH On the equilibrium of the
reaction: 2 H2[g] + CO[g] CH3OH [g]
Question 7.1:
A liquid is in equilibrium with its vapour in a sealed container at a fixed
temperature. The volume of the container is suddenly increased.
a) What is the initial effect of the change on vapour pressure?
b) How do rates of evaporation and condensation change initially?
c) What happens when equilibrium is restored finally and what will be the final
vapour pressure?
Answer
(a) If the volume of the container is suddenly increased, then the vapour pressure
would decrease initially. This is because the amount of vapour remains the same,
but the volume increases suddenly. As a result, the same amount of vapour is
distributed in a larger volume.
(b) Since the temperature is constant, the rate of evaporation also remains constant.
When the volume of the container is increased, the density of the vapour phase
decreases. As a result, the rate of collisions of the vapour particles also decreases.
Hence, the rate of condensation decreases initially.
(c) When equilibrium is restored finally, the rate of evaporation becomes equal to
the rate of condensation. In this case, only the volume changes while the
Answer
The equilibrium constant (Kc) for the give reaction is:
Question 7.4:
Write the expression for the equilibrium constant, Kc for each of the following
reactions:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
Answer
Answer
The relation between Kp and Kc is given as:
Kp = Kc (RT) n
(a) Here,
n = 3 2 = 1
R = 0.0831 barLmol1K1
(b) Here,
n = 2 1 = 1
R = 0.0831 barLmol1K1
T = 1073 K
Kp= 167
Now,
Kp = Kc (RT) n
Question 7.6:
Both the forward and reverse reactions in the equilibrium are elementary
bimolecular reactions. What is Kc, for the reverse reaction?
Answer
Now, the molecular mass and density (at a particular temperature) of a pure
substance is always fixed and is accounted for in the equilibrium constant.
Therefore, the values of pure substances are not mentioned in the equilibrium
constant expression.
Question 7.8:
Reaction between N2 and O2 takes place as follows:
The value of equilibrium constant i.e., = 2.0 1037 is very small. Therefore,
the amount of N2 and O2 reacted is also very small. Thus, x can be neglected from
the expressions of molar concentrations of N2 and O2.
Then,
Now,
Question 7.9:
Nitric oxide reacts with Br2 and gives nitrosyl bromide as per reaction given
below:
Now, 2 mol of NOBr are formed from 2 mol of NO. Therefore, 0.0518 mol of
NOBr are formed from 0.0518 mol of NO.
Again, 2 mol of NOBr are formed from 1 mol of Br.
Question 7.10:
At 450 K, Kp= 2.0 1010/bar for the given reaction at equilibrium.
Question 7.11:
A sample of HI (g) is placed in flask at a pressure of 0.2 atm. At equilibrium the
partial pressure of HI (g) is 0.04 atm. What is Kp for the given equilibrium?
Answer
The initial concentration of HI is 0.2 atm. At equilibrium, it has a partial pressure
of 0.04 atm. Therefore, a decrease in the pressure of HI is 0.2 0.04 = 0.16. The
given reaction is:
Therefore,
Question 7.12:
A mixture of 1.57 mol of N2, 1.92 mol of H2 and 8.13 mol of NH3 is introduced
into a 20 L reaction vessel at 500 K. At this temperature, the equilibrium
Question 7.13:
The equilibrium constant expression for a gas reaction is,
Question 7.14:
One mole of H2O and one mole of CO are taken in 10 L vessel and heated to
725 K. At equilibrium 40% of water (by mass) reacts with CO according to the
equation,
Question 7.15:
At 700 K, equilibrium constant for the reaction
is 54.8. If 0.5 molL1 of HI(g) is present at equilibrium at 700 K, what are the
concentration of H2(g) and I2(g) assuming that we initially started with HI(g) and
allowed it to reach equilibrium at 700 K?
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN
Zonal Institute Of Education And Training; Bhubaneswar
Study Material- Chemistry- Class XI
Answer
is 54.8.
will be .
Hence, at equilibrium,
Question 7.16:
What is the equilibrium concentration of each of the substances in the
equilibrium when the initial concentration of ICl was 0.78 M?
Answer
The given reaction is:
Question 7.17:
Kp = 0.04 atm at 899 K for the equilibrium shown below. What is the equilibrium
concentration of C2H6 when it is placed in a flask at 4.0 atm pressure and
allowed to come to equilibrium?
