Filters

Dr. E. Paul Braineard

IIIT Chittoor
 Electric filters
Filter: Which allows/pass the input signals to the
output in desired range of frequencies
Passive filters (R, L, C)
Input signal is not amplified
Active filters (transistors, op-amps)
Input signal is amplified
 Filter classification
Low pass filter (LPF)
High pass filter (HPF)
Band pass filter (BPF)
Band reject filter/Band stop filter (BSF)
Frequency response of various filters

LPF HPF

BPF BSF
Ideal Filter Response Curves
 Passive Low-Pass RL filter
Transfer function of RL LPF

Cut-off frequency
Ideal filter: The frequency between the
pass- and-stop bands is called the cut-off
frequency (c)
Practical filter: The frequency at which the
magnitude |H(j)| is reduced to 1/2
(=0.7) times the maximum magnitude
 Cut-off frequency of RL LPF
1
H ( j )
2
L
1
R
At f 0 Hz ,
H ( j ) 1
At c , H ( j ) 1/ 2
1 1

2
c L 2
1
R
R 1
c and H ( j )
L
1 j
c
If several two-port network are placed in a cascade (output of one is
attached to the input of the next), the overall transfer function, H, is equal
to the product of all transfer functions
 Bode plot
Magnitude vs. frequency and phase vs. frequency in a semi-log
format
Magnitude H ( j ) dB
Phase H ( j )
RC Low Pass Filter Circuit
 Low Pass Filter Example
A Low Pass Filter circuit consisting of a resistor of 47 k in series with a
capacitor of 47 nF is connected across a 10 V sinusoidal supply. Calculate
the output voltage ( Vout ) at a frequency of 100 Hz, 200 Hz and again at
frequency of 10kHz, 11 kHz.

1
Xc
2 fC
Z R jX c
Z R 2 X c2
Xc Xc
Vout Vin Vin
R 2 X c2 Z
Low Pass Filter Example
 Low Pass Filter Example

the cut-off frequency (c) is given as 720Hz with an

output voltage of 70.7% of the input voltage value and
a phase shift angle of -45o
High-pass RC filter
High-pass RL filters
 Second-order Low Pass Filter

If -20dB/decade angle of the slope is not enough to

remove an unwanted signal, then two stages of filtering
can be used
Frequency Response of a 2nd-order
Low Pass Filter
The RC Integrator Circuit
First order low pass active filter
 First order low pass active filter

Let
 Second order active filter
Sallen-key filter RF
vo 1 vB Ao vB
Ri
Two RC pairs KCL at node A
-40 dB/decade viY1 v A (Y1 Y2 Y3 ) voY3 vBY2
vo
viY1 v A (Y1 Y2 Y3 ) voY3 Y2
Ao
KCL at node B
vo
v AY2 vB (Y2 Y4 ) (Y2 Y4 )
Ao
vo
vA (Y2 Y4 )
AoY2
 Second order active filter
vo AoY1Y2

vi Y1Y2 Y4 (Y1 Y2 Y3 ) Y2Y3 (1 Ao )
Y1 Y2 1/ R, Y3 Y4 sC
Transfer function H ( s )
Ao
H (s) 2 2 2
s C R sCR (3 Ao ) 1
Transfer function of low pass second
order filter

Ao
H ( s) 2 2 2
s C R sCR (3 Ao ) 1
Aoh2
H ( s) 2
s h s h2
Ao Gain
h Upper cut-off frequency in radians/second
= damping coefficient
1
h
RC
(3 Ao )
Transfer function of low pass second
order filter
Substitute s j
Ao
H ( j )
( j / h ) 2 j ( / h ) 1
Normalized exp ression for LPF
Ao
H ( j ) 2
sn sn 1
Normalized frequency

sn j
h
 Frequency response for different
values of

, small oscillatory
= 1.414, Butterworth filter
Audio amplifier uses Butterworth filter
Higher order filter