Answer
Let p be the pressure exerted by ethene and hydrogen gas (each) at equilibrium.
Now, according to the reaction,
We can write,
Question 7.18:
Ethyl acetate is formed by the reaction between ethanol and acetic acid and the
equilibrium is represented as:
(i) Write the concentration ratio (reaction quotient), Qc, for this reaction (note:
water is not in excess and is not a solvent in this reaction)
(ii) At 293 K, if one starts with 1.00 mol of acetic acid and 0.18 mol of ethanol,
there is 0.171 mol of ethyl acetate in the final equilibrium mixture. Calculate the
equilibrium constant.
(iii) Starting with 0.5 mol of ethanol and 1.0 mol of acetic acid and maintaining
it at 293 K, 0.214 mol of ethyl acetate is found after sometime. Has equilibrium
been reached?
Answer
Answer
Let the concentrations of both PCl3 and Cl2 at equilibrium be x molL1. The given
reaction is:
Therefore, at equilibrium,
Question 7.20:
One of the reactions that take place in producing steel from iron ore is the
reduction of iron (II) oxide by carbon monoxide to give iron metal and CO2.
Question 7.21:
Equilibrium constant, Kc for the reaction
at 500 K is 0.061.
At a particular time, the analysis shows that composition of the reaction mixture
is 3.0 mol L1 N2, 2.0 mol L1 H2 and 0.5 mol L1 NH3. Is the reaction at
equilibrium? If not in which direction does the reaction tend to proceed to reach
equilibrium?
Answer
The given reaction is:
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN
Zonal Institute Of Education And Training; Bhubaneswar
Study Material- Chemistry- Class XI
Now, we know that,
Question 7.22:
Bromine monochloride, BrCl decomposes into bromine and chlorine and
reaches the equilibrium:
Question 7.23:
At 1127 K and 1 atm pressure, a gaseous mixture of CO and CO2 in equilibrium
with solid carbon has 90.55% CO by mass
Question 7.24:
Calculate a) Gand b) the equilibrium constant for the formation of NO2 from
NO and O2 at 298 K
Hence, the equilibrium constant for the given reaction Kc is 1.36 106
Question 7.25:
Does the number of moles of reaction products increase, decrease or remain
same when each of the following equilibria is subjected to a decrease in pressure
by increasing the volume?
(a)
(b)
(c)
Answer
(a) The number of moles of reaction products will increase. According to Le
Chateliers principle, if pressure is decreased, then the equilibrium shifts in the
direction in which the number of moles of gases is more. In the given reaction, the
number of moles of gaseous products is more than that of gaseous reactants. Thus,
the reaction will proceed in the forward direction. As a result, the number of moles
of reaction products will increase.
(b) The number of moles of reaction products will decrease.
(c) The number of moles of reaction products remains the same
Question 7.26:
Which of the following reactions will get affected by increasing the pressure?
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
Answer
The reactions given in (i), (iii), (iv), (v), and (vi) will get affected by increasing the
pressure.
The reaction given in (iv) will proceed in the forward direction because the number
of moles of gaseous reactants is more than that of gaseous products.
The reactions given in (i), (iii), (v), and (vi) will shift in the backward direction
because the number of moles of gaseous reactants is less than that of gaseous
products.
Question 7.27:
The equilibrium constant for the following reaction is 1.6 105 at 1024 K.
Find the equilibrium pressure of all gases if 10.0 bar of HBr is introduced into a
sealed container at 1024 K.
Answer
Given,
Therefore, at equilibrium,
Question 7.28:
Dihydrogen gas is obtained from natural gas by partial oxidation with steam as
per following endothermic reaction:
(b) (i) According to Le Chateliers principle, the equilibrium will shift in the
backward direction.
(ii) According to Le Chateliers principle, as the reaction is endothermic, the
equilibrium will shift in the forward direction.
(iii) The equilibrium of the reaction is not affected by the presence of a catalyst. A
catalyst only increases the rate of a reaction. Thus, equilibrium will be attained
quickly.
Question 7.29:
Describe the effect of:
a) Addition of H2
b) Addition of CH3OH
c) Removal of CO
d) Removal of CH3OH
on the equilibrium of the reaction:
Answer
(a) According to Le Chateliers principle, on addition of H2, the equilibrium of the
given reaction will shift in the forward direction.
(b) On addition of CH3OH, the equilibrium will shift in the backward direction.
(c) On removing CO, the equilibrium will shift in the backward direction.
(d) On removing CH3OH, the equilibrium will shift in the forward direction.
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN
Zonal Institute Of Education And Training; Bhubaneswar
Study Material- Chemistry- Class XI
Question 7.30:
At 473 K, equilibrium constant Kc for decomposition of phosphorus
pentachloride, PCl5 is 8.3 10-3. If decomposition is depicted as,
rH = 124.0 kJmol1
a) Write an expression for Kc for the reaction.
b) What is the value of Kc for the reverse reaction at the same temperature?
c) What would be the effect on Kc if (i) more PCl5 is added (ii) pressure is
increased? (iii) The temperature is increased?
Answer
(a)
(b) Value of Kc for the reverse reaction at the same temperature is:
(c) (i) Kc would remain the same because in this case, the temperature remains the
same.
(ii) Kc is constant at constant temperature. Thus, in this case, Kc would not change.
(iii) In an endothermic reaction, the value of Kc increases with an increase in
temperature. Since the given reaction in an endothermic reaction, the value of Kc
will increase if the temperature is increased.
Question 7.31:
Dihydrogen gas used in Habers process is produced by reacting methane from
natural gas with high temperature steam. The first stage of two stage reaction
steam such that 4.0 bar, what will be the partial pressure of H2 at
equilibrium? Kp= 10.1 at 400C
Answer
Let the partial pressure of both carbon dioxide and hydrogen gas be p. The given
reaction is:
It is
Now,
Question 7.32:
Predict which of the following reaction will have appreciable concentration of
reactants and products:
a)
b)
c)
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN
Zonal Institute Of Education And Training; Bhubaneswar
Study Material- Chemistry- Class XI
Answer
If the value of Kc lies between 103 and 103, a reaction has appreciable
concentration of reactants and products. Thus, the reaction given in (c) will have
appreciable concentration of reactants and products.
Question 7.33:
The value of Kc for the reaction
Then, we have,
Question 7.34:
Question 7.35:
What is meant by the conjugate acid-base pair? Find the conjugate acid/base for
the following species:
Answer
A conjugate acid-base pair is a pair that differs only by one proton.
The conjugate acid-base for the given species is mentioned in the table below.
Species Conjugate acid-base
HNO2
CN HCN (acid)
S2 HS (acid)
Question 7.36:
Which of the followings are Lewis acids? H2O, BF3, H+, and
Answer
Lewis acids are those acids which can accept a pair of electrons. For example, BF3,
Question 7.37:
What will be the conjugate bases for the Brnsted acids: HF, H2SO4 and HCO3?
Answer
The table below lists the conjugate bases for the given Bronsted acids.
Bronsted acid Conjugate base
HF F
H2SO4
Question 7.38:
Write the conjugate acids for the following Brnsted bases: NH2, NH3 and
HCOO.
Answer
The table below lists the conjugate acids for the given Bronsted bases.
Bronsted base Conjugate acid
NH3
NH3
HCOO HCOOH
The species: H2O, , and NH3 can act both as Brnsted acids and
bases. For each case give the corresponding conjugate acid and base.
Answer
The table below lists the conjugate acids and conjugate bases for the given species.
Species Conjugate acid Conjugate base
H2 O H3 O+ OH
H2CO3
H2SO4
NH3
Question 7.40:
Classify the following species into Lewis acids and Lewis bases and show how
these act as Lewis acid/base: (a) OH (b) F (c) H+ (d) BCl3.
Answer
(a) OH is a Lewis base since it can donate its lone pair of electrons.
(b) F is a Lewis base since it can donate a pair of electrons.
(c) H+ is a Lewis acid since it can accept a pair of electrons.
(d) BCl3 is a Lewis acid since it can accept a pair of electrons.
Question 7.41:
The concentration of hydrogen ion in a sample of soft drink is 3.8 103 M.
what is its pH?
Answer
Given,
Question 7.43:
The ionization constant of HF, HCOOH and HCN at 298K are 6.8 104, 1.8
104 and 4.8 109 respectively. Calculate the ionization constants of the
corresponding conjugate base.
Answer
It is known that,
Given,
Ka of HF = 6.8 104
Hence, Kb of its conjugate base F
Given,
Ka of HCOOH = 1.8 104
Hence, Kb of its conjugate base HCOO
Question 7.44:
The ionization constant of phenol is 1.0 1010. What is the concentration of
phenolate ion in 0.05 M solution of phenol? What will be its degree of ionization
if the solution is also 0.01M in sodium phenolate?
Answer
Ionization of phenol:
Also,
Question 7.45:
The first ionization constant of H2S is 9.1 108. Calculate the concentration of
HS ion in its 0.1 M solution. How will this concentration be affected if the
solution is 0.1 M in HCl also? If the second dissociation constant of H2S is 1.2
1013, calculate the concentration of S2 under both conditions.
Answer
(i) To calculate the concentration of HS ion:
Case I (in the absence of HCl):
Let the concentration of HS be x M.
Let
Question 7.46:
The ionization constant of acetic acid is 1.74 105. Calculate the degree of
dissociation of acetic acid in its 0.05 M solution. Calculate the concentration of
acetate ion in the solution and its pH.
Answer
c = 0.05 M
Ka = 1.74 105
Hence, the concentration of acetate ion in the solution is 0.00093 M and its Ph is
3.03.
Question 7.47:
It has been found that the pH of a 0.01M solution of an organic acid is 4.15.
Calculate the concentration of the anion, the ionization constant of the acid and
its pKa.
Answer
Let the organic acid be HA.
Now,
Then,
Question 7.48:
Assuming complete dissociation, calculate the pH of the following solutions:
(a) 0.003 M HCl (b) 0.005 M NaOH (c) 0.002 M HBr (d) 0.002 M KOH
Answer
(i) 0.003MHCl:
Now,
Question 7.49:
Calculate the pH of the following solutions:
a) 2 g of TlOH dissolved in water to give 2 litre of solution.
(d) For 1mL of 13.6 M HCl diluted with water to give 1 L of solution:
13.6 1 mL = M2 1000 mL
(Before dilution) (After dilution)
13.6 103 = M2 1L
M2 = 1.36 102
[H+] = 1.36 102
pH = log (1.36 102)
= ( 0.1335 + 2)
Question 7.50:
The degree of ionization of a 0.1M bromoacetic acid solution is 0.132. Calculate
the pH of the solution and the pKa of bromoacetic acid.
Answer
Concentration, c = 0.1 M
Thus, the concentration of H3O+ = c.
= 0.1 0.132
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN
Zonal Institute Of Education And Training; Bhubaneswar
Study Material- Chemistry- Class XI
= 0.0132
Now,
Question 7.51:
The pH of 0.005M codeine (C18H21NO3) solution is 9.95. Calculate its ionization
constant and pKb.
Answer
c = 0.005
pH = 9.95
pOH = 4.05
pH = log (4.105)
Question 7.52:
Thus, the ionization constant of the conjugate acid of aniline is 2.34 105.
Question 7.53:
Calculate the degree of ionization of 0.05M acetic acid if its pKa value is 4.74.
How is the degree of dissociation affected when its solution also contains (a)
0.01 M (b) 0.1 M in HCl?
Answer
As the dissociation of a very small amount of acetic acid will take place, the values
i.e., 0.05 x and 0.01 + x can be taken as 0.05 and 0.01 respectively.
Now, if 0.1 M of NaOH is added to the solution, then NaOH (being a strong base)
undergoes complete ionization.
And,
Question 7.56:
The pH of milk, black coffee, tomato juice, lemon juice and egg white are 6.8,
5.0, 4.2, 2.2 and 7.8 respectively. Calculate corresponding hydrogen ion
concentration in each.
Answer
The hydrogen ion concentration in the given substances can be calculated by using
the given relation:
pH = log [H+]
(i) pH of milk = 6.8
Since, pH = log [H+]
6.8 = log [H+]
log [H+] = 6.8
[H+] = anitlog(6.8)
=
(ii) pH of black coffee = 5.0
Since, pH = log [H+]
5.0 = log [H+]
log [H+] = 5.0
[H+] = anitlog(5.0)
=
(iii) pH of tomato juice = 4.2
Since, pH = log [H+]
4.2 = log [H+]
log [H+] = 4.2
=
(iv) pH of lemon juice = 2.2
Since, pH = log [H+]
2.2 = log [H+]
log [H+] = 2.2
[H+] = anitlog(2.2)
=
(v) pH of egg white = 7.8
Since, pH = log [H+]
7.8 = log [H+]
log [H+] = 7.8
[H+] = anitlog(7.8)
=
Question 7.57:
If 0.561 g of KOH is dissolved in water to give 200 mL of solution at 298 K.
Calculate the concentrations of potassium, hydrogen and hydroxyl ions. What is
its pH?
Answer
Question 7.60:
The pH of 0.1M solution of cyanic acid (HCNO) is 2.34. Calculate the ionization
constant of the acid and its degree of ionization in the solution.
Answer
c = 0.1 M
pH = 2.34
Now, If x moles of the salt undergo hydrolysis, then the concentration of various
species present in the solution will be:
= 2.325 105
Question 7.62:
A 0.02 M solution of pyridinium hydrochloride has pH = 3.44. Calculate the
ionization constant of pyridine
Answer
pH = 3.44
We know that,
pH = log [H+]
Question 7.65:
Ionic product of water at 310 K is 2.7 1014. What is the pH of neutral water at
this temperature?
Answer
Ionic product,
Question 7.66:
Calculate the pH of the resultant mixtures:
a) 10 mL of 0.2M Ca(OH)2 + 25 mL of 0.1M HCl
b) 10 mL of 0.01M H2SO4 + 10 mL of 0.01M Ca(OH)2
c) 10 mL of 0.1M H2SO4 + 10 mL of 0.1M KOH
Answer
(a)
(b)
(c)
= 1.30
Question 7.67:
Determine the solubilities of silver chromate, barium chromate, ferric hydroxide,
lead chloride and mercurous iodide at 298K from their solubility product
constants given in Table 7.9 (page 221). Determine also the molarities of
individual ions.
Answer
(1) Silver chromate:
Thus, = s and =s
Molarity of = Molarity of
(3) Ferric hydroxide:
Molarity of
Molarity of
(4) Lead chloride:
Molarity of chloride =
(5) Mercurous iodide:
Molarity of
Molarity of
Question 7.68:
The solubility product constant of Ag2CrO4 and AgBr are 1.1 1012 and 5.0
1013 respectively. Calculate the ratio of the molarities of their saturated
solutions.
Answer
Let s be the solubility of Ag2CrO4.
Question 7.69:
Equal volumes of 0.002 M solutions of sodium iodate and cupric chlorate are
mixed together. Will it lead to precipitation of copper iodate? (For cupric iodate
Ksp = 7.4 108).
Answer
When equal volumes of sodium iodate and cupric chlorate solutions are mixed
together, then the molar concentrations of both solutions are reduced to half i.e.,
0.001 M.
Then,
Now, the solubility equilibrium for copper iodate can be written as:
Since the ionic product (1 109) is less than Ksp (7.4 108), precipitation will not
occur.
Question 7.70:
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN
Zonal Institute Of Education And Training; Bhubaneswar
Study Material- Chemistry- Class XI
The ionization constant of benzoic acid is 6.46 105 and Ksp for silver benzoate
is 2.5 1013. How many times is silver benzoate more soluble in a buffer of pH
3.19 compared to its solubility in pure water?
Answer
Since pH = 3.19,
Thus, the solubility of silver benzoate in a pH 3.19 solution is 1.66 106 mol/L.
Now, let the solubility of C6H5COOAg be x mol/L.
Question 7.71:
What is the maximum concentration of equimolar solutions of ferrous sulphate
and sodium sulphide so that when mixed in equal volumes, there is no
precipitation of iron sulphide? (For iron sulphide, Ksp = 6.3 1018).
Answer
Let the maximum concentration of each solution be x mol/L. After mixing, the
volume of the concentrations of each solution will be
If the concentrations of both solutions are equal to or less than 5.02 109 M, then
there will be no precipitation of iron sulphide
Question 7.72:
Question 7.73:
The concentration of sulphide ion in 0.1M HCl solution saturated with hydrogen
sulphide is 1.0 1019 M. If 10 mL of this is added to 5 mL of 0.04 M solution of
the following: FeSO4, MnCl2, ZnCl2 and CdCl2. in which of these solutions
precipitation will take place?
Answer
For precipitation to take place, it is required that the calculated ionic product
exceeds the Ksp value.
Before mixing:
After mixing: