RvZxq wkvg

2012

wnmvewevb

GKv`k I v`k kwY

RvZxq wkvg I cvVcyK evW

1. m~Pbv
1.1 hKvb KvhKgi mdjZv wbfi Ki Gi myz cwiKbvi Dci| wkv Kvhgi Gic cwiKbvB wkvg|
wkv_x`i AvMn, ceYZv, mvg_, AwfZv I wkLb Pvwn`vK mg^q Ki Ges mgvR, `k I AvRvwZK cwiwwZ
weePbvq iL cYxZ nq wbw` wkvg| Kx, Kb, wKfve, K, Kvi mnhvwMZvq, Kx w`q, Kv_vq, KZ mgq ai
wkv_x wkLe Ges hv wkLQ Zv wKfve hvPvB Kiv ne Gme cki Di wkvg _vK| wkvi j, Dk,
wkLbdj, welqe, wkLb-kLvbv Kvhg I g~jvqb wb`kbv-GmeB wkvgi cwZcv` welq| wkvgi
wb`kbvi AvjvK cYxZ nq cvVcyK I Abvb wkLb-kLvbv mvgMx| G wkvKgK AveZb KiB hKvbv ii
wkv eevi KgKv cwiKwZ I cwiPvwjZ Ges evevwqZ nq| Avi G KviYB wkvgK wkv Kvhg
evevqbi bxj-bKkv ejv nq _vK|
1.2 wkvg cwigvRb, Dbqb I bevqb GKwU Pjgvb cwqv| G cwqvq avivevwnK cwiexYi gvag Pjgvb
wkvgi mejZv-`yejZv I DchvwMZv wbYq Kiv nq| mgqi mv_ hgb mgvRi cwieZb NUQ, Zgwb vb-
wevb I chywi `Z cwieZb nQ| Gmei dj wkLb Pvwn`vI cwiewZZ nQ| G Rb cqvRbxq cwigvRb I
bevqbi gvag wkvg hyMvchvMx ivLv AvekK| Avevi hLb cyivbv wkvg cwigvRb Ki mgqi Pvwn`v c~iY
me nq bv, ZLb bZzb wkvg cYqb KiZ nq|
2. wkvg Dbqbi hwKZv
2.1 gvawgK I DPgvawgK ii wkvg 1995 mvj cwigvRb, bevqb I Dbqbi KvR mb nq| l I beg kwYZ
1996 wkvel _K G wkvKg evevqbi KvR i nq| DPgvawgK i 1998 wkvel _K cwigvwRZ I bevqbKZ
wkvKg evevwqZ nq AvmQ| Gici `xN mgq RvZxq I AvRvwZK cwigj mvgvwRK, mvswZK, A_bwZK I
ivRbwZK wewfb wekl Ki vb-wevb, Z_ I hvMvhvM chywi evcK cwieZb NUQ| cwieZbi mv_
mv_ wkv_x`i wkLb-Pvwn`vI cwiewZZ nqQ| G Pvwn`v Abyhvqx wkvK hyMvchvMx Kivi Rb wkvg Dbqb
Acwinvh nq co|
2.2 cPwjZ wkvgi Dci gvawgK ii wkvg g~jvqb I Pvwn`v wbicY mgxvi djvdj wkvgi AbK
`yejZv, AmwZ I mgmv wPwZ nqQ| G wkvg AwZgvvq Z I Z_ msewjZ hv wkv_xK gyL KiZ
DrmvwnZ Ki| cPwjZ wkvg Abymvb, mgmv mgvavb `Zv ARb, nvZ-Kjg KvR Ki kLvi Ges mRbkxj
I Dvebx `Zv weKvki myhvM mxwgZ| wkv_x`i bwZK I gvbweK Yvewji weKvki myhvMI Kg| cqvRbxq
welq Ges welqe hgb- Z_ I hvMvhvM chyw, Rjevqyi cwieZb I KiYxq, eqtmwKvj I cRbb ^v, Rvjvwb
wbivcv BZvw`i cwZdjb LyeB mxwgZ| ZvQvov gvZfvlv evsjv Ges AvRvwZK fvlv BsiwR wkLb-kLvbvi
kvbv, ejv, cov, jLv Gme `Zv ARbi Rb wkvg iZ c`vb Kiv njI evevqbi Gjv h_vh_
iZ cvq wb| wkv_x`iK KggyLx Kivi wkvgi Ae`vb mvlRbK bq| bevqbKZ wkvgi Gme
mxgveZv KvwUq DVvi cPv bIqv nqQ|
2.3 RvZxq wkvbxwZ 2010 evsjv`ki wkv GKwU gvBjdjK| RvZxq wkvbxwZ 2010 Abymvi wkvi gvag
hyMvchvMx Rbkw Dbqbi Rb cqvRb wkvgi Dbqb Ges Gi h_vh_ evevqb| RvZxq wkvbxwZ 2010 Gi
evevqbi mevwaK iZc~Y c`c nQ G wkvbxwZ Abymvi wkveevi ceZb Ges Gi Rb cqvRb m
Abymvi wkvg Dbqb|
2.4 evsjv`ki icK 2021 (VISION 2021) Gi j nQ wWwRUvj evsjv`k Mo Zvjv Ges `kK gag Avqi
`k cwiYZ Kiv| wWwRUvj evsjv`k Mov Ges gag Avqi `k cwiYZ Kivi cavb Dcvq nQ wkvi gvag
h_vchy Rbkw mw Kiv| Avi wkvi gvag Zv Kivi Rb cqvRb DchvMx wkvg|
2.5 GKwesk kZvxi wkvi Rb MwVZ AvRvwZK wkv Kwgkb wicvU Learning: The Treasure Within G gvawgK
wkvK Rxebi cekvi (gateway to life) wnmve wPwZ Kiv nqQ| Gi A_ KgRxeb ceki cqvRbxq
hvMZv gvawgK wkvi gvag ARb| G hvMZv ARbi Rb cwZe`b wkLbi PviwU (Pillar) wPwZ Kiv
nqQ| wkLbi G mg~n nQ-RvbZ kLv (Learning to know), KiZ kLv (Learning to do) wgjwgk _vKZ
kLv (Learning to live together) Ges weKwkZ nZ kLv (Learning to be) | Gme evevqbi gvag GKwesk
kZvxi DchvMx Rbkw mwi Rb cqvRb m Abymvi wkvg cwigvRb, bevqb I Dbqb|

RvZxq wkvg 2012 cv 1

3. wkvg Dbqb AbymZ gWj
DkwfwK gWj (Objective Model) Abymvi DPgvawgK kwYi RvZxq wkvKg 2012 Dbqb Kiv nqQ| GwUK
djwfwK gWjI (Product Model) ejv hvq| G gWj Abymvi wkvi j I mvaviY Dk wbaviY Ki Dk ARb
DchvMx welq I welqwfwK Dk wbaviY Kiv nqQ| welqwfwK Dk ARbi Rb iwfwK cvwK wkLbdj
wbaviY Kiv nq| cvwK wkLbdjK kwYwfwK wkLbdj wefvRb Kiv nqQ| kwYwfwK wkLbdjK eywexq,
AveMxq I gbvcwkR- G wZb fvM wefvRb Kiv nqQ| kwYwfwK wkLbdjK wfw Ki kwY DchvMx welqe,
wkLb-kLvbv Kvhg I g~jvqb Kkjmn hveZxq wkv Kvhg wbaviY Kiv nq|
4. wkvg Dbqb AbymZ cwqv
mKvwi GWyKkb mi WfjcgU cR (SESDP) Gi KvwiMwi I Avw_K mnvqZvq Ges RvZxq wkvg I
cvVcyK evWi mvweK Zveavb GmBGmwWwc Gi wkvg wekle`, GbwmwUwe-Gi wkvg kvLvi KgKZve`
Ges wbevwPZ RvZxq chvqi wkvg wekl, welq wekl, wkvwe`, wkK wkvq wekl I Awf kwYwkKi
mg^q MwVZ wewfb KwgwU wkvg Dbqb Kib| wkvg Dbqb cwqvi wewfb chvq mvw`Z KvRi msw
weeiY Dcvcb Kiv njv:

cevn wP RvZxq wkvg Dbqb cwqv

wkv cwZvb wkv ckvmK, cPwjZ wkvg mgvR, iv I

wkvwe`, eywRxex AvRvwZK Pvwn`v

wkK ivxq g~jbxwZ

Aev weklY I Pvwn`v wbicY

RvZxq wkvbxwZ
wkv_x 2010
wkvgi iciLv cYqb

welqwfwK wkvg cYqb

wkvgi mg^qmvab
I mvweK ic`vb

RvZxq wkvg mg^q KwgwU KZK

RvZxq wkvg 2012 Abygv`b

RvZxq wkvg 2012 cv 2

4.1 Aev weklY
4.1.1 gvawgK ii cPwjZ wkvg chvjvPbv
GmBGmwWwci wkvg wekle` 2008 mvj gvawgK ii (l-v`k kwY) wkvg chvjvPbv Kib|
hwK chvjvPbvi gvag wkvgi mej I `yej w`K Ges wkv_x`i wkLb Pvwn`v c~iY wkvgi DchvwMZv
hvPvB Kiv nq| GB chvjvPbvi djvdj bZzb wkvg Dbqb weePbvq ivLv nq|
4.1.2 cPwjZ wkvgi g~jvqb
GmBGmwWwci wkvg weklMY gvawgK ii wkvg g~jvqb I Pvwn`v wbicY mgxv 2010 kxlK GKwU
MelYv cwiPvjbv Kib| G mgxvi gvag wkvgi mej I `yej w`K, evevqbi cwZeKZv I cwigvRbi
mg~n wPwZ Ges wkv_x`i wkLb-Pvwn`v wbicY Kiv nq|
4.1.3 RvZxq wkvbxwZ 2010
RvZxq wkvbxwZ 2010 gvawgK wkv mwKZ avivmg~n chvjvPbv Ki bZzb wkvg Dbqbi wfZ Zwi Kiv nq|
RvZxq wkvbxwZi wfwZB cPwjZ mKj avivi (mvaviY, gv`vmv, BsiwR) wkvK wbw` chvq ch mgw^Z I GKgyLx
wkvgi AvIZvq Afy Kivi c`c bIqv nq| G eevq me aibi wkv cwZvb c_g _K Ag kwY ch
GKB wkvg Abymvi wkv Kvhg cwiPvwjZ ne|
4.1.4 AvRvwZK chvqi wkvg chvjvPbv
weki wbevwPZ KqKwU `ki- fviZ, kxjv, gvjqwkqv, wmvcyi, Awjqv (AivR), hyivR (AivR) Ges
KvbvWvi (AivR) mgmvgwqK wkvg chvjvPbv Kiv nq| Gme `ki wkveevi wekl Ki wkvgi wekl
w`Kmg~n chvjvPbv Ki evsjv`ki cwiwwZZ G`i DchvwMZv hvPvB Kiv nq|
4.1.5 cvmwK cwZe`b, ce I gZvgZ chvjvPbv
`k-we`k cKvwkZ wkv I wkvg welqK cwZe`b, ce I gZvgZ chvjvPbv Kiv nq| Gjvi ga
DjLhvM KqKwU nQ-GKwesk kZvxi wkv mwKZ AvRvwZK wkv Kwgkbi cwZe`b UNESCO (1996)
Learning: The Treasure Within; ONeill, Geraldine (2010) Programme Design: Overview of Curriculum
Models; Marsh, C.J (1997) Perspective Key Concepts for Understanding Curriculum; Sheehan, John (1986)
Curriculum Models: Product versus Process, Smith, P.L (1993) Instructional Design, Macmillan; RvZxq
wkvg I cvVcyK evW cYxZ wbggvawgK, gvawgK I DPgvawgK chvqi wkvg (2012), wkK cwkY
wkvg I cvVcyK Rvi mse`bkxjZv chvjvPbv kxlK cwZe`b (2012), Rjevqy cwieZb I `yhvM
eevcbv, ZvgvK wbqY, UNICEF (2009) cwiPvwjZ Rxeb `ZvwfwK wkv|
ZvQvov evsjv`ki wewfb cK, miKvwi I emiKvwi cwZvb Ges msv wkvg Afywi Rb 31wU cwZe`b
Rgv `q| Gme cwZe`b chvjvPbv Ki mswk welq cqvRbxq cvmwK welqe mshvRbi eev bIqv nq|
31wU cwZe`bi ga DjLhvM KqKwU nQ- Rjevqy cwieZb, Z_ cvwi AwaKvi, Lv`-cyw, cRbb ^v,
GBPAvBwf-GBWm, wekl Pvwn`vmb wk, Rxeb `ZvwfwK wkvKg BZvw`|
4.2 wkvgi iciLv cYqb
Aevi weklY _K j AwfZv I djvdji wfwZ GmBGmwWwci wkvg wekle` RvZxq civgkKi wb`kbvq
wkvg Dbqbi bxwZgvjv Ges wewfb chvqi wkv Kvhg mgvKvix`i wkvq AMmiY cevn wP wbaviY Kib| Gmei
Dci wfw Ki wkvgi iciLv cYqb Kiv nq|
4.2.1 wkvg Dbqbi bxwZgvjv
gnvb fvlv Av`vjb I gywhyi PZbv Ges Amvc`vwqK g~jevai wfwZ `kcg weKvki myhvM mw
bwZKZv I gvbweK g~jeva weKvki Dci iZ c`vb
Abymwrmv, mRbkxj I Dvebx gZv ewi myhvM Zwi
wevbgb I KggyLx Kivi Dci iZ Avivc
AvaywbK chyw eenvii hvMZv ARbi myhvM mw
ZvwK vbi mv_ evegyLx I cqvMgyLx wkvi myhvM ew
Rxeb`Zv ARbi myhvM mw
me aibi elg Aemvbi j gvbevwaKvii Dci iZ c`vb
ewkK Pvwn`v Abymvi gvbem` mwi Dci iZ c`vb

RvZxq wkvg 2012 cv 3

4.2.2 wkv Kvhg mgvKvix`i AMmiY cevn wP

DPZi `Zvi
DPwkv (mvaviY, gv`vmv, ckvMZ) Kg

KgRxeb
gagvbi `Zvi
gvawgK wkv Kg
KvwiMwi wkv
beg _K v`k kwY
(mvaviY, gv`vmv) cek `Zvi Kg
DPZi `Zvi
ewg~jK wkv

ewg~jK wkv

cv_wgK/GeZ`vwq wkv
(c_g _K Ag kwY)

cvK-cv_wgK wkv

RvZxq wkvbxwZ 2010 Gi wfwZ AwZ AMmiY cevn wPvbymvi 8eQi gqvw` evaZvg~jK I AeZwbK cv_wgK
wkv kl Ki gav I ceYZvi wfwZ wkv_x`i GKwU Ask Pvi eQi gqvw` gvawgK wkvq Ges Ab AskwU
ewg~jK wkvq cek Kie| gvawgK wkv kl Zviv DP wkvq hve| Ze gvawgK chvqi c_g `yeQi kl
KD KD KvwiMwi wkvq hve| ewg~jK wkv mgvKvix`i GKwU Ask cek `Zvi KgRxeb cek Kie,
Abiv DPZi `Zvi ewg~jK wkv MnY Kie| GB wkv kl wKQz msLK wkv_x KvwiMwi wkvq hve Ges
Abiv gagvbi `Zvi KgRxeb cek Kie| KvwiMwi wkv kl KD KD DPwkvq (ckvMZ) hve, KDev
gagvbi `Zvi KgRxeb cek Kie| DPwkv kl DPZi `Zvi KgRxeb cek Kie| Gfve wewfb vb
I `Zv wbq Zviv KgRxeb i Kie|

4.2.3 wkvg Dbqbi wbavwiZ bxwZgvjv I wkv Kvhg mgvKvix`i wkvq AMmiY wPK mwq weePbvq iL
wkvgi Lmov iciLv cYqb Kiv nq| Lmov iciLvwU wkvg weklMYi ek KqKwU AfixY mfvq
chvjvPbv I cwigvRb Kiv nq| Gfve cwigvwRZ wkvKg iciLvwU RvZxq chvqi 2wU mwgbvi Dcvcb I
chvjvPbv Kiv nq| Gme mwgbvi RvZxq chvqi wkvg wekl, welq wekl, wkvwe`, wkK-wkvq
wekl, wkv ckvmK, kwYwkKe` AskMnY Kib| G mwgbvi evsjv`k RvZxq msm`i KqKRb gvbbxq
msm` m`m I RvZxq chvqi ek KqKRb bZe` AskMnY Ki gZvgZ c`vb Kib| mwgbvi _K cv mycvwik
weePbvq iL wkvKg iciLvwU cwigvRb Kiv nq| cwigvwRZ iciLvwU RvZxq wkvg I cvVcyK evW Ges
RvZxq wkvg mg^q KwgwU KZK Abygvw`Z nq|
4.2.4 wkvgi iciLvq Afy welqmg~n nQ wkvi j I mvaviY Dk, iwfwK wbevwPZ welq, welqwfwK
b^i eb I mvvwnK wcwiqW msLv, wkveli Kgw`em, wcwiqWi evw, RvZxq w`emmg~n KiYxq BZvw`|

RvZxq wkvg 2012 cv 4

4.3 welqwfwK wkvg Dbqb
wkvgi iciLvi wfwZ cwZwU welqi wkvg Dbqbi Rb RvZxq chvqi wkv wekl, welq wekl,
Awf kwYwkK I GbwmwUweZ KgiZ weklMYi mg^q cwZwU welqi Rb 5 _K 8 m`m wewk GKwU Ki
KwgwU wkv gYvjq KZK MVb Kiv nq| cwZwU welq KwgwUZ mg^qKvix wnmve `vwqZ cvjb Kib GmBGmwWwci
GKRb wkvg wekl|
4.3.1 welqwfwK wkvg Dbqb KwgwUmg~nK wkvg Dbqb welq wbweo cwkY `Iqv nq| cwkYi cavb wZbwU
nQ (K) wkvgi iciLv cwiwPwZ I wkvg Dbqbi bxwZgvjv (L) wkvg Dbqb cwqv Ges wkvg Dbqbi
wbavwiZ QK I Gi eenvi (M) QKwfwK nvZ Kjg bgybv wkvg Dbqb Ges chvjvPbv|
4.3.2 cwkY cviwiK Avjvc-AvjvPbvi gvag welqwfwK wkvg Dbqb wbgwjwLZ mvcvb AbymiYi wmv
bIqv nq:
(K) f~wgKv (welqi msw cwiPq) (L) Dk (mvaviY Dkvewji AvjvK welqi Dkvewj) (M) cvwK
wkLbdj (welqwfwK Dkvewj ARb DchvMx wbavwiZ i kl ARbhvM wkLbdj|) QK 1 G cvwK
wkLbdji kwYwfwK wefvRb Ges QK 2 G kwYwfwK wkLbdj, Aavq I wcwiqW msLv, AavqwfwK welqe,
wkLb-kLvbv wb`kbv, g~jvqb wb`kbv I cvVcyK cYqb wb`kbv| hnZz beg -`kg kwY I GKv`k-v`k kwY
AweQ` kwY, mnZz G `ywU chvqi wkvg Dbqb QK-1 G kwYwfwK wkLbdj wefvRbi cqvRb nq wb|
4.3.3 cwZwU welqwfwK KwgwU w`bevcx wbavwiZ msLK mfvq wgwjZ nq wbavwiZ QK wkvgi Lmov cYqb Kib|
Gici GKB aibi welqQi welqwfwK KwgwUmg~n I wkvg civgkKi h_ mfvq Lmov wkvg Dcvcb
I chvjvPbv Kiv nq| welq KwgwU m Abymvi wkvg cwigvRb Kib|
4.3.4 GKB aibi welqmg~n wbq PviwU `j MVb Ki cwZwU `ji AvevwmK Kgkvjv AbywZ nq| welq KwgwUi m`me`,
mswk fwUs KwgwU I mv`bv KwgwUi m`me`, wkv gYvjq KZK MwVZ wkvg Dbqb welqK UKwbKvj
KwgwUi m`me` G Kgkvjvq AskMnY Kib| G Kgkvjvq welqwfwK wkvg Dcvcb I chvjvPbv Kiv nq|
chvjvPbvi AvjvK mswk KwgwU wkvgi cqvRbxq cwigvRb Kib|
4.3.5 cieZxZ mKj wkvgi Rb GKwU mvaviY Ask (Generic Part) Zwi Kiv nq| G AskwU c~e cZKZ wkvgi
iciLv I welqwfwK wkvgmg~ni mv_ mg^q Ki c~Yv ic`vb Kiv nq|
4.3.6 Gici cYxZ wkvg wefvMxq Kgkvjvq Dcvcb I chvjvPbv Kiv nq| Kgkvjvq welq-wkKMY `jMZfve ^ ^
welqi wkvg wbweofve chvjvPbv Ki mywbw` mycvwik ivLb| Kgkvjvi G mycvwiki AvjvK welq KwgwU
wkvg cwigvRb Ki mvweK ic`vb Kib|
4.3.7 wkvgwU UKwbKvj I fwUs KwgwU KZK cwigvRbi ci wkv gYvjq KZK MwVZ cdkbvj KwgwU I RvZxq
wkvg I cvVcyK evW KZK Abygvw`Z nq| mekl RvZxq wkvg mg^q KwgwU KZK Abygv`b jvfi ci
wkvgwU RvZxq wkvg 2012 wnmve MnxZ nq|

RvZxq wkvg 2012 cv 5

 4.4 wkvg Dbqb wewfb chvqi Kvhg
chvq Kvhg Dbqb/cYqbKvixe`
1. Aevi weklY 1.1 gvawgK ii cPwjZ wkvg 1.1 GmBGmwWwc I GbwmwUwei
chvjvPbv wkvg wekle`
1.2 gvawgK ii wkvg g~jvqb I 1.2 GmBGmwWwci wkvg
Pvwn`v wbicY mgxv 2010 cwiPvjbv wekle`
1.3 Dbqbkxj I DbZ KqKwU `ki 1.3 GmBGmwWwci wkvg
wkvg chvjvPbv wekle`

1.4 cvmwK cwZe`b, ce I gZvgZ 1.4 GmBGmwWwc I GbwmwUwei

chvjvPbv wkvg wekle`

2. wkvgi 2.1 wkvg Dbqbi bxwZgvjv wbaviY 2.1 wkvg civgkKi wb`kbvq
iciLv cYqb GmBGmwWwc GbwmwUwei wkvg
wekle`
2.2 wkv Kvhg mgvKvix`i AMmiY 2.2 wkvg civgkKi wb`kbvq
cevn wP cYqb GmBGmwWwc GbwmwUwei wkvg
wekle`
2.3 wkvgi iciLv cYqb 2.3.1 wkvg civgkKi wb`kbvq
GmBGmwWwci wkvg
wekle`
2.3.2 RvZxq mwgbvi `ywUZ
AskMnYKvixe`
3. welqwfwK 3.1. wkvg Dbqbi Dci wbweo cwkY 3.1. wkvg civgkK I UKwbKvj
wkvg Dbqb c`vb KwgwU
3.2. welqwfwK wkvg Dbqb 3.2.1 wkv wekl, welq wekl,
Awf kwYwkK, GbwmwUwe I
GmBGmwWwci weklMYi
mg^q MwVZ welqwfwK wkvg
Dbqb KwgwU
3.2.2 wefvMxq Kgkvjvq AskMnYKvix
welqwfwK wkK I
GmBGmwWwci wkvg
wekle`
3.2.3 UKwbKvj KwgwU I fwUs KwgwU
4. wkvgi 4.1. wkvgi mvgwMKfve chvR Ask 4.1.1 wkvg civgkK I GmBGmwWwci
mg^q mvab I Zwi I mKj Aski mg^q RvZxq wkvg wekle`
Abygv`b wkvg 2012 ic`vb 4.1.2 UKwbKvj KwgwU I fwUs KwgwU
4.1.3 cdkbvj KwgwU I GbwmwUwe
4.2. RvZxq wkvg 2012 P~ov Abygv`b 4.2 RvZxq wkvg mg^q KwgwU

RvZxq wkvg 2012 cv 6

5. RvZxq wkvg 2012 Gi ewk
5.1 mvaviY, gv`vmv I BsiwR wkvavivmn mKj avivi wkvi Rb Ag kwY ch GKgyLx I Awfb wkvg cYqb|
5.2 Z_ I hvMvhvM chyw, Kg I RxebgyLx wkv Ges Kvwiqvi wkv mshvRbi cvkvcvwk cPwjZ mvgvwRK wevb welqi cwieZ evsjv`k
I wekcwiPq welq mshvRb|
5.3 Rjevqy cwieZb, cRbb ^v, Z_ AwaKvi, AwURg BZvw` welqe mshvRb|
5.4 6 _K 10g kwYZ HwQK welq wnmve z` bMvxi fvlv I mswZ welq mshvRb|
5.5 hyMi Pvwn`vbymvi mKj ii cPwjZ welqvw`i welqe AvaywbKvqb Ges GKv`k-v`k kwYZ HwQK welq wnmve UzwiRg G
nmwcUvwjwU bZzb welq mshvRb|
5.6 ag wkvmn mKj welq bwZK wkvi Dci iZ c`vb|
5.7 fvlv Av`vjb I gywhyi PZbv Ges Amvc`vwqK PZbv weKvki gvag `kvZeva I RvZxq HK weKvki Dci iZ c`vb| `kvZeva
weKvki gvag AvRvwZKZveva mwi cqvm|
5.8 wevbgb, hywev`x, KggyLx I ` Rbkw mwi Dci iZ Avivc|
5.9 gvZfvlv evsjv Ges AvRvwZK fvlv BsiwR wkvq welqe gyL Kivi cwieZ kvbv, ejv, cov I jLv G PviwU `Zv kwYK
Abykxjbi gvag kLvi myhvM mw Ges AwRZ `Zv g~jvqbi cwZ ceZb|
5.10 wkLb-kLvbv Kkji gvag wkv_x`iK mRbkxj Kiv A_vr weklYg~jK, wPv DxcK I mRbkxj ckvi I KvR
Abykxjbi gvag mRbkxj I Dvebx gZvi weKvki myhvM c`vb|
5.11 hme welq eenvwiK KvR AvQ hgb- wevb, c`v_wevb, imvqb, Rxewevb, Kwlwkv, Mvnwevb, kvixwiK wkv I ^v,
Kg I RxebgyLx wkv, Z_ I hvMvhvM chyw, Pvi I KviKjv welqi ZvwK I eenvwiK Aski ga mg^q mvab Ges
wkvK Rxeb I evegyLx Kivi cqvm| A_vr cwZwU Z, m~ I bxwZ wkvi mv_ mv_ eenvwiK cvV MnYi myhvM c`vb|
5.12 nvZ Kjg kLv I `jMZ AvjvPbvi gvag kLvi Dci iZ c`vb|
5.13 kwY Kvhg chywi eenvi ew|
5.14 wkvK Rxeb I evegyLx Kivi cqvm Ges `kxq cvcU Dbqbg Rbkw mwi Dci iZ c`vb|
5.15 Aavq _K Kx Kx vb, `Zv, g~jeva I `wfw ARb Kie Zv eywewK, gbvcwkR I AveMxq wkLbdj wnmve cwZwU
Aavqi iZ mshvRb|
5.16 wkvi gvag mecKvi elg `~i Ki mgZv weavbi myhvM mw| wj, ag, eY, RvwZ, ckvMZ I A_bwZK elg `~i Kivi
j GKxf~Z wkvq iZ c`vb|
5.17 ewkK Pvwn`v Abymvi gvbem` mwi cqvm|
5.18 cwZ wcwiqWi evw ew, AavqwfwK wcwiqW wbaviY, wkvel Kgw`emi msLv ew|
5.19 RvZxq w`emmg~n zj Lvjv iL w`em D`hvcbi eev ceZb|
5.20 avivevwnK g~jvqbi (MVbKvjxb g~jvqb) gvag wkLb `yejZv wPwZ Ki wbivgqg~jK mevi gvag wkLb wbwZKiY|
5.21 cPwjZ eenvwiK cixvi msvi mvabi gvag AwZwi bi c`vbi myhvM e Kiv|
5.22 mvgwK g~jvqb/mvgwqK cixv I cvewjK cixv cwZi msvi|
6. wkvg iciLv
6.1 l-v`k kwYi wkvi j I Dk
j
wkv_xi mvweK weKvki gvag gvbweK, mvgvwRK I bwZK Ymb vbx, `, hywev`x I mRbkxj `kcwgK Rbm`
mw|
6.2 Dk
6.2.1 wkv_xi my cwZfv I mvebv weKvki gvag mRbkxjZv, Kbv I Abymwrmv ewZ mnvqZv Kiv|
6.2.2 wkv_xi ga gvbweK Yvewj, hgb- bwZK g~jeva, mZZv, Aaemvq, mwnyZv, kLjv, AvZwekvm, m`vPvi, Abi
cwZ kveva, bv`wbKZveva, mnv`c~Y mK I bvqwePvieva my`pfve Mw_Z Kiv|
6.2.3 gnvb fvlv Av`vjb, gywhyi PZbv I Amvc`vwqK g~jevai AvjvK wkv_xi ga `kcg, RvZxqZveva I
MYZvwK g~jeva RvMZ Kiv Ges mvebvgq bvMwiK wnmve eo DVZ mnvqZv Kiv|
6.2.4 wkv_xi ga evsjv`k mK mymsnZ vbi wfZ iPbv Z_v Gi BwZnvm, HwZn, msw Z, Av_-mvgvwRK I
MYZvwK ivRbwZKPPvi cwZ AvMn I hvMZv mwi gvag ewkK cvcU `ki cMwZ I Dbqb Ae`vb ivLZ
mg Ki Mo Zvjv|
6.2.5 kgi ghv`v, KvRi Afvm I KvR KiZ AvMnx nIqvi cwZ BwZevPK gbvfve weKwkZ Kiv hvZ wkv_x ewMZ
Ges `jMZ Dfq aibi KvR mv`b bwZKZv I `vwqZkxjZvi cwiPq w`Z cvi|
6.2.6 mKj KvhKi hvMvhvM ivq wkv_xi cwgZ evsjv fvlvi `Zv my`p I mymsnZ Kiv Ges wbqwgZ cvVvfvm
Mo Zvjv|
6.2.7 evsjv mvwnZi AwbwnZ bv`wbK m`h, kLjv Ges mL DcfvM I D`NvUb wkv_xi hvMZv weKwkZ Kiv|
6.2.8 AvaywbK Kg, DPwkvmn mKj KvhKi hvMvhvMi cqvRb BsiwR fvlvi gwjK `Zvmg~n ARbi
gvag wkv_xK hvM Ki Mo Zvjv|

RvZxq wkvg 2012 cv 7

 6.2.9 wkv_xK MvwYwZK hyw, cwZ I `Zvi mv_ cwiwPZ Kivbv Ges RxebNwb I weki cvwicvwkK mgmv mgvavbi
Rb MwYZi cvqvwMK `Zv weKwkZ Kiv|
6.2.10 wkv_xK chywi cwZ AvMnx Ki Zvjv Ges Z_ I hvMvhvM chyw eenvi AvZwekvmx, Drcv`bkxj Ges
mRbkxj wnmve Zwi Kiv|
6.2.11 wkv_x hvZ Rxebgvb Dbqbi Rb RxebNwb wewfb mgmv Abymvb I mgvavb evwbK cwqv I cwZ cqvM
KiZ cvi m j evwbK `wfw I hvMZv ARb mnvqZv Kiv|
6.2.12 `k Ges ewnweki cvKwZK I mvgvwRK cwiek Ges Rjevqyi cwieZbi Dci iZ Avivc Ki cwiekMZ
Dcv`vb mK wkv_x`i cwiwPZ Kiv| GKB mv_ mswk mKji KjvYi Rb H mKj Dcv`vbK wbqY I
eenvi Kivi hvMZv ARb mnvqZv Kiv|
6.2.13 Lv` I cyw, kvixwiK mgZv, ivM-evwa, cRbb ^v Ges ewMZ wbivcv BZvw`i Dci iZ Avivc Ki
wkv_xK ^vmZ Rxebhvcbi cqvRbxq vb, Rxeb`Zv I `wfw ARb mnvqZv Kiv|
6.2.14 wkv_xi gb wbR wbR agxq wekvm I g~jeva RvMZ Kivi cvkvcvwk Ab ag I agvej^x`i cwZ kvkxj nZ
mnvqZv Kiv|
6.2.15 wkv_xi ga evOvwj RvZxi Ges z` RvwZ-Mvxmg~ni, eY, Mv, fvlv, msw Z, wewfb kwY I ckvi gvbyli cwZ
vZZ I kveva mw Kiv|
6.2.16 wkv_xi `wnK I gvbwmK weKvki j mnwkvwgK Kvhvewj- Ljvayjv, kixiPPv, mvswZK KgKv, Pvi I KviKjv
Abykxjbi wbqwgZ Afvm Mo Zvjv|
6.2.17 Rxebevcx wkvq AvMnx I hvM Kivi Rb wkv_xi ewMZ I mvgvwRK Rxeb, AvaywbK Kg Ges ^-Kgmsvbi
Rb cqvRbxq vb, `Zv I `wfw my`p Kiv|
6.2.18 mnhvwMZvg~jK KvR Kivi gvag wkv_xi bZZ, mnhvwMZv I hvMvhvM `Zv weKvk mg Kiv|
6.2 welq KvVvgv
l, mg I Ag kwYi welq KvVvgv, b^i I mgq eb
mKj avivi AvewkK welq cixvi mgqeb
(mvaviY wkv, gv`vmv wkv I BsiwR wkv aviv) b^i (Kvm wcwiqW)
mvvwnK mvgwqK evwlK
1. evsjv 150 5 87 174
2. BsiwR 150 5 87 174
3. MwYZ 100 4 70 140
4. evsjv`k I wekcwiPq 100 3 53 106
5. wevb 100 4 70 140
6. Z_ I hvMvhvM chyw 50 2 35 70
gvU 650 23 402 804
7. mvaviY wkv avivi AvewkK welq
ag I bwZK wkv: 100 3 53 106
Bmjvg I bwZK wkv/ wn`yag I bwZK wkv/ wLag I bwZK wkv
/eag I bwZK wkv
8. kvixwiK wkv I ^v 50 2 35 70
9. Kg I RxebgyLx wkv 50 2 35 70
10. Pvi I KviKjv 50 2 35 70
gvU 250 9 158 316
mvaviY avivi HwQK welq (GKwU bIqv hve)
11. z` bMvxi fvlv I mswZ/Kwlwkv/Mvnwevb/Aviwe/msZ/cvwj 100 2 35 70
megvU 1000 34 595 1190
`e:
c_g wcwiqWi evw 60wgwbU I Abvb wcwiqWi evw 50wgwbU|
kwbevi _K eyaevi cwZw`b 6wcwiqW Ges enwZevi 4wcwiqW|
`wbK cviwK mgvek (Assembly) Gi gqv` 15wgwbU Ges 3q wcwiqW ci gav weiwZi evw 45wgwbU|
`yB wkdU cwiPvwjZ cwZvb me 5wgwbU Ki mgq Kg ne Ges gav weiwZi evw 25wgwbU|

RvZxq wkvg 2012 cv 8

 6.3 mvaviY wkv avivi beg I `kg kwYi welq-KvVvgv, b^i I mgq eb
welqi aib welq cixvi mgqeb
b^i (Kvm wcwiqW)
mvvwnK mvgwqK evwlK
1. evsjv 200 5 80 160
2. BsiwR 200 5 80 160
3. MwYZ 100 4 64 128
4. ag I bwZK wkv 100 2 32 64
(Bmjvg I bwZK wkv/ wn`yag I bwZK wkv/
AvewkK wLag I bwZK wkv / eag I bwZK wkv)
5. Z_ I hvMvhvM chyw 50 2 32 64
6. Kvwiqvi wkv 50 1 16 32
7. kvixwiK wkv, ^vwevb I Ljvayjv 100 2 32 64
gvU 800 21 336 672
kvLvwfwK welq
wevb kvLvi 8. c`v_wevb 100 3 54 108
Rb AvewkK 9. imvqb 100 3 54 108
welq 10.Rxewevb/DPZi MwYZ 100 3 54 108
11.evsjv`k I wekcwiPq 100 3 54 108
wevb kvLvi 12.Rxewevb/DPZi MwYZ/ z` bMvxi fvlv I 100 3 54 108
HwQK welq msw Z/Kwlwkv/Mvnwevb/f~Mvj I cwiek/Pvi I
(GKwU bIqv KviKjv/msMxZ/ewmK UW/kvixwiK wkv I xov*
hve) megvU 1300 36 606 1212
eemvq wkv 8. eemvq D`vM 100 3 54 108
kvLvi Rb 9. wnmvewevb 100 3 54 108
AvewkK welq 10.wdbv I evswKs 100 3 54 108
11.wevb 100 3 54 108
eemvq wkv 12.f~Mvj I cwiek/ evsjv`k I wekcwiPq/ 100 3 54 108
kvLvi HwQK Kwlwkv/Mvnwevb/ z` bMvxi fvlv I
welq mswZ/Pvi I KviKjv/ msMxZ/ewmK UW
(GKwU bIqv
hve) megvU 1300 36 606 1212
gvbweK kvLvi 8. evsjv`ki BwZnvm I wekmfZv 100 3 54 108
Rb AvewkK 9. f~Mvj I cwiek 100 3 54 108
welq 10. A_bxwZ/cibxwZ I bvMwiKZv 100 3 54 108
11. wevb 100 3 54 108
gvbweK kvLvi 12.A_bxwZ/cibxwZ I bvMwiKZv/Pvi I 100 3 54 108
HwQK welq KviKjv/Kwlwkv /Mvnwevb/z` bMvxi fvlv I
(GKwU bqv msw Z/ Aviwe/msZ
/cvwj/ msMxZ/ewmK UW
hve) /kvixwiK wkv I xov*
megvU 1300 36 606 1212
`e:
wevb, gvbweK I eemvq wkv kvLv _K hKvbv GKwU kvLv wbevPb Ki wbevwPZ kvLvi AvewkK welqmg~n wbZ
ne|
mvn 6w`b `wbK 6wcwiqW AbywZ ne|

wcwiqWi evw I Abvb welq l _K Ag kwYi Abyic ne|

* kvixwiK wkv I xov welqwU ay evsjv`k xov wkv cwZvbi wevb kvLv I gvbweK kvLvi wkv_xiv HwQK
welq wnmve wbZ cvie|

RvZxq wkvg 2012 cv 9

 6.4 GKv`k-v`k kwYi welqKvVvgv (ay 2013-2014 wkveli Rb chvR)

2013 - 2014 wkveli Rb RvZxq wkvg 2012 Gi wb`kbv Abymvi GKv`k I v`k kwYi welq KvVvgv wbic :
1. wkv_x wbi hKvbv GKwU kvLvq fwZ nZ cvie| kvLvmg~n nQ -
K. gvbweK L. wevb M. eemvq wkv N. Bmjvg wkv O. Mvnwevb Ges P. msMxZ
2. mKj kvLvi AvewkK welq 1. evsjv (cyivZb wkvg) 2. BsiwR (cyivZb wkvg) 3. Z_ I hvMvhvM chyw
3. kvLvwfwK welqmg~n wbic -
kvLv kvLvwfwK AvewkK welq kvLvwfwK HwQK welq (GKwU bIqv hve)
wevb 4. c`v_wevb 7. (K) Rxewevb, (L) DPZi MwYZ, (M) Kwlwkv, (N) fMvj, (O)
5. imvqb gbvwevb, (P) cwimsLvb, (Q) cKkj AsKb I IqvKkc cvKwUm
6. Rxewevb A_ev DPZi MwYZ (cyivZb wkvg), (R)*xov (cyivZb wkvg) ay weKGmwci
wkv_x`i Rb
gvbweK hKvbv wZbwU welq : 10. (K) cibxwZ I mykvmb, (L) A_bxwZ, (M) fMvj, (N) hywwe`v, (O)
4. BwZnvm A_ev Bmjvgi BwZnvm I msw Z mgvRwevb, (P) mgvRKg, (Q) BwZnvm, (R) Bmjvgi BwZnvm I msw Z
5. cibxwZ I mykvmb (S) Bmjvg wkv, (T) gbvwevb, (U) cwimsLvb, (V) b-wevb (bZzb
6. A_bxwZ wkvg cYqb mvc) (W) Kwlwkv (X) Mvn A_bxwZ (cyivZb
7. mgvRwevb A_ev mgvRKg wkvg), (Y) Pviy I KviyKjv (cyivZb wkvg), (Z) bvUKjv (cyivZb
8. fMvj wkvg), (_) mgiwe`v (cyivZb wkvg), (`) Aviwe A_ev cvwj A_ev
9. hywwe`v msZ (cyivZb wkvg), (a) jNy msMxZ (cyivZb wkvg), (b) DPZi
MwYZ, (c) *xov (cyivZb wkvg) ay weKGmwci wkv_x`i Rb
eemvq 4. eemvq msMVb I eevcbv 7. (K) wdbv, evswKs I wegv, (L) Drcv`b eevcbv I wecYb, (M),
wkv 5. wnmvewevb cwimsLvb, (N) fMvj, (O) A_bxwZ, (P) Kwlwkv, (Q) MvnA_bxwZ
6. wdbv, evswKs I wegv A_ev (cyivZb wkvg), (R) mvwPweK we`v I Awdm eevcbv (2015-16
Drcv`b eevcbv I wecYb wkvel ch Pje)
Bmjvg 4. Bmjvg wkv 7. (K) mgvRwevb, (L) mgvRKg, (M) Kwlwkv, (N) Mvnwevb
wkv 5. Bmjvgi BwZnvm I msw Z (cyivZb wkvg), (O) gbvwevb, (P) hywwe`v, (Q) fMvj, (R) A_bxwZ
6. Aviwe (cyivZb wkvg)
Mvn 4. mvaviY wevb Ges Lv` I cyw wevb 7. (K) cibxwZ I mykvmb, (L) gbvwevb, (M) A_bxwZ, (N) mgvRKg,
A_bxwZ 5. eenvwiK wkKjv Ges e I cvlvK wk (O) fMvj, (P) mgvRwevb, (Q)msMxZ jNy/DPv(cyivZb wkvg), (R)
6. Mn eevcbv I wkeaY Ges cvwievwiK mK mvwPweKwe`v I Awdm eevcbv Ges (T) Bmjvg wkv
(cyivZb wkvg)
msMxZ 4. jNy msMxZ (cyivZb wkvg) 7. (K) A_bxwZ, (L) cibxwZ I mykvmb, (M) gbvwevb, (N) hywwe`v,
5. DPv msMxZ (cyivZb wkvg) (O) MvnA_bxwZ (cyivZb wkvg), (P) mgvRwevb, (Q) mgvRKg
6. A_bxwZ A_ev cibxwZ I mykvmb A_ev
BwZnvm

* BwZnvm Ges Bmjvgi BwZnvm I msw Z welq `ywUi ga hKvbv GKwU AvewkK A_ev HwQK wnmve bIqv hve| Zgwbfve
mgvRwevb I mgvRKg welq `ywUi hKvbv GKwU AvewkK A_ev HwQK welq wnmve bIqv hve| DjL _vK h, welq `ywU GKB m
AvewkK I HwQK wnmve bIqv hve bv|
* xov welqwU ay evsjv`k xov wkv cwZvbi wevb I gvbweK kvLvi wkv_xiv HwQK welq wnmve wbZ cvie|

mKj welq `yB c _vKe Ges c~Y b^i ne 200|

ay Z_ I hvMvhvM chyw welq GKwU c _vKe Ges Gi c~Y b^i ne 100|
mKj welq mvvwnK wcwiqW 5wU|
Z_ I hvMvhvM chyw welqi mvvwnK wcwiqW 3wU|
cwZwU wcwiqWi evw ne 60 wgwbU|
GKB welq kvLvwfwK AvewkK welq Ges HwQK welq wnmve `yevi bIqv hve bv|
h me welq eenvwiK AvQ Hme welq Zxq I eenvwiK mgw^Zfve Pje| A_vr Zxq Ask Ges G mswk eenvwiK Aski
wkLb-kLvbv Kvhg GKB mv_ cwiPvwjZ ne| cvVcyK mfveB cYxZ ne|
RvZxq wkvg I cvVcyK evW KZK cKvwkZ evsjv I BsiwR eB eenvi KiZ ne| Abvb welqi cvVcyK RvZxq wkvg I
cvVcyK evW KZK Abygvw`Z nZ ne| Ze idvi wnmve Abvb eB eenvi Kiv hZ cvi|

RvZxq wkvg 2012 cv 10

 6.5 RvZxq wkvg 2012 Abymvi GKv`k-v`k kwYi welq KvVvgv (2014-2015 wkvel nZ KvhKi ne)

1. wkv_xK wbi hKvb GKwU kvLvq fwZ nZ ne| kvLvmg~n nQ

K. gvbweK L. wevb M. eemvq wkv N. Bmjvg wkv kvLv O. Mvnwevb Ges P. msMxZ
2. mKj kvLvi Rb AvewkK welq 1. evsjv 2. BsiwR 3. Z_ I hvMvhvM chyw
3. kvLvwfwK welqmg~n-
kvLv kvLvwfwK AvewkK wZbwU welq kvLvwfwK HwQK welq (GKwU bIqv hve)

wevb 4. c`v_wevb 7. (K) Rxewevb, (L) DPZi MwYZ, (M) Kwlwkv, (N) fMvj, (O)
5. imvqb gbvwevb, (P) cwimsLvb, (Q) gwKvwevb, (R) cKkj AsKb I
6. Rxewevb A_ev DPZi MwYZ IqvKkc cvKwUm (cyivZb wkvKg), (S)*xov (cyivZb wkvg),
gvbweK 4. BwZnvm A_ev Bmjvgi BwZnvm I 7. (K) cibxwZ I mykvmb, (L) A_bxwZ, (M) fMvj, (N) hywwe`v,
mswZ (O) mgvRwevb, (P) mgvRKg, (Q) Bmjvg wkv, (R) gbvwevb,
5. cibxwZ I mykvmb A_ev A_bxwZ A_ev (S) cwimsLvb, (T) b-wevb (bZzb wkvg cYqb mvc) (U)
hywwe`v Kwlwkv (V) Mvnwevb, (W) Pviy I KviyKjv, (X) bvUKjv (cyivZb
6. mgvRwevb A_ev mgvRKg A_ev fMvj wkvg), (Y) mgiwe`v (cyivZb wkvg), (Z) Aviwe A_ev cvwj
A_ev msZ (cyivZb wkvg), (_) *xov (cyivZb wkvg)
eemvq 4. eemvq msMVb I eevcbv 7. (K) wdbv, evswKs I wegv, (L) Drcv`b eevcbv I wecYb, (M)
wkv 5. wnmvewevb UzwiRg G nmwcUvwjwU, (N) gvbe m` Dbqb (bZzb wkvg
6. wdbv, evswKs I wegv, A_ev Drcv`b cYqb mvc), (O) cwimsLvb, (P) fMvj, (Q) A_bxwZ, (R)
eevcbv I wecYb Kwlwkv, (S) Mvnwevb, (T) mvwPweK we`v I Awdm eevcbv
(2015-16 wkvel ch)
Bmjvg 4. Bmjvg wkv 7. (K) mgvRwevb, (L) mgvRKg, (M) Kwlwkv, (N) Mvnwevb,
wkv 5. Bmjvgi BwZnvm I msw Z (O) gbvwevb, (P) hywwe`v, (Q) fMvj, (R) A_bxwZ
6. Aviwe
Mvnwevb 4. wki weKvk 7. (K) wkKjv I e cwiQ`, (L) gbvwevb, (M) A_bxwZ, (N)
5. Lv` I cyw mgvRKg, (O) fMvj, (P) mgvRwevb
6. Mn eevcbv Ges cvwievwiK Rxeb
mxZ 4. jNy mxZ 7. (K) A_bxwZ, (L) cibxwZ I mykvmb, (M) gbvwevb, (N)
5. DPv mxZ hywwe`v, (O) Mvnwevb, (P) mgvRwevb, (Q) mgvRKg
6. A_bxwZ A_ev cibxwZ I mykvmb A_ev
BwZnvm
* xov welqwU ay evsjv`k xov wkv cwZvbi wevb I gvbweK kvLvi wkv_xiv HwQK welq wnmve wbZ cvie|
BwZnvm Ges Bmjvgi BwZnvm I msw Z welq `ywUi ga hKvbv GKwU AvewkK A_ev HwQK wnmve bIqv hve| Zgwbfve
mgvRwevb I mgvRKg welq `ywUi hKvbv GKwU AvewkK A_ev HwQK wnmve bIqv hve| DjL _vK h, welq `ywU GKB m
AvewkK I HwQK wnmve bIqv hve bv|
mKj welq `yB c _vKe Ges c~Y b^i ne 200|
ay Z_ I hvMvhvM chyw welq GKwU c _vKe Ges Gi c~Y b^i ne 100|
mKj welq mvvwnK wcwiqW 5wU|
Z_ I hvMvhvM chyw welqi mvvwnK wcwiqW 3wU|
cwZwU wcwiqWi evw ne 60 wgwbU|
GKB welq kvLvwfwK AvewkK welq Ges HwQK welq wnmve `yevi bIqv hve bv|
h me welq eenvwiK AvQ Hme welq Zxq I eenvwiK mgw^Zfve Pje| A_vr Zxq Ask Ges G mswk eenvwiK Aski wkLb-
kLvbv Kvhg GKB mv_ cwiPvwjZ ne| cvVcyK mfveB cYxZ ne|
RvZxq wkvg I cvVcyK evW KZK cKvwkZ evsjv I BsiwR eB eenvi KiZ ne| Abvb welqi cvVcyK RvZxq wkvg I
cvVcyK evW KZK Abygvw`Z nZ ne| Ze idvi wnmve Abvb eB eenvi Kiv hZ cvi|

RvZxq wkvg 2012 cv 11

7. wkLb-kLvbv cwZ I Kkj
wkvgi myz evevqbi gvag wkv_xi wkLb wbwZKiY A_vr wkLbdj ARb cavbZ `ywU welqi Dci wbfikxj|
mePq iZc~YwU nQ kwYwkKi mwq mnhvwMZv I h_vchy wkLb-kLvbv cwZ I Kkji myy cqvM Ges
wZxqwU nQ gvbmZ cvVcyK I Abvb wkv DcKiYi mwVK eenvi| Dfq B wkKi f~wgKv AZ
iZc~Y| GK K_vq wkv_xi wkLb wbwZKiYi wkKi Pq Dg Avi wKQy bB| GLvb weklfve DjL,
AbK KwVb I RwUj KvR hv Kivi Rb AbK kg I mgq cqvRb Zv h_vwPZ cwZ I Kkj cqvM mnR I Kg
mgq mwVKfve mb Kiv me| wkv_xi wkLbi I G wbqg chvR| wkK c~ecwZ wbq Kg cwikg Ges
AcvKZ Kg mgq h_vh_ cwZ I Kkj cqvM wkv_xi wkLbdj ARb wbwZ KiZ cvib|
7.1 wkv_xi wkLb wbwZ Kivi weeP welq
7.1.1 wkLb-kLvbv cwqvq wkv_xi mwqZv LyeB iZc~Y| mwqZvi `ywU -gvbwmK mwqZv I `wnK mwqZv|
gvbwmK mwqZv A_vr wkYxq welq wkv_xi wPb cwqv Dx Kiv| Ggb mgmv, ck ev KvR `Iqv hvi mgvavb
wPv Ki ei KiZ nq| `wnK mwqZv njv nvZ-Kjg KvR Ki kLv| wkv jvf cwqvq wkv_xK mwq ivLv
Mj Kg mgq I mnR wkLb me|
7.1.2 gvbyl GK aibi KvR `xN mgq gbvhvM w`Z cvi bv| wk`i gbvhvM `Iqvi evw eq`i Pq Kg|
wewfb MelYvq `Lv MQ, 12 _K 16 eQi eqmx wk`i G evw 8 _K 10 wgwbU, ZvI Avevi wbfi Ki
KvRwU KZUv AvKlYxq Ges Avb``vqK Zvi Dci| AZGe kwY Kvhg ne ewPc~Y| AvjvPbv, `jMZ KvR, M,
jLv, AuvKv, weZK, Awfbq, nvZ-Kjg KvR, ckvi, c`kb BZvw` cvVi mv_ mwZ iL cqvM Kiv nj wkv_xi
gbvhvM ai ivLv me|
7.1.3 cZK ewB ^Z (every individual is a unique)| wkv_x`i Zv ewk weePbvi `vwe ivL| cZK
wkv_x Zvi wbRi gZv Ki wbR MwZZ kL| ZvB ew^vZi K_v weePbvq iL h_vme wkv_xi DchvMx
Dcvq mnhvwMZv `Iqv nj wkv_xi c wkvjvf mnR nq|
7.1.4 wkvK ejv nq eK cwqv| eKi Dci eK vcb Ki weivU BgviZ Zwi Kiv nq| GKBfve Rvbv AwfZv, vb I
`Zvi Dci wfw Ki bZzb vb, `Zv I g~jeva ARb mnR mnvqZv `Iqv hvq| ZvB wkv_xi Rxeb _K Dcgv,
D`vniY w`q Ges c~ej vb, `Zvi mv_ mshvM vcb Ki bZzb vb, `Zv ARb mnvqZv Kiv nj wkv jvf
mnR nq|
7.1.5 wkv_xiv hv wkLe Zv eyS wkLe| Kvbv welq mK my aviYv jvf Kie| bv eyS gyL Kiv h_v_ wkv bq|
GZ wkLbi mvjb nq bv| eyS wkLj ev Kvbv mgmv mgvavbi hyw I cwZ eyS cqvM Kij Abyic mgmvi
mgvavb wkv_x wbRB KiZ cvi| ZvB wkLbi Rb gyLi Pq eySvi Dci iZ `Iqv cqvRb|
7.1.6 wkv jvf h_vh_ wkv DcKiYi mwVK eenvi AZ iZc~Y| me welqB Kg-ewk wkv DcKiY eenvii myhvM
AvQ| wkvcKiYi mvnvh RwUj I weg~Z welqK mnR I g~Z Ki Dcvcb Ki welqwUK aviYv `Iqv hvq|
GKwU QvU MvQ kwYZ c`kb Ki MvQi wewfb Ask evLv Kij wKsev gvwwgwWqvq m~hMnY `Lvj Zv m^ hZ
mnR mwVK aviYv jvf me Ab Kvbvfve Zv me bq| gvwwgwWqv eenvii myhvM bv _vKj P`, cw_ex I m~hi
Awfbq ev PvU eenvi Kiv hvq|
7.1.7 wkLbK vqxKiYi Rb cqvRb Abykxjbi eev| bZzbfve AwRZ vb, `Zv evievi Abykxjb Kiv nj GKw`K
hgb wkLb vqx nq, Abw`K wkLb mvjbi myhvM mw nq|
7.1.8 wkv ARbi wkv_xi cwZ wkKi mnvbyf~wZc~Y AvPiY LyeB iZc~Y| wkK-wkv_xi mK Ggb ne hb
wkv_x ay jLvcov welqK mgmv bq, Zvi h Kvbv ewMZ, cvwievwiK mgmv webv msKvP wkKi mv_ AvjvPbv
Ki| wkK mgmv mgvavb civgk w`eb Ges mvagZ mnvqZv Kieb| wkK-wkv_xi gvS Kvbv `qvj _vKe bv|
mK ne mn-kvi Ges LyeB Nwb I AvwiK|
7.1.9 wkKi wekvm _vKZ ne h, Zuvi mKj wkv_xB kLvi mvg_ mb| mevi kLvi Dcvq I MwZi ga cv_K _vKZ
cvi, Ze Dchy cwiek I mnhvwMZv cj mevB wkLe| Kvb wkv_xi cwZ wkKi bwZevPK gbvfve _vKj H
wkK _K wkv_xi DcKZ nIqvi mvebv LyeB Kg| ZvB cwZwU wkv_xi cwZ wkKi DP aviYv _vKv evbxq|
Kvb wkv_xK KLbI Zvi gv_vq Mvei, ZvK w`q wKQyB ne bv, Mvav, Ac`v_ BZvw` Kvbv aibi bwZevPK
ev wbirmvng~jK K_v ejv hve bv| eZ eenvi ev Kvbv cKvi kvixwiK ev gvbwmK kvw c`vb wkv jvfi Aivq
Ges ivxq AvBb kvwhvM Aciva| fq-fxwZ bv `wLq eis Drmvn c`vb Kiv nj wkv_xi kLvi AvMn AbKUvB
eo hvq|

RvZxq wkvg 2012 cv 12

8. wkLb gZev`
8.1 wkv wevbi AZ iZc~Y welq wkLb gZev`| `xNw`b ai _bWvBKi cPv I fyj mskvab gZev` (Trail and
Error Theory of Thorndike); cfjfi DxcK I cwZwqvwfwK mvc cwZeZev` (Conditioned Reflex Theory of
Pavlov); Kvnjvi I KvdKvii mgMZvev` (Gestalt Theory) wkLbi AbymZ nq AvmQ| eqmf` wk`i AeaviY
gZv wfb G welq Theory of Cognitive Development of Piaget wkvwevb mwekl Ae`vb iL PjQ| G gZev`
AeaviY gZv ev mvg_i ZviZg Abymvi 1 _K 16 eQi eqmi wk RxebK PviwU i fvM Kiv nqQ| fvMjv
nQ (K) 0-2 eQi mse`b mvjbi i (L) 2-7 eQi cvK-KvhKi i (M) 7-11 eQi eve KvhKi i Ges (N) 11-16
eQi AvbyvwbK KvhKi i| wkvg Dbqb I wkLb-kLvbv Kvhg cwiPvjbvq wki AeaviY gZv ev mvg_i welq
weePbvq ivLv LyeB iZc~Y| Kvb eqmi wk KZUzKz aviY KiZ cvi ev Kvb eqm Kx Kx aibi weg~Z aviYv jvf
KiZ mg m mK my aviYv _vKv AZvekK| wkLbi DwjwLZ cZKwU gZev` g~jZ AvPiYev`| wK eZgvb wek
mevwaK AvjvP wkLb gZev`wU aviYv MVb mwKZ hv MVbev` bvg cwiwPZ|
8.2 MVbev` (Constructivist Theory)
wkv_x wKfve kL G mK wkv gbvwevbx`i AevnZ cPvi dj D~Z mevaywbK Z nQ MVbev`| jvwUb
k Constrvere _K Construct kwUi Drcw hvi A_ webvm Kiv ev MVb `Iqv| ZvB G Zi g~jK_v njv aviYv
MVbB wkLb| cwZ gyn~ Z Bw`q Mvn Z_ viv Avgv`i wPbi ga h wbqwgZ MVb Ges cwieZb nQ Zvi gvagB
wkLb cwqv NU| cZK wkv_x wbRi AwfZv Ges cvwicvwkKZv Abyavb Ki wbRi gZv GKKfve bZzb vb I
aviYv MVb Ki| ew bZzb wKQyi myLxb nj m GUvK Zvi c~ej vb I AwfZvi AvjvK hvPvB Ki MnY Ki|
GfveB ew bZzb aviYv ev vb ARb Ki| hvPvBq bZzb welqK Aevi gb nj GUvK m evwZj Ki `q|
wkLbi Jerome Bruner cwiek I fvlv weKvki Dci ewk cvavb w`qQb| Zuvi gZ, vbweKvki
cwieki f~wgKv ewk Ges vbweKvki wewfb i wk vbi AvIZvfz wewfb mgmvi mgvavb wewfbfve `q| GUv
wbfi Ki wki c~e AwfZv I vbi Dci|
David Jonassen gb Kib MVbev` wkKi f~wgKv ne bZzb aviYv MVb wkv_xK mnvqZv Kiv| ay Z I Z_
mieivn Kiv bq| wkK mgmv-mgvavb ev Abymvbi wb`kbv w`eb, wkv_xiv hvZ wbRivB AbywgZ aviYv Zwi I
cixv Ki wmv wbZ cvi Ges `jMZ wkLb cwiek Ab`iK Zv RvbvZ cvi| G cwqvq vb jvfi gvag
wkv_xiv wKfve DcKZ nQ Zv D`NvUb KiZ wkK wkv_x`i DrmvwnZ Kib| Jonassen AviI gb Kib h,
wkv_xiv wbRiv wbR`iK ck Ki Ges Zv`i eeZ cwZ Kkji h_v_Zv hvPvB Ki wbRivB g g
Awf wkv_xZ cwiYZ nq, wKfve wkLZ nq (How to learn) Zv Zviv Avq Ki dj| Gfve Zviv Rxebevcx
wkv_xZ (Life-long learners) cwiYZ nq|
MVbev`wfwZ wkvgi webvm ne kwLj (spiral)| G eevq wkv_x AwRZ aviYv, vb I `wfwi Dci wfw
Ki gvMZfve bZzb bZyb aviYv, vb I `wfw ARb Kie|
David Jonassen Gi gZvbymvi MVbev`x kwYK wkLb ne-
MwVZ (Constructed) : wkv_xiv Zv`i c~evb, aviYv I AwfZvi mv_ bZzb vb I AwfZvi mg^q Ki Abyavbi
gvag wbRi gvS bZzb aviYv MVb Kie|
mwq (Active) : wkv_xiv wbRivB wbR`i aviYv mw Kie| wkK Zv`iK cqvRbxq wb`kbv w`eb Ges
wkv_x`iK cixv KiZ, DcKiYvw` eenvi KiZ, ck KiZ I cPv PvjvZ myhvM Ki w`eb|
wkv_x`iK wbR`i j I Kgcv wbaviY mnvqZv w`eb|
8. wkLb-kLvbv Kvhg cwiPvjbvi KwZcq cwZ I Kkj
wkv_xi wkLb AbKvsk wbfi Ki wkK KZK cwiPvwjZ cwZ I Kkji Dci| wkv_x`i gZv I ceYZv
Ges cvVi ewki wfwZ cwZ I Kkj wbevPb Kiv cqvRb| cwZ I Kkj mwVK nj Ges h_vh_fve
cqvM Kiv nj wkv_x mnR wkLZ cvi| GLvb KqKwU cwZ I Kkji msw cwiPq `Iqv njv|

RvZxq wkvg 2012 cv 13

8.1 ck-Di cwZ (Question-Answer Method)
ck- Di GKwU ej cPwjZ I KvhKi cwZ| G cwZi mwVK cqvMi gvag wkv_xK mwq iL wkLb
mnhvwMZv Kiv hvq| wewfb Dk ck Kiv nq _vK| kLvi Rb ck, wkLbdj ARb cwigvci Rb ck, Kvb wekl
Kgi DchvwMZv hvPvB Kivi Rb ck, BZvw` ek KqK aibi ck iqQ|
8.2 ck Kivi ixwZ
mg kwYK Dk Ki ck Kiv| GKRb Kvbv wkv_xK ck Kiv nj kwYi Ab wkv_xiv wbwq _vK,
AgbvhvMx nZ cvi| ZvB mevBK mwq ivLvi Rb mg kwYK ck KiZ nq|
wPv Ki Di wVK Kivi Rb wKQyUv mgq `Iqv|
Di `vb kLjv eRvq ivLv| Di`vb mg wkv_xiv nvZ DVve| mevi GKmv_ Di `Iqvi Afvm ZvM
KivZ ne|
wkv_xK wbw` Ki Di w`Z ejv| GKB wkv_xK evi evi Di `Iqvi myhvM bv w`q chvqg mevBK
myhvM `Iqv| cqvRb Di`vb BwZ w`q mnvqZv Kiv| Di mwVK bv nj Ab wkv_xK Di w`Z ejv|
mwVK Di cybivew Kiv|
Gici c~e nvZ DVvq wb Ggb AcviM wkv_xK GKB cki Di w`Z ejv|
cqvRb Abymvbx ck (probing question) Kiv| GKwU cki Di _K h ck RvM ZvK Abymvbx ck ejv
nq|
8.2.1 cki aib
cki fvlv ne mnR I kwY DchvMx|
ck ne wkv_xi wPv DxcK I ciYv mwKvix| Kb, wKfve, KviY Kx, evLv Ki, weklY Ki, Zzjbv Ki
BZvw` viv ck Kiv nj wPv Ki Di ei KiZ nq|
hme cki Di nuv ev bv Ggb ck bv KivB fvj| wZ wbfi ck hgb Kx, K, Kv_vq, KqwU ev KvK ej
BZvw` ck hZUv me cwinvi Kiv|
chvqg Ggbfve ck Kiv hb ckmg~ni Di _K welqe mK aviYv jvf Kiv hvq| cqvRb
ckvii gvS gvS AvjvPbv Kiv|
Abymvbg~jK ck (probing question) A_vr GKwU cki Di _K D~Z ck Ki welqi c~YZv Avbv cqvRb|
hgb-
g~j ck : we`vjq wkv_x`i Mo DcwwZ KZ?
Di : mvaviY mgq 85%, wekl mgq 50%
Abymvbg~jK ck : wekl mgq Kg Kb?
Di : avb ivcY I avb KvUvi gmyg Qjgq`i AbK KwlKvR AwffveKK mnvqZv Ki ZvB Zviv
we`vjq Avm bv|
8.2.2 wkKi KiYxq
mwVK Dii Rb wkv_xK Drmvn c`vb
fyj Dii Rb cqvRbxq wb`kbv `Iqv I wkLZ AbyciYv c`vb Kiv
mwVK Dii cm Ub AvjvPbvi gvag aviYv jvf mnvqZv Kiv
wkv_xK ck KiZ myhvM `Iqv, DrmvwnZ Kiv Ges wkv_xi cki Di `Iqv|
9. `jMZ mnhvwMZvg~jK wkv cwZ
`jMZ mnhvwMZvg~jK cwZ GKwU mdj wkLbcwZ| G cwZZ GKB eqtgi ev GKB chvqi wkv_xiv
cii wg_wqvi gvag wkv jvf Ki| G wkKi f~wgKv civ njI iZc~Y| `jMZ KvRi gvag
cwZwU wkv_xi ay vb-`ZvB ew cvq bv, mv_ mv_ ek wKQy gvbweK Yvewji weKvk NU| K_v kvbvi I K_v
ejvi kLjv AbymiY, cigZ mwnzZv, bZZ, mgSvZv BZvw` Yvewji weKvk NU|

RvZxq wkvg 2012 cv 14

9.1 `j MVb
wewfbfve `j MVb Kiv hvq| hgb mg-mvg_i wkv_x`i `j, wgk mvg_i wkv_x`i `j, welqwfwK `j,
AjwfwK `j BZvw`| AbK wgk mvg_ `ji myweav Ab`i Pq wKQyUv ewk| cwZ cvVi Rb ev cwZ
welqi Rb bZzb Ki `j MVb KiZ Mj AbK mgq jvM| ZvB kwYwkK (whwb c_g wcwiqW Kvm bb) `j
MVb Kieb| cqvRb GK gvm Ai Ai bZzb Ki `j MVb Kieb| GZ wkv_x`i wg_wqvi cwimi ew
cvq| GKB kwYi wewfb welqi wkKMY kwYwkK KZK MwVZ `jjvKB `jMZ KvR wbqvwRZ Kieb|
cwZwU `ji AvKvi 6Rb _K 8Rb nj fvj, Ze 10Rbi ewk nIqv evbxq bq| cZK `ji GKwU Ki bvg
_vKj myweav nq| dj, dzj, cvwL, b`x ev is Gi bvg `ji bvg ivLv hvq|
9.1.1 `jMZ KvRi Avmb webvm
`jMZ KvRi Avmb webvm Ggb ne hvZ `ji mKj wkv_x gyLvgywL emZ cvi| kwYKi AvKvi eo nj
Ges chv Avmevec _vKj, cwZ `j Mvj Uweji Pvicvk eme| Gic Avmevec bv _vKj cvKv gSZ
gv`yiI Mvj nq emZ cvi| bZzev c_g ei wkv_xiv Nyi wZxq ei gyLvgywL eme, Gfve ZZxq e
Nyi PZz_ ei gyLvgywL| G cwZ `ji wkv_x`iK ci ci `ye emZ ne| wkK `jMZ KvR eywSq
`Iqvi mv_ mv_B `jefve em `jMZ KvR i KiZ ne| Avmevec UvbvUvwb Ki mgq b Kiv hve bv|
9.1.2 `jMZ KvR Kivi cwqv
`j fvM nIqvi AvMB mgeZ Kvm wkK Ki `jMZ KvR eywSq w`eb|
wkK `ji GKRbK GKwU KvRi Rb `jbZv gbvbqb w`eb| chvqg `ji cZKK `jbZvi `vwqZ
w`eb|
wkv_xiv `j fvM nq eme| `ji cZK welqwU wbq wPv Kie| Zvici AvjvPbv i Kie| GKRb K_v
ejvi mgq Abiv gb w`q be| K_vi gvS KD K_v eje bv| Ze AvjvPbv Ah_v `xN ev cm ewnf~Z nj
`jbZv f`fve wbqY Kie|
`ji cZK AvjvPbvq AskMnY Kie|
AvjvPbvi gvag Z, Z_, hyw Dcvcb I hyw Lb Kie|
Kviv K_v AcQ` nj ev gbtcyZ bv nj ah ai bZ ne, ci hyw w`q Lb Kiv hve, ivM Kiv ev Akvfb
AvPiY Kiv hve bv|
Rvi Ki Ab`i Dci wbRi gZvgZ Pvwcq `Iqvi Pv Kiv hve bv|
AvjvPbvi djvdj `ji wmv wnmve wjLZ ne Ges mevBK gb wbZ ne|
cieZxZ mgeZ Kvm wkKi wb`kvbymvi H AvjvPbvi `jbZv `ji cwZe`b Dcvcb Kie| Ab `ji ck
_vKj `ji c h Kvbv GKRb Di w`e|
`jMZ KvR Pjvi mgq Kvbv gZvbK ev mgmv `Lv w`j `jbZv nvZ Zzj wkKi wb`kbv PvBe|
9.1.3 `jMZ KvRi aib
`jMZ KvR cavbZ Abymvbg~jK ev mgmvwfwK ne| `jMZ KvRi welq wPv DxcK, mRbkxj I weklYagx
ne| mvaviY Z, Z_ ev vbg~jK Rvbvi welq `jMZ AvjvPbvi welq nq bv| ZvZ Abymvb ev wPv DxcK wKQy
_vK bv|

9.1.4 `jMZ KvRi KqKwU D`vniY

K. evsjv`k _K wewfb cRvwZi cvwL gvMZ wejy nIqvi KviY I Zv`i ivi Dcvq Abymvb|
L. Mvgi wbii gvbylK ^v mPZb Kivi wkv_x`i KiYxq wbaviY|
M. cixYi gvag wewfb cKvi gvwUi ewk wPwZKiY|
N. evsjv`ki wk`i AwaKvi ivq miKvi, mgvR I AwffveKi KiYxq wbaviY|
O. GKwU AbyQ`i mvigg D`&NvUb|

RvZxq wkvg 2012 cv 15

9.1.5 `jMZ KvRi welq wnmve mwVK bq
K. AbycvZmn evqyi Dcv`vbmg~ni bvg
L. evsjv`ki f~-cKwZi eYbv
M. mvK `kmg~ni ivRavbx, RbmsLv I gv_vwcQy Avq
N. cigvYyi MVb eYbv
O. Z_ AwaKvi AvBb eYbv
9.1.6 `jMZ KvRi gvag wkLb `yejZvi Aemvb
wkv_x`i KD KD wewfb KviY wbavwiZ wkLbdj ARb KiZ cvi bv| avivevwnK g~jvqbi gvag wkLb
`yejZvmb wkv_x`i wPwZ Ki Zv`i Rb wekl `jMZ KvRi eev Kiv hvq| G GKB kwYi GKRb
wkLbdj ARbKvix PKm wkv_xK `jbZv wnmve `ji Ab`iK wkLb mnhvwMZv Kivi `vwqZ `Iqv nq|
wkK `jbZvK c~eB cqvRbxq wb`kbv w`q `b| mgchvqi wkv_x viv Ab wkv_x`iK wkLb mnhvwMZv
`IqvK Peer Learning ejv nq|
9.1.7 `jMZ KvR PjvKvjxb wkKi KiYxq
`jMZ KvR PjvKvjxb wkK Nyi Nyi cZK `ji KvR cheY Kieb| hLvb hLb cqvRb wb`kbv I
mnvqZv w`eb| cieZxZ `jMZ KvR Dcvcbi mgq fyj-vw ev Am~YZv _vKj awiq w`eb|
10. c`kb cwZ (Demonstration Method)
c`kb cwZi g~jK_v njv Kvbv wKQy `wLq m mK aviYv jvf wkv_x`iK mnvqZv Kiv| Kvbv wKQy
Dcvcb ay eYbv ev AvjvPbvq mxgve bv _K Zv `Lvbv nj aviYv jvf mnR nq Ges GZ wkv_x`i AvMn
I Drmvn ew cvq| G cwZZ cvVi welq mswk eve e ev cZfve cwqv `wLq eYbv, AvjvPbv ev ck-
Dii gvag aviYv jvf mnvqZv Kiv nq| hgb- GKwU Rev dzji Askjv `wLq dzji Askjvi mK
aviYv ARb mnvqZv Kiv; kwYK wkv_x`i mvgb hcvwZ mshvRb Ki `vi mv_ cvZjv mvjwdDwiK GwmW
wgwkq nvBWvRb cZ Ki `Lvbv BZvw`|
AbK eve e ev NUbv mivmwi `Lvbv me nq bv| m Aaevei mvnvh aviYv jvf mnvqZv Kiv
hvq| hgb- P` ev m~hMnY mK aviYv jvfi Rb kwYK wmwW ev wWwfwWi gvag gvwwgwWqvq cw_ex I
Puv`i wbR wbR Kc_ N~Yb `wLq MnY NUvi welqwU cwivi Kiv hvq| cRi ev gvwwgwWqv bv _vKj PvUi
gvag `Lvbv hvq| wekl wkv_x`iK kwYKi evBi wbq eve NUbv cZfve `wLq wkv jvf
mnvqZv Kiv hvq| hgb- f~wgqi KviYjv cZ `Lvbv hvq| me nj HwZnvwmK vb wbq wewfb wb`kb
`wLq I eYbv Ki aviYv jvf mnvqZv Kiv hvq| hgb- Kzwgjvi KvUevwo kvjeb wenvi cwi`kb wbq ZrKvjxb
emfZv mK RvbZ mvnvh Kiv|
c`kb cwZZ wkv_x`i Abymwrmv ew cvq| mnR mwVK aviYv jvf KiZ cvi| wkLb AcvKZ `xNvqx
nq| c`kb cwZZ j ivLZ ne hb me wkv_x `LZ cvq|
11. Abymvbg~jK KvRi aib
Abymvbg~jK KvR g~jZ KgKw`K cwZ| wWDBi mwqZv Zi wfwZ cwiPvwjZ G cwZZ wkv_xiv
GKKfve ev `jMZfve wbR`i cPvq wbqgZvwK cwZZ wkv jvf Ki _vK| G cwZZ wkv_x Kvbv
welq ev NUbv ev mgmvi KviY, djvdj, cwZwqv BZvw` D`&NvUb Ki| bw_c chvjvPbv, cwi`kb, cheY,
mvvrKvi MnY bvbvfve Abymvb KvR cwiPvjbv Kiv hvq|| D`vniY-
hyemgvRi AvKvk mswZi cwZ ceYZv ewi KviY I djvdj
wk Aj evqy `~lYi KviY I djvdj
Lv` Drcv`b AwZgvvq ivmvqwbK KxUbvkK `e eenvii cwZwqv|

RvZxq wkvg 2012 cv 16

12. Abymvbg~jK cwZZ wkLb cwqv
cZKwU Abymvbi Rb GKwU welq ev mgmv wbevPb KiZ nq| G cwZZ hveZxq Kvhg cavbZ cuvPwU chvq
cwiPvwjZ nq| chvqjv nQ-
K. mgmv/Dk wbaviY
L. cwiKbv cYqb
M. Z_ msMn
N. Z_ weklY
O. cwZe`b cYqb
me c_g Kvhgi mgmv wPwZ Kiv ev Dk wbaviY KiZ nq| wZxq chvq mgM Kvhgi Rb cwiKbv cYqb
KiZ nq| Dk ARbi Rb Kx Kx KiZ ne, KvbwU wKfve, Kx w`q, KLb KiZ ne-G meB cwiKbvq _vK|
Z_ msMn Abymvbg~jK KvRi GKwU iZc~Y i| cvBgvwi ev mKvwi Drm nZ Z_ msMn KiZ ne| PZy_
chvq Z_ weklY I djvdj cYqb KiZ ne| mekl wkv_x m~Y Abymvbg~jK KvRi Dci GKwU cwZe`b
cYqb Kie|
13. wkLb- kLvbv Kvhg mK KqKwU K_v
wkLb-kLvbv cwZ I Kkj AbK aibi| Gi KqKwU wkKKw`K Ges KqKwU wkv_xKw`K| wkLb-kLvbv
cwqvq wkv_xi mwq AskMnY wkvjvf mnvqK| me cwZiB Kgewk myweav I Amyweav AvQ| Ggb Kvbv cwZ
ev Kkj bB hwU mKj wkv_xi Rb mgfve DchvMx ev me aibi welqei Rb DchvMx| wkKi wewfb cwZ
I Kkji Dci `Zv Ges kwY I cvV DchvMx cwZ I Kkji h_vh_ cqvMi Dci wbfi Ki wkv_xi wkLb
mvdj| Ggb Kvbv evaevaKZv bB h GKwU cvV cwiPvjbvq wkKK GKwU cwZi Dci wbfi KiZ ne| cvVK
djcm~ Kivi Rb wkK cwiwwZ Abymvi GKvwaK cwZ I Kkji mswgkY wbRi gZv Ki cvV cwiPvjbv KiZ
cvib| cvVi mvdj wbfi Ki wkKi wePYZv, welqvb I wkLb cwZi h_vh_ cqvMi Dci| GRb ejv nq wkKB
mevrK cwZ| wkv_xKw`K wkLb-kLvbv cwZ ewea| GLvb gv KqKwU wkv_xKw`K cwZ msc
Dcvcb Kiv njv| Ze wkKi AwaK msLK cwZ I Kkji Dci `Zv _vKv cqvRb| Zvnj wZwb h h
cwZ DchvMx Zv cqvM KiZ cvib| cqvRb GKvwaK cwZi mswgkY wbRi gZv Ki cvV cwiPvjbv KiZ
cvib| cvV cwiPvjbvi mgq wkK hw` eySZ cvib h cqvMKZ cwZ wkv_x`i wkLb djcm~ nQ bv ZLb wZwb
cwZ cwieZb KiZ cvib| ZvB wkK`i e cwZi Dci `Zv _vKv AvekK|
14. wkv_xi g~jvqb
mvaviY A_ wkv_xi g~jvqb njv wkv Kvhg _K wkv_xi ARbi gvv wbYq Kiv| A_vr wkvg DjwLZ c~e
wbavwiZ wkLbdj wkv_x KZUv ARb KiQ Zv wbicYB wkv_xi g~jvqb| hw`I g~jvqb K_vwUi wewZ AbK evcK|
Avgiv wewfb mgq bvbvfve wkv_xi g~jvqb Ki _vwK| g~jvqbi mgq I aib weePbvq wkv_xi g~jvqb cavbZ `yB
avivi: (K) MVbKvjxb ev avivevwnK g~jvqb Ges (L) mvgwK g~jvqb| Avgiv cvV PjvKvjxb ev wbw` cvVvsk _K
wkv_xi ARb g~jvqb Ki _vwK| G g~jvqb avivevwnK ev MVbKvjxb g~jvqb| Avevi Avgiv wbw` mgq kl ev
Kvhg kl mvgwqK cixv, evwlK cixv, GmGmwm cixv BZvw` cixvi gvag g~jvqb Ki _vwK| G aibi
g~jvqb nj mvgwK g~jvqb| avivevwnK I mvgwK Dfq avivi g~jvqbiB cqvRb AvQ| Ze avivevwnK g~jvqbi
iZ AbK ewk| KviY-
avivevwnK g~jvqbi gvag wkv_xi wkLb `yejZv wPwZ Ki ZvrwYK wbivgqg~jK eev bIqv hvq|
wkv_xi nvZ-Kjg eenvwiK KvR Kivi cwqv cheYi gvag g~jvqb Ki wb`kbv `Iqv hvq|
wkv_xi wekl wKQz `Zv, hgb- kvbv, ejv, cov BZvw` Kg mgq, Kg LiP I mnR cwigvc Ki avc avc
wb`kbv `Iqv I wbivgqg~jK eev bIqv hvq| mvgwK g~jvqbi gvag AbK Gme ewki g~jvqb Kiv me
nq bv|

RvZxq wkvg 2012 cv 17

 wkv_xi AveMxq w`Kmg~n wekl Ki ewK I mvgvwRK AvPiY Ges g~jeva cZ cheYi gvag
g~jvqb Ki wb`kbv `Iqv hvq|
G g~jvqbi gvag wkK Zuvi eeZ wkLb kLvbv cwZ I Kkji h_v_Zv I KvhKvwiZv wbaviY Ki ev
`yejZv wPwZ Ki cqvRbxq cwieZb AvbZ cvib|
15. avivevwnK g~jvqb
avivevwnK g~jvqbi gvag wkv_xi `yejZv wPwZ Ki wb`kbv `Iqv hvq Ges cqvRb wbivgqg~jK eev MnY
Kiv hvq|
15.1 kwYi KvR
wkLb-kLvbv Kvhg PjvKvjxb wkv_x KZK mvw`Z hveZxq KvR kwYi KvR wnmve weewPZ| welqf`
kwYi KvRi aib ZviZg _vKZ cvi| AwaKvsk B cki Di ejv ev jLv, AuvKv (wP/Qwe, mviwY,
gvbwP, jLwP), AvjvPbv I weZK AskMnY, Pwi-Awfbq, eenvwiK KvR-G aibi me wKQzB kwYi KvR|
evsjv I BsiwR welq kvbv, ejv, cov, jLv BZvw` kwYi KvR wnmve weewPZ ne|
15.2 evwoi KvR
wkv_x evwoZ wkvgwfwK h KvRjv mb Ki ZvB evwoi KvR | evwoi KvR wkv_x GKKfve mb
Kie GUvB cZvwkZ| wkK wbwZ neb h, wkv_x GKvB KvRwU mb KiQ| evwoi KvRi gvag wkv_xi
wPb `Zv Ges ewK AvPiY I g~jeva g~jvqb Kiv ne| evwoi KvR g~jvqb Ki wkK wkv_x`iK
cqvRbxq wkLb mnvqZv w`eb| wkvgi wkLbdji Pvwn`vi Dci wfw Ki wkK evwoi KvR w`eb|
j ivLZ ne evwoi KvR hb wkv_xK gyL Kivq DrmvwnZ bv Ki| evwoi KvR Ggb nZ ne hb
wkv_xi wPb `Zv weKvk Ges mRbkxjZv cKvki myhvM _vK|
kwYK AwRZ aviYvmg~n wPv I KvR cqvM Kivi myhvM hb evwoi KvR _vK| evwoi KvR hb
wkv_xK mRbkxj cki cwZZ mvnvh Ki mw`K iZ w`Z ne| wkvg gvwU wkLb kLvbv
Kvhg Kjvg c` evwoi KvR bgybv wnmve AbymiY Kiv hZ cvi|
cwZwU welqi evwoi KvRjv Ggb ne hv wkv_x 30-35 wgwbUi ga mv`b KiZ cvi| wkK cwZ
mvgwqK kwYZ cqvRbxq msLK evwoi KvR w`eb|
15.3 kwY Afxv
cwZwU Aavq kl kwY Afxv bIqv ne| kwY Afxv wjwLZ ev eenvwiK ne| cwZwU kwY Afxv ^ mgq
bIqv ne| welqi Rb wbavwiZ Kvm wcwiqW bIqv ne| wbavwiZ GK Kvm wcwiqWi AwZwi mgq bIqv hve
bv| kwY Afxvi w`b kwYi Abvb wcwiqWi ^vfvweK KvRKg h_vixwZ Pje|
16 mvgwqK cixv I cvewjK cixv
RvZxq wkvg 2012 Gi wb`kbv Abymvi cwZ wkvel `ywU mvgwqK fvM Kiv ne| mvgwqK Ges cvewjK
cixvi ckc cYqb Ges Dic g~jvqb mRbkxj ckcwZi wb`kbv Abymvi ne| wkvg c`
Aavqmg~nK `ywU mvgwqKi Rb eb KiZ ne| we`vjqi Kvhw`emi cwigvYi Dci wfw Ki Aavqmg~nK
mvgwqK eb KiZ ne| c_g mvgwqK g~jvqbKZ Aavqmg~nK wZxq mvgwqK g~jvqbi Rb eenvi Kiv hve
bv| mvgwqK kl Abyq cixv wkvg welq Ges ci Rb eivKZ c~Y b^i ne| wkvg iciLvi
welqKvVvgvq welqi c~Yb^i `Iqv AvQ|
mRbkxj ckcwZi ckc `y&B aibi ck _vKe| GKwU nQ ewbevPwb ck Ges AciwU nQ mRbkxj ck|
ewbevPwb ckc wZb aibi ewbevPwb ck _vKe| Gjv nQ mvaviY ewbevPwb ck, ec`x mgvwm~PK
ewbevPwb ck Ges Awfb Z_wfwK ewbevPwb ck| ewbevPwb ckc wPb `Zvi Pvi ii ck
AvbycvwZKnvi _vKe| mKj AavqK cixvi AvIZvfz KiZ ne| ckc cYqbi c~e wb`kK QK Zwi
KiZ ne| cwZwU mRbkxj ck GKwU DxcK _vKe Ges DxcKi mv_ 4wU ck _vKe| ck 4wU w`q wPb
`Zvi PviwU i (vb, Abyaveb, cqvM Ges DPZi `Zv) hvPvB Kiv ne| Ze wnmvewevb MwYZ I DPZi
MwYZ welqi wnmve mRbkxj ckc ay wPb `Zvi cqvM vii 3wU ck _vKe| 1wU mnR gvbi, 1wU
gagvbi I GKwU Acv KwVb gvbi ck b^i c`vb wb`wkKv AbymiY Ki Dic g~jvqb KiZ ne|

RvZxq wkvg 2012 cv 18

wkvg Dbqb mswk KwgwU
1. RvZxq wkvg mg^q KwgwU
wgK bvg I c`we KwgwUZ c`we
1. W. Kvgvj Ave`yj bvmi Payix mfvcwZ
mwPe, wkv gYvjq, evsjv`k mwPevjq, XvKv|
2. DcvPvh, RvZxq wekwe`vjq, MvRxcyi| m`m
3. W. KvRx LjxKzvgvb Avng` m`m
Pqvigvb, evsjv`k Dbqb cwil` I mfvcwZ, evsjv`k A_bxwZ mwgwZ|
4. hyM-mwPe (gvawgK), wkv gYvjq, evsjv`k mwPevjq, XvKv| m`m
5. gnvcwiPvjK, gvawgK I DPwkv Awa`i, XvKv| m`m
6. gnvcwiPvjK, RvZxq wkv eevcbv GKvWgx, avbgw, XvKv| m`m
7. gnvcwiPvjK, evsjv`k KvwiMwi wkv Awa`i, AvMviMuvI, XvKv| m`m
8. cwiPvjK, AvBBAvi, XvKv wekwe`vjq, XvKv| m`m
9. cdmi gvt gvdv KvgvjDwb m`m
Pqvigvb, RvZxq wkvg I cvVcyK evW, XvKv|
10. Pqvigvb, gvawgK I DPgvawgK wkvevW, XvKv| m`m
11. Pqvigvb, evsjv`k KvwiMwi wkvevW, XvKv| m`m
12. Pqvigvb, evsjv`k gv`&ivmv wkvevW, XvKv| m`m
13. m`m (wkvg), RvZxq wkvg I cvVcyK evW, XvKv| m`m
14. cdmi W. gynv` Rvdi BKevj m`m
wefvMxq cavb, KwDUvi mvq G Bwwbqvwis wefvM, kvnRvjvj wevb I chyw wekwe`vjq, wmjU|
15. W. gvt wQwKzi ingvb m`m
cvb AavcK I cwiPvjK, wkv I MelYv BbwwUDU
XvKv wekwe`vjq, XvKv|
16. AavcK W. gvt AvLZvivgvb m`m
Bmjvgi BwZnvm I msw Z wefvM, XvKv wekwe`vjq, XvKv|
17. AavcK kvnxb gvn&eyev Kexi m`m
BsiwR wefvM RvnvxibMi wekwe`vjq, mvfvi, XvKv|
18. m`m (cv_wgK wkvg), RvZxq wkvg I cvVcyK evW, XvKv| m`m
19. m`m (cvVcyK), RvZxq wkvg I cvVcyK evW, XvKv| m`m
20. cK cwiPvjK, GmBGmwWwc, gvawgK I DPwkv Awa`i, wkv feb, XvKv| m`m
21. Dc mwPe (gvawgK), wkv gYvjq, evsjv`k mwPevjq, XvKv| m`m

2. cdkbvj KwgwU
wgK bvg I c`we KwgwUZ c`we
1. cdmi gvt gvdv KvgvjDwb mfvcwZ
Pqvigvb, RvZxq wkvg I cvVcyK evW, XvKv|
2. gnvcwiPvjK, gvawgK I DP wkv Awa`i, XvKv| m`m
3. gnvcwiPvjK, RvZxq wkv eevcbv GKvWgx, avbgw, XvKv| m`m
4. cwiPvjK, AvBBAvi, XvKv wekwe`vjq,XvKv| m`m
5. gnvcwiPvjK, evsjv GKvWgx, XvKv| m`m
6. gnvcwiPvjK, BmjvwgK dvDkb evsjv`k, XvKv| m`m
7. Rbve gbRyij Avnmvb eyjeyj m`m
cavb mv`K, ekvLx Uwjwfwkb wjwgUW, XvKv|
8. cK cwiPvjK, GmBGmwWwc, gvawgK I DP wkv Awa`i, wkv feb, XvKv| m`m
9. Pqvigvb, gvawgK I DPgvawgK wkvevW, XvKv I mfvcwZ, evsjv`k Avt evW mg^q mve KwgwU| m`m
10. Pqvigvb, evsjv`k gv`&ivmv wkv evW, XvKv| m`m
11. Pqvigvb, evsjv`k KvwiMwi wkv evW, XvKv| m`m
12. AavcK Avyjvn Avey mvqx` m`m
cwiPvjK, wekmvwnZ K`, XvKv|

RvZxq wkvg 2012 cv 19

 13. W. gvt wQwKzi ingvb m`m
civgkK, GmBGmwWwc, gvawgK I DPwkv Awa`i, XvKv|
14. AavcK Kwdj Dxb Avng` m`m
civgkK, cv_wgK wkvg DBs, GbwmwUwe, XvKv|
15. cdmi gynv` Avjx m`m
cvb m`m, wkvg, GbwmwUwe, XvKv|
(evmv-mK-gwfm 8g Zjv (cwg), 6/9, eK-wm, jvjgvwUqv, XvKv-1207|
16. Wxb, PviyKjv Abyl`, XvKv wekwe`vjq, XvKv| m`m
17. cdmi mvjgv AvLZvi m`m
AvBBAvi, XvKv wekwe`vjq, XvKv|
18. Aa, wkK cwkY KjR, XvKv| m`m
19. m`m (wkvg), RvZxq wkvg I cvVcyK evW, XvKv| m`m
20. cavb wkK, MebgU jveiUwi nvB zj, avbgw, XvKv| m`m
21. Rbve gvkZvK Avng` f~uBqv m`m-mwPe
weZiY wbqK, RvZxq wkvg I cvVcyK evW, XvKv|

3. UKwbKvj KwgwU
wgK bvg I c`we KwgwUZ c`we
1. cdmi gvt Ave`yyj Revi AvnevqK
cvb cwiPvjK, bvqg, XvKv|
(evwo bs-7, moK bs-11, mi bs-4, Div gWj UvDb, XvKv-1230)
2. AavcK W. Avey nvwg` jwZd m`m
mycvi wbDgvwi AavcK, AvBBAvi, XvKv wekwe`vjq, XvKv|
3. cdmi Ave`ym myenvb m`m
cvb gnvcwiPvjK, cv_wgK wkv Awa`i
(wm-8, evmv bs-52, ivW bs-6/G, avbgw AvevwmK GjvKv, XvKv|)
4. AavcK W. Mvjvg imyj wgqv m`m
cvb Aa, wUPvm Uwbs KjR, XvKv|
(evmv bs-47, ivW bs-02, mi-09, Div gWj UvDb, XvKv-1230|)
5. W. gvt wQwKzi ingvb m`m
civgkK
GmBGmwWwc, gvawgK I DPwkv Awa`i, wkv feb, XvKv|
6. cdmi W. gvt bvRgyj Kwig Payix m`m
eevcbv wefvM, XvKv wekwe`vjq, XvKv|
7. W. Avyj gvjK m`m
AavcK, AvBBAvi, XvKv wekwe`vjq, XvKv|
8. Rbve gvnv` RvwKi nvmb m`m
wkvg wekl
GmBGmwWwc, GbwmwUwe, XvKv|
9. Rbve kvnxbviv eMg m`m
wekl, GbwmwUwe, XvKv|
10. Rbve gvt gvLjm Di ingvb m`m
wekl, GbwmwUwe, XvKv|
11. Rbve gvt dinv`yj Bmjvg m`m-mwPe
EaZb wekl, GbwmwUwe, XvKv|

RvZxq wkvg 2012 cv 20

 4. fwUs KwgwU
wgK bvg I c`we KwgwUZ c`we
1. evsjv 1. AavcK Ave`yjvn Avey mvqx`
cwiPvjK, wekmvwnZ K`, XvKv|
2. cdmi b~iRvnvb eMg
Aa, miKvwi wevb KjR, XvKv|
2. BsiwR 1. cdmi Ave`ym myenvb
cvb gnvcwiPvjK, cv_wgK wkv Awa`i, XvKv|
(wm-8, evmv bs-52, ivW bs-6/G, avbgw AvevwmK GjvKv, XvKv)
2. cdmi gvt kvgmyj nK
cvb Wxb, evsjv`k Dby wekwe`vjq, MvRxcyi (evmv bs-25, GvcvUgU-we-5, ivW bs
68G, jkvb-2, XvKv-1212)
3. MwYZ 1. cdmi W. gvt Avyj gwZb
MwYZ wefvM, XvKv wekwe`vjq, XvKv|
2. cdmi W. gvt Avym Qvgv`
MwYZ wefvM, XvKv wekwe`vjq, XvKv|
4. wevb 1. cdmi W. gvt AvwRRyi ingvb
c`v_wevb wefvM, XvKv wekwe`vjq, XvKv|
2. Rbve gvnv` b~i Avjg wmwKx
mnhvMx AavcK, AvBBAvi, XvKv wekwe`vjq, XvKv|
5. evsjv`k I wekcwiPq 1. cdmi W. nvib Di iwk`
ivwevb wefvM, XvKv wekwe`vjq, XvKv|
2. W. mq` nvwdRyi ingvb
mnhvMx AavcK, cwiek wevb wefvM
RvnvxibMi wekwe`vjq, mvfvi, XvKv|
6. Z_ I hvMvhvM chyw 1. cdmi W. gynv` Rvdi BKevj
KwDUvi mvq G Bwwbqvwis wefvM
kvn&Rvjvj wevb I chyw wekwe`vjq, wmjU|
2. Rbve gvt mwdDj Avjg Lvb
mnKvix AavcK, Z_ chyw BwUwUDU, XvKv wekwe`vjq, XvKv|
7. cwiek cwiwPwZ 1. cdmi W. G Gm Gg gvKmy` Kvgvj
f~Z wefvM, XvKv wekwe`vjq, XvKv|
2. cdmi W. gvt LexiDxb
cwiek wevb wefvM, RvnvxibMi wekwe`vjq, mvfvi, XvKv|

RvZxq wkvg 2012 cv 21

5. wkvg Dbqb KwgwU
g bvg I c`ex w KwgwUZ c`ex
1 cdmi ggZvR Dxb Avng` AvnevqK
wnmve wevb wefvM, XvKv wekwe`vjq, XvKv|
2 cdmi W. axgvb Kzgvi Payix m`m
GKvDwUs G Bbdigkb wmg wefvM, XvKv wekwe`vjq, XvKv|
3 Rbve gvt wgRvbyi ingvb m`m
mnKvix AavcK, ivRDK Div gWj KjR, XvKv
4 Rbve Avyj gwR` m`m
Drcv`b wbqK, GbwmwUwe, XvKv|
5 Rbve gvnv` gwbij Bmjvg m`m
MelYv KgKZv, GbwmwUwe, XvKv|
6 Rbve gvt BKivgyvgvb Lvb mg^qKvix
KvwiKzjvg wekl, GmBGmwWwc,GbwmwUwe, XvKv

6. mvweK mg^q KwgwU

wgK bvg I c`we KwgwUZ c`we

1. Rbve gvnv` RvwKi nvmb mvweK mg^qKvix
KvwiKzjvg wekl I GmBGmwWwc dvKvj cqU
KvwiKzjvg WfjcgU BDwbU
RvZxq wkvg I cvVcyK evW, XvKv|
2. Rbve gvkZvK Avng` fu~Bqv mvweK mg^qKvix
weZiY wbqK
RvZxq wkvg I cvVcyK evW, XvKv|

RvZxq wkvg 2012 cv 22

 wkvg

wnmvewevb
 1. f~wgKv
GKwU cwZvbi Avw_K Aev RvbZ I eySZ nj wewfb wnmve ivLZ nq Ges Gme wnmvei weklY cqvRb nq|
wnmvewevb G mKj wnmve ivLZ Ges Gi weklY Ki wewfb weeiYx I cwZe`b cZ KiZ mvnvh Ki|
wnmvewevbK eemvqi fvlv ejv nq KviY eemvwqK RMZi m Ggb AbKB hgb- gvwjK, eevcK, kwgK I
KgPvix, evsK, wewbqvMKvix, `bv`vi, cvIbv`vi, miKvi I RbmvaviY RwoZ AvQb hv`iK eemvqi Aev RvbZ
I eySZ nq| wnmvewevbi wbqg I cwZ Abyhvqx cZKZ weeiYx I cwZe`bi gvag eemvqi mvweK Aev Rvbv
hvq|
ewMZ, cvwZvwbK I ivxq Rxeb Z_v mgvRi cwZwU wnmve msiY Kiv Acwinvh| wnmveeev gvbe mfZvi
aviK, evnK I g~jvqbi PvweKvwV| AvaywbK chyw, Drcv`bgyLx cwiek, eq eevcbv, cwZhvwMZv, m`i h_vh_
eenvi, eq msKvPb, mvgwMK gvb eevcbv, Revew`wnZv I ^QZv cwqv, mvgvwRK `vwqZ cvjb, RbKjvYgyLx eq
eevcbvi gZ iZc~Y wnmvewevbi f~wgKv Acwimxq I Acwinvh| GB wkvg Dbqbi mgq wnmvewevbi
geagvb Pvwn`v, iZ I cqvRbxqZv weePbv Kiv nqQ| evsjv`ki Av_mvgvwRK, chywMZ I Drcv`bgyLx
cwiekK weePbvq bIqv I wnmvewevb DP wkv^lx wkv_x`i cqvRbK iZ `Iqv nqQ| cPwjZ
wkvgi GKwU mxgveZv nj GZ wnmvewevbi weklYg~jK w`KK Zzjbvg~jKfve AbKUv Kg iZ `Iqv
nqQ| dj wkv_xiv wnmvewevbi Z_ wKfve cwZvb ev eemvqi cwiKbv cYqb, KgKv g~jvqb I wbqY
Ges wmv MnY eenvi Kiv hvq m mK h_ aviYv jvf KiZ AcviM nZ| wkvgi Dbqb I cwigvRbi
eZgvb cPwjZ GKv`k I v`k kwYi wnmvewevb welqi wkvg G mxgveZv cwinvi Kivi Pv Kiv
nqQ|

wnmvewevb welqK `ywU fvM fvM Kiv nqQ c_g c iqQ cavbZ wnmvewevbi bxwZgvjv Ges wewfb wnmve I
Avw_K weeiYx cZKiY, wZxq c iqQ wekl cwZvbi wnmveeev Ges Avw_K Aevi g~jvqb| GQvov iqQ
Drcv`b eq wnmve, bM` cevn weeiYx, eq I eqi kwYwefvM Ges eq-cwigvY-gybvdv (Cost-Volume-Profit)
mK| Avkv Kiv hvq h, bevqbKZ I DbqbKZ wnmvewevb welqi hyMvchvMx G wkvg nZ wkv_xiv hgwbfve
wnmvewevbi bxwZgvjv mK Rvbe Zgwbfve GB bxwZgvjv wewfb cwZvbi wnmveeevq cqvM KiZ mg ne|

wnmvewevb GKv`k I v`k kwY cv 24

2. Dk
1. ewMZ, cvwievwiK I cvwZvwbK Rxeb wnmvewevbi iZ I cqvRbxqZv mK vb ARb Kiv|
2. bwZK g~jeva I Revew`wnZv cwqvi evnK wnmve wnmvewevbi vb I `Zv ARb Kiv Ges eemvwqK
jb`b ^QZv I Revew`wnZv Dbqb Dy nIqv|
3. wnmve mgxKiY eemvwqK jb`bi cfve mK AewnZ nIqv|
4. `yZidv `vwLjv cwZZ wnmvei wewfb cKvi eB cZ KiZ mg nIqv|
5. bM`vb I evsK wnmvei emv`k `~ixf~Z Ki evsK mg^q weeiYx cZ KiZ cviv|
6. wnmvei MvwYwZK wbfzjZv hvPvB Ki mskvabx `vwLjv c`vbi mgZv ARb Kiv|
7. wnmvewevbi bxwZgvjv Abyhvqx Avw_K weeiYx cYqb KiZ mg nIqv|
8. cvc wnmvei Abv`vqx Ask Ges m`nRbK cvIbv mwwZi eev MnY Ki wnmvei eBZ wjwce KiZ cviv|
9. `kgvb I A`kgvb m`i AePq avh Ki mswk wnmve I Avw_K weeiYxZ wnmvefy KiZ cviv|
10. Avw_K weeiYxi gvag eemvqi A_bwZK KgKvi cwieZb, djvdj I Aev mK AeMZ nIqv|
11. GKZidv `vwLjv cwZ Abyhvqx iwZ wnmveK `yZidv `vwLjv cwZZ icvi Kivi `Zv ARb Kiv|
12. h_vh_ cwqvq Aeemvqx cwZvbi wnmve cZ KiZ mg nIqv|
13. Askx`vwi eemvqi wnmvecwZ mK vb ARb Kiv I h_vh_fve wnmve cZ KiZ cviv|
14. bM` cevn mK aviYv jvf Ki eemvqi bM` cevn weeiYx Zwi KiZ cviv|
15. h_g~jabx Kvvwbi g~jab msMni cwqv Rvbv I wnmvei eBZ wjwce KiZ mg nIqv|
16. h_g~jabx Kvvwbi Avw_K weeiYx cZ Ki Kvvwbi mvgwMK Aev chvjvPbv KiZ cviv|
17. Drcv`b eq wnmveeev mK vb jvf Kiv Ges Drcv`b eq weeiYx cZ KiZ cviv|
18. `ic Zwii wewaweavbi AvjvK `ic Zwi KiZ cviv|
19. gRy`cY g~jvqbi cwZmg~n Rvbv I gRy`cYi g~j wbicY KiZ cviv|
20. wewfb cKvi eqi AvPiYMZ w`K mK vb ARb Ki eevcKxq wmv MnY mnvqZv KiZ cviv|
21. eevcbv wnmvewevbi aviYv jvf Ki eemvqi eevcKxq wmv MnY mnvqZv KiZ cviv|

wnmvewevb GKv`k I v`k kwY cv 25

 c_g c
3. Aavq webvm I mgq eb

Aavq Aavqi wkivbvg wcwiqW msLv

c_g wnmvewevb cwiwPwZ 15
wZxq wnmvei eBmg~n 20
ZZxq evsK mg^q weeiYx 06
PZz_ iIqvwgj 10
cg wnmvewevbi bxwZgvjv 07
l cvc wnmvemg~ni wnmveiY 07
mg Kvhc 15
Ag `kgvb I A`kgvb m`i wnmveiY 10
beg Avw_K weeiYx 20
`kg GKZidv `vwLjv cwZ 10

wZxq c
4. Aavq webvm I mgq eb

Aavq Aavqi wkivbvg wcwiqW msLv

c_g Aeemvqx cwZvbi wnmve 15
wZxq Askx`vwi eemvqi wnmve 20
ZZxq bM` cevn weeiYx 10
PZz_ h_g~jabx Kvvwbi g~jab 10
cg h_g~jabx Kvvwbi Avw_K weeiYx 20
l Avw_K weeiYx weklY 07
mg Drcv`b eq wnmve 15
Ag gRy`cYi wnmveiY cwZ 08
beg eq I eqi kwYwefvM 05
`kg eevcbv wnmvewevb cwiwPwZ 15

wnmvewevb GKv`k I v`k kwY cv 26

 gvbeb
c~Ygvb : c_g c 100 b^i
wZxq c 100 b^i
megvU 200 b^i

cwZ c mRbkxj ckc 60 b^i

ewbevPwb ckc 40 b^i
gvU 100 b^i

cwZ c
mRbkxj ck - 60 b^i 106=60

gvU bqwU ck _vKe| Zba 6wU cki Di w`Z ne| cZKwU cki c~Ygvb 10 (`k) b^i|
K Ask Avw_K weeiYxi 2wU mRbkxj ck _vKe Ges L Ask wmjevmi evwK Ask _K 7wU ck _vKe|
K Aski 2wU ck evaZvg~jK Ges L Ask _K 4wU cki Di w`Z ne|

wnmvewevb welqi mKj mRbkxj ck MvwYwZK wKsev cvqvwMK mgmv mgvavb msv ne| cwZwU ck K, L I M 3wU
Ask _vKe| cki K Ask mnR, L Ask gag Ges M Ask KwVb gvbi ne| cki Di Kivi mgq, avc I wPvi
evcKZvi Dci wfw Ki b^i wefvRb KiZ ne|
cwZ c
ewbevPwb ck - 40 b^i 140 = 40

gvU PwjkwU ck _vKe| mKj cki Di w`Z ne|

cZKwU cki gvb 01 (GK) b^i|
ckc wPb `Zvi wewfb ii wfwZ ewbevPwb cki kZKiv nvi wbic nIqv evbxq:

vb i 25-35%

Abyaveb i 25-35%

cqvM i 15-25%

DPZi `Zv i 15-25%

ewbevPwb ckc vb I Abyaveb ii 60% Ges cqvM I DPZi ii 40% ck Afy ne|
wnmvewevbi ewbevPwb ck RwUj MvwYwZK mgmv mgvavbg~jK ck eenvi bv Ki ZvwK welq Rvbvi Rb ck Kiv
evbxq|
gvU (60+40) = 100 b^i

wnmvewevb GKv`k I v`k kwY cv 27

 5. wkvg QK
c_g c

wnmvewevb GKv`k I v`k kwY cv 28

c_g Aavq : wnmvewevb cwiwPwZ (Introduction to Accounting) (15 wcwiqW )
wkLbdj welqe
1. wnmvewevbi aviYv eYbv KiZ cvvie| wnmvewevb
2. eemvqi fvlv wnmve wnmvewevbi iZ evLv eemvqi fvlv wnmve wnmvewevb
KiZ cvie| wnmvewevbi Dk I cqvRbxqZv
3. g~jeva I Revew`wnZv wbwZ KiZ Z_ I
wnmvewevbi f~wgKv weklY KiZ cvie|
4. wnmvewevbi Z_i eenvi I eenviKvix`i wnmve Z_i eenvi I eenviKvix
mK eYbv KiZ cvie|
5. eemvqi jb`b wPwZ Ki wnmve mgxKiY jb`b I Gi ewk
Gjvi cfve evLv KiZ cvie| wnmve mgxKiY I wnmve mgxKiY jb`bi cfve
6. jb`b mswk wewfb cK wnmvei kwY Abyhvqx wnmve I wnmvei kwYwefvM
wPwZ KiZ cvie|
7. Abvb welqi mv_ wnmvewevbi mK RvbZ Abvb welqi mv_ wnmvewevbi mK
Dy ne|

wZxq Aavq : wnmvei eBmg~n (Books of Accounts) (20 wcwiqW )

wkLbdj
1. jb`bi WweU I wWU c kbv KiZ cvie|
2. wnmvePi avivevwnKZv iv Ki wnmvei eBmg~n
cZ I msiY KiZ cvie|
3. wnmvei P~ov eB Zwi Ki wnmvei D wbYq
KiZ cvie|
welqe
`yZidv `vwLjv cwZi aviYv
wnmvei WweU I wWU wbYqi wbqgvewj (wnmvei
kwYwfwK I mgxKiYwfwK)
wnmveP
wnmvei cv_wgK eBqi aviYv I kwYwefvM
Kvievwi evv I bM`vb evvi aviYv
wewfb cKvi Rve`vi aviYv I Rve`v cZKiY
(bM`vb eB, q Rve`v, weq Rve`v, q diZ
Rve`v, weq diZ Rve`v I cKZ Rve`v)
GKNiv, `yNiv , wZbNiv I AM` wbqg LyPiv bM`vb
eB
bM` cvw I bM` c`vb Rve`v cZKiY
wnmvei P~ov eB ev LwZqvbi aviYv
LwZqvbfzKiY I wnmvei D wbYq

ZZxq Aavq : evsK mg^q weeiYx (Bank Reconciliation Statement) (06 wcwiqW )
wkLbdj welqe
1. bM`vb eB I evsK wnmvei Di cv_Ki KviY evsK mg^q weeiYxi aviYv I Dk
D`NvUb KiZ cvie| bM`vb eB I evsK weeiYxi Di ga Miwgji
KviY
2. evsK mg^q weeiYx cZ KiZ cvie| cPwjZ I mskvwaZ Dfq cwZZ evsK mg^q
weeiYx cZKiY
3. bM` A_i ^QZv wbwZ KiZ cvie|

wnmvewevb GKv`k I v`k kwY cv 29

PZz_ Aavq : iIqvwgj (Trial Balance) (10 wcwiqW )
wkLbdj welqe
1. iIqvwgj cZi gvag wnmve `vwLjvi wewfb fzj iIqvwgji aviYv I ewk
wPwZ KiZ cvie| iIqvwgj cZKiY
2. wnmvei Zv hvPvB I fzj mskvab KiZ cvie| wnmve Aw I Awi kwYwefvM
AwbwZ wnmve I Aw mskvab `vwLjv
Aw mskvab cieZx iIqvwgj

cg Aavq : wnmvewevbi bxwZgvjv (Principles of Accounting) (07 wcwiqW )

wkLbdj welqe
1. wnmvewevbi KvVvgve aviYvi g~j Dcv`vbmg~ni wnmvewevbi bxwZgvjv
Drcwi KviY wPwZ KiZ cvie| bxwZgvjv cYqbKvix cwZvbmg~ni cwiPq
wnmvewevbi aviYv I c_vi cv_K
2. Avw_K weeiYx cZKiY wnmvewevbi bxwZgvjvi Avw_K weeiYx cZKiY wnmvewevbi bxwZgvjvi
cqvM KiZ cvie| cfve

l Aavq : cvc wnmvemg~ni wnmveiY (Accounting for Receivables) (07 wcwiqW )

wkLbdj welqe
1. wewfb aibi cvc wnmvemg~n wPwZ KiZ cvie| cvc wnmve I Gi cKvif`
cvc wnmvei g~jvqb
2. m`nRbK cvIbv mwwZK Abv`vqx cvIbv wnmve Abv`vqx cvIbv Ges m`nRbK cvIbv mwwZ
mg^q KiZ cvie| Abv`vqx cvIbv Ges m`nRbK cvIbv mwwZi
3. m`nRbK cvIbv mwwZK mg^qc~eK cvc wnmve wnmveiY
Zwi KiZ cvie|
4. AejvcbKZ Abv`vqx cvIbv Av`vq wnmvefy KiZ Abv`vqx cvIbv Av`vqi wnmveiY
cvie|
5. cvc wej cZ I weqi `vwLjv wnmvei eBZ cvc wej (Notes Receivable) I Gi cZKiY
wjwce KiZ cvie| cvc wej weq

mg Aavq : Kvhc (Worksheet) (15 wcwiqW )

wkLbdj welqe
1. g~jab I gybvdv RvZxq Avq I eq kbv Ki Kvhc Kvhc I Gi ewk
cZ KiZ cvie| g~jab I gybvdv RvZxq Avq-eqi aviYv
2. bM` wfwK I eKqvwfwK wnmveiYi cv_K bM`wfwK I eKqvwfwK wnmvewevb
wbicY KiZ cvie| Kvhc cZKiY
3. wnmvei eBZ h_vh_fve mg^q `vwLjv, mgvcbx mg^q `vwLjv
`vwLjv I wecixZ `vwLjv wjwce KiZ cvie| mgvcbx `vwLjv
wecixZ `vwLjv (Reversing Entry)

wnmvewevb GKv`k I v`k kwY cv 30

Ag Aavq : `kgvb I A`kgvb m`i wnmveiY (Accounting for Tangible and Intangible Assets) (10wcwiqW)
wkLbdj welqe
1. vqx m`i g~jvqb KiZ cvie| vqx m`i aviYv
vqx m`i g~jvqb
2. AePq avhi KviY evLv KiZ cvie| AePq avhi weeP welq
3. AePq avhi cwZ eYbv KiZ cvie|
4. mw wnmve, AePq wnmve I cywfzZ AePq wnmve AePq avhi I wnmvefyKiYi cwZ
h_vh_ cwZ Abyhvqx cZ KiZ cvie|
5. vqx m` weqRwbZ jvf/wZ wbicY KiZ vqx m` weq msv wnmveiY
cvie|
6. cvKwZK m` I A`kgvb mwi aviYv evLv cvKwZK m`
KiZ cvie| A`kgvb mw

beg Aavq : Avw_K weeiYx (Financial Statements) (20 wcwiqW )

wkLbdj
1. wewfb cKvi Avw_K weeiYx evLv KiZ cvie|
2. Avw_K weeiYxi iZ evLv KiZ cvie|
3. wek` Avq weeiYx cZ Ki gvU gybvdv, cwiPvjb
gybvdv I bxU gybvdv wbYq KiZ cvie|
welqe
Avw_K weeiYx I Gi wewfb Ask
wek` Avq weeiYx I Gi cZ cYvwj
( mev c`vbKvix cwZvbi Rb GKavc I cY q-
weqKvix cwZvbi Rb eavc wewk)

4. gvwjKvbv ^Z weeiYx Zwi Ki eemvqi m`i gvwjKvbv ^Z weeiYx I Gi cZ cYvwj

Dci gvwjKi gvU `vwe wbicb KiZ cvie|
5. kwY Abyhvqx m` I `vqi avivevwnKZv iv Ki
Avw_K Aevi weiiYx Zwi KiZ cvie|
vqx m`, wewbqvM, PjwZ m`, `xN gqvw` I
PjwZ `vqi cwiwPwZ
Avw_K Aevi weeiYx I Gi cZ cYvwj
cqvRbxq mg^q mvab Ki Avw_K weeiYx cZKiY

`kg Aavq : GKZidv `vwLjv cwZ (Single Entry System) (10 wcwiqW )
wkLbdj welqe
1. GKZidv `vwLjvi ewk eYbv KiZ cvie| GKZidv `vwLjv cwZ
2. GKZidv `vwLjv cwZi wfwZ eemvqi jvf-wZ jvf-wZ weeiYx I elwqK weeiYx cZKiY
Ges m`-`vqi cwigvY wbYq KiZ cvie|
3. GKZidv `vwLjvi AvswkKfve iwZ wnmve nZ wewfb Amgv Dcv`vbK (q, weq, `bv`vi I
Avq-eq wnmvejvi c~Yv Z_ wbicb KiZ cvIbv`vi) c~Yv Dcv`vb icvi
cvie| GKZidv `vwLjvq msiwZ wnmve `yZidv `vwLjvq
icvi

wnmvewevb GKv`k I v`k kwY cv 31

 6. wkvg QK
wZxq c

wnmvewevb GKv`k I v`k kwY cv 32

c_g Aavq : Aeemvqx cwZvbi wnmve (Accounting for Non-trading Concern (15 wcwiqW )
wkLbdj welqe
1. eemvqx I Aeemvqx cwZvbi cv_K eYbv KiZ Aeemvqx cwZvb I Gi ewk
cvie| eemvqx I Aeemvqx cwZvbi cv_K
2. cvw c`vb wnmve nZ Dcv msMn Ki Avq-eq cvw I c`vb wnmve Ges Avq-eq wnmvei cv_K
wnmve Zwi KiZ cvie| cvw I c`vb wnmve nZ Avq-eq wnmve cZKiY
3. gybvdvfvMx I AgybvdvfvMx cwZvbi cv_K wbicY gybvdvfvMx I AgybvdvfvMx cwZvbi wnmveiY
KiZ cvie|
4. ckvRxex eweMi Avq, eq, m` I `vqi wnmve ckv`vix eweMi wnmveiY
h_vh_ cwqvq Zwi KiZ cvie|
wZxq Aavq : Askx`vwi eemvqi wnmve (Accounting for Partnership Business) (20 wcwiqW )
wkLbdj welqe
1. Askx`vwi eemvqi Dcv`vbmg~ni evLv c`vb KiZ Askx`vwi eemvq Ges Gi ewk
cvie| Askx`vwi eemvq Dcv`vbmg~n
2. Pzwi AeZgvb Askx`vwi eemvqi AwggvsmxZ Pzwi AbycwwZZ Askx`vwi eemvqi wnmveiYi
welqmg~n wbw KiZ cvie| wbqgvewj
3. jvf-wZ Aveb wnmve Zwi Ki Askx`vi`i Askx`vwi eemvqi jvf-wZ Aveb wnmve
gybvdvi Ask wbYq KiZ cvie|
4. Askx`vi`i g~jab wnmve I Askx`vi`i PjwZ wnmve vqx I cwieZbkxj cwZZ Askx`vi`i g~jab
cZ KiZ cvie| wnmve cZKiY
Askx`vii PjwZ wnmve cZKiY

ZZxq Aavq : bM` cevn weeiYx (Cash Flow Statement) (10 wcwiqW )
wkLbdj welqe
1. eemvqi bM` cevni iZ evLv KiZ cvie| bM` cevn Ges Gi kwYwefvM
bM` cevn weeiYx I Gi ewk
2. bM` cevni kwYwebvmc~eK bM` cevn weeiYx bM` cevn weeiYxi Dk, iZ I cqvRbxqZv
cZ KiZ cvie| bM` cevn weeiYx cZKiY (civ cwZ)
PZz_ Aavq : h_g~jabx Kvvwbi g~jab (Capital of Joint Stock Company) (10 wcwiqW )
wkLbdj welqe
1. h_g~jabx Kvvwbi ewk evLv KiZ cvie| h_g~jabx Kvvwb I Gi ewk
2. h_g~jabx Kvvwbi kqvi, K Ges FYci kqvi, K I FYc
gaKvi cv_K wbicY KiZ cvie| kqvii kwYwefvM
kqvi I FYci cv_K
3. mgnvi, Awanvi I Aenvi kqvi Bmyi wnmveiY mgnvi, Awanvi I Aenvi kqvi Bmy
KiZ cvie|

wnmvewevb GKv`k I v`k kwY cv 33

cg Aavq :h_g~jabx Kvvwbi Avw_K weeiYx (Statement of Joint Stock Company) (20 wcwiqW )
wkLbdj welqe
1. h_g~jabx Kvvwbi Avw_K weeiYxi iZ Dcjw h_g~jabx Kvvwbi Avw_K weeiYx
KiZ cvie| Kvvwbi Avw_K weeiYx cZi Dk I
cqvRbxqZv
2. Kvvwbi mKj Avw_K weeiYx AvBbmZ KvVvgv Kvvwbi wek` Avq weeiYx I Gi cZ cYvwj
Abyhvqx Zwi KiZ cvie| (eavc)
Kvvwbi gvwjKvbv ^Z weeiYx I Gi cZ cYvwj
Kvvwbi Avw_K Aevi weeiYx I Gi cZ cYvwj
cqvRbxq mg^q mvab Ki Kvvwbi Avw_K weeiYx
cZKiY

l Aavq : Avw_K weeiYx weklY (Financial Statement Analysis) (07 wcwiqW )

wkLbdj welqe
1. Avw_K weeiYx weklYi iZ Abyaveb KiZ Avw_K weeiYx weklY I Gi cqvRbxqZv
cvie| AbycvZ weklY
2. cwZvbi Avw_K weeiYx weklYi gvag AZxZ, ^gqvw` FY cwikva gZv/Zviji AbycvZmg~n
eZgvb I fwelr Avw_K Aevi MwZ cKwZ g~jvqb jvf DcvRb gZvi AbycvZmg~n
Ki gZvgZ c`vb KiZ cvie| ^QjZvi AbycvZmg~n

mg Aavq : Drcv`b eq wnmve (Cost Accounting) (15 wcwiqW )

wkLbdj welqe
1. Drcv`b eq wnmvei Dk evLv KiZ cvie| Drcv`b eq
Drcv`b eq wnmve I Gi Dk
2. Drcv`b eq wnmve I Avw_K wnmvei cv_K wbYq Avw_K wnmve I Drcv`b eq wnmvei cv_K
KiZ cvie|
3. Drcv`b eqi Dcv`vbmg~ni gvag Drcv`b eq Drcv`b eqi Dcv`vb
weeiYx cZ Ki gvU Drcv`b eq I weqg~j Drcv`b eq wnmveP
wbaviY KiZ cvie| Drcv`b eq weeiYx cZKiY
4. wewa gvZveK `ic/Uvi cZ KiZ cvie| Uvi ev `ic cZKiY
5. gRywi I eZb weeiYx cZ KiZ cvie| gRywi I eZb
gRywi I eZbi Dcv`vb
gRywi I eZb weeiYx cZKiY

Ag Aavq : gRy` cYi wnmveiY cwZ (Accounting for Inventory) (08 wcwiqW )
wkLbdj welqe
1. gRy` cY g~jvqbi iZ Abyaveb KiZ cvie| gRy` cY
gRy` cY g~jvqbi iZ I cqvRbxqZv
2. gRy` cYi g~jvqbi cwZ AbymiY Ki gRy` gRy` cY g~jvqb cwZ
cYi cKZ gyj wbaviY KiZ cvie| AvM Avmj AvM hve (FIFO) I fvihy Mo
(Weighted Average) cwZZ gRy` cY g~jvqb

wnmvewevb GKv`k I v`k kwY cv 34

beg Aavq : eq I eqi kwYwefvM (Cost and its Classification) (05 wcwiqW )
wkLbdj welqe
1. eqi kwY wefvM KiZ cvie| eqi aviYv
eqi kwYwefvM
2. cZ I civ eq wPwZ Ki eq weeiYx cZ cZ I civ eq
KiZ cvie|
3. cY eq I Kvjxb eqi ga cv_K wbicY KiZ cY eq I Kvjxb eq
cvie|
4. wewfb aibi eq kbv KiZ cvie| wbqYhvM I AwbqYhvM eq
cwieZbkxj, vqx I wgk eq
5. eqi AvPiYMZ w`K Rb eevcKxq wmv MnY wmv MnY mwKZ eqmg~n
mnvqZv KiZ cvie| myhvM eq (Opportunity Cost)
Zzjbvg~jK eq (Differential Cost
wbgwZ eq (Sunk Cost)

`kg Aavq : eevcbv wnmvewevb cwiwPwZ (Introduction to Management Accounting) (15 wcwiqW )
wkLbdj
1. eevcbv wnmvewevbi iZ I cqvRbxqZv evLv
KiZ cvie|
2. weq evRU, Drcv`b evRU, KvuPvgvj q evRU,
cZ gRywi evRU Ges KviLvbv Dcwieq evRU
Zwi KiZ cvie|
3. cwieZbkxj I vqx LiPmg~n c_K Ki eq-cwigvY-
gybvdv mK wbYq KiZ cvie|
4. Avq Ges vqx I cwieZbkxj eqi wfwZ
KwUweDkb gvwRb, mgQ` we`y I wbivcv cv
wPwZ KiZ cvie|
5. eqi AvPiYMZ w`K weePbv Ki eevcKxq
wmv MnY civgk c`vb mg ne|
welqe
eevcbv wnmvewevb
eevcbv wnmvewevbi iZ I cqvRbxqZv
Avw_K wnmvewevb I eevcbv wnmvewevbi
cv_K
evRU I evRUxq wbqY
weq evRU, Drcv`b evRU, KvuPvgvj q evRU,
cZ gRywi evRU Ges KviLvbv Dcwieq evRU
eq-cwigvY-gybvdv (CVP) mK
KwUweDkb gvwRb (Contribution Margin)
mgQ` we`yy (Break Even Point)
wbivcv cv (Margin of Safety)

wnmvewevb GKv`k I v`k kwY cv 35

8. jLK`i Rb wekl wb`kbv

c_g Aavq

wnmvewevbi mvgwMK aviYv mnR fvlvq eYbv KiZ ne| Kvb wekli msv mivmwi DjL Kiv hve bv|
cqvRb wekli gZvgZi wfwZ eYbv ev evLv Kiv hZ cvi|

1. eemvqi fvlv wnmve wnmvewevb wKfve KvR Ki Zv D`vniYi gvag eYbv KiZ ne|
2. wnmvewevbi mvgwMK Dk I cqvRbxqZv (cwZvb, mgvR, iv I AvRvwZK) mnR fvlvq D`vniYi
gvag c_K c_K mvwiZ wjLZ ne| cqU AvKvi wjLeb bv| Dk I cqvRbxqZvi wfZi g~jeva I
Revew`wnZvi welqwU eYbv KiZ ne |
3. wnmve Z_ Kvb Kvb Dcvq eenvi nq Zv D`vniYi gvag eYbv Kieb| weklZ: cwZZ wKfve wnmve
msiY Kiv hvq Zv aviYv I iZ eYbv Kieb| wnmve Z_i eenviKvix`i AfixY I evwnK `yBfvM
wef Ki, cwZwU eenviKvix`i Kx Kx Z_ wnmvewevb mieivn Ki Zv mnR fvlvq eYbv KiZ ne |
4. jb`bi aviYv D`vniYi gvag mnR fvlvq eYbv KiZ ne |
5. jb`bi cKwZ I ewk D`vniYi gvag ^ I mnR fvlvq eYbv KiZ ne |
6. wnmve mgxKiYi aviYv, Zvrch I evLv DjL Kieb|
7. wnmve mgxKiY jb`bi cfve weeiYx QK D`vniYi gvag eYbv KiZ ne |
8. wnmve-Gi aviYv mnR fvlvq Dfq aibi QK DjLc~eK eYbv KiZ ne |
9. wnmvei kwYwefvM cPwjZ I AvaywbK Dfq cwZ D`vniYmn eYbv KiZ ne |
10. jb`bi viv wKfve wnmve LvZ cfvweZ nq Zv D`vniYi gvag eYbv KiZ ne | jb`bmg~n Ggbfve
wbevPb KiZ ne hvZ cwZwUi kwYi wnmvei cfve eySv hvq|
11. wnmvewevbi mv_ Abvb welqi mK D`vniYi gvag mnR fvlvq c_K c_K mvwiZ AvjvPbv KiZ ne|
wZxq Aavq

1. `yZidv `vwLjv cwZi aviYv D`vniYi gvag mnR fvlvq eYbv KiZ ne|
2. `yZidv `vwLjv cwZi mywbw` ewk I myweav AvjvPbv KiZ ne |
3. jb`bi viv cfvweZ wnmvei kwYK WweU I wWU wPwZ Kivi c~Yv cwqv mnR fvlvq, D`vniYmn
Ges chvqg AvjvPbv I evLv KiZ ne |
4. wnmveP I wnmvePi avcmg~ni aviYv mnR fvlvq eYbv Kieb| meRb^xKZ avcmg~n Pi Afy
KiZ ne |
5. wnmvei cv_wgK eB ev Rve`vi aviYv I hyMvchvMx kwYwefvM mnR fvlvq D`vniYmn eYbv Kieb| cwZwU
kwYi Rve`v cZ eeZ `wjji eenvi I bgybv c`vb KiZ ne |
6. Kvievwi evv I bM` evvi aviYv mnR fvlvq eYbv Kieb| wnmvei eBZ G`i cfve D`vniYmn evLv
KiZ ne |
7. wkvg DjwLZ cwZwU kwYi Rve`vi aviYv I cZ cYvjx mnR I cwic~Yfve D`vniYmn eYbv KiZ
ne | cwZwU kwYi Rve`vi 2/3wU ckmn mgvavb Ki `Lveb| AcPwjZ I Aeve jb`bi eenvi
m~Yfve cwinvi Kieb| AcwiwPZ I AcPwjZ ki mshvRb Ki welqeK KwVb I evaMgnxb
Kieb bv|
8. wnmvei P~ov eB ev LwZqvbi aviYv I iZ mnR fvlvq eYbv KiZ ne|
9. Dfq QK LwZqvb jb`b wjwce Kivi Ges D wbYqi cwqv D`vniYmn AvjvPbv KiZ ne|

wnmvewevb GKv`k I v`k kwY cv 36

ZZxq Aavq

1. evsK mg^q weeiYxi aviYv, Zvrch I Dk mnRfvlvq evLv KiZ ne |

2. bM`vb eB I evsK weeiYxi Di gvS Miwgji KviYmg~n D`vniYmn mnR fvlvq eYbv KiZ ne |
(cvmeB- K_vwU eenvi Kieb bv)
3. cwZwU Di wfwZ evsK mg^q weeiYx cZ Ki `Lveb| AcvmwK, Aeve I AcPwjZ KviY cwinvi
KiZ ne |
4. mskvwaZ cwZ I cPwjZ Dfq cwZZ weeiYx cZ Kivi cwqv I D`vniY DjL KiZ ne |
PZz_ Aavq
1. iIqvwgji aviYv I ewk mnRfvlvq eYbv KiZ ne |
2. iIqvwgj cZi wfw I cwqv mnR fvlvq eYbv KiZ ne | iIqvwgj h mKj `dv Afy ne bv Zvi
cwic~Y KviY I evLv D`vniYmn DjL KiZ ne |
3. LwZqvbi Di wfwZ iIqvwgj cZ Ki `LvZ ne|
4. wnmve h mKj Aw cwijwZ nq Zvi aviYv I kwYwefvM D`vniYmn eYbv KiZ ne|
5. wewfb Aevq D`&NvwUZ Aw mskvabi `vwLjv c`vbi wbqg I Kkj D`vniYmn AvjvPbv KiZ ne|
6. Aw mskvabi gvag AwbwZ wnmve wKfve e Kiv nq Zv D`vniYi gvag eYbv KiZ ne |
7. Aw mskvabi cieZx iIqvwgj Zwii c~Y cwqv D`vniYi gvag AvjvPbv KiZ ne |
cg Aavq

1. wnmvewevbi mvgwMK KgKv h mywbw`w bxwZgvjvi wfwZ cwiPvwjZ nq Zvi mnR evLv I aviYv w`Z
ne|
2. bxwZgvjv wbaviY, mskvab, cwieab I cwigvRb h mKj cwZvb wekevcx KvR Ki hvQ Zv`i cwiPq I
aviYv w`Z ne|
3. wnmvewevbi bxwZgvjv aviYv I c_v `yBfve wef Ki, mekl ^xKZ wbqg mnR fvlvq eYbv KiZ ne|
4. wnmvewevbi aviYv I c_vi cv_K eYbv KiZ ne |
5. Avw_K weeiYx cZ cwZwU bxwZi cfve D`vniYmn mnRfvlvq eYbv KiZ ne |
l Aavq

1. cvc wnmvei aviYv I cKvif` mnRfvlvq D`vniYmn eYbv KiZ ne |

(Accounts Receivable, Notes Receivable & other Receivable)
2. h mKj jb`bi viv cvc wnmvei nvm ew NU Zv wnmvefy Ki g~jvqb cwqv D`vniYmn eYbv
Kieb|
3. Abv`vqx cvIbv I m`nRbK cvIbv mwwZi aviYv D`vniYmn eYbv KiZ ne |
4. cvc wnmve Abv`vqx cvIbv I m`nRbK cvIbv mwwZi cfve wnmvefy Kivi cwqv D`vniYmn eYbv
KiZ ne |
5. AejvcbKZ Abv`vqx cvIbv Av`vqi wnmveiY cwqv D`vniYmn eYbv KiZ ne |
6. cvc wej (Notes Receivable) cZKiYi cvcU I cwqv mnR fvlvq eYbv Kieb| (A_msvbKvix
eZxZ)
7. cvcwej cZ cwqv, evv Av`vq, cZvLvb cfwZi Aev wnmvefyKiYi cwqv/cwZ D`vniYmn eYbv
KiZ ne |

wnmvewevb GKv`k I v`k kwY cv 37

mg Aavq

1. Kvhc-Gi aviYv I ewk eYbv KiZ ne |

2. g~jab I gybvdv RvZxq Avq I eqi aviYv D`vniYmn eYbv KiZ ne |
3. jb`bmg~nK g~jab I gybvdv RvZxqZ c_K Kivi KviY I Dcvq wevwiZ AvjvPbv Kieb, hvZ Ki
wkv_x ^qs G`i gaKvi cv_K wbicY KiZ cvi|
4. bM`wfwK (Cash basis) I eKqvwfwK (Account basis) wnmvewevbi D`vniYmn aviYv I evLv
c`vb KiZ ne |
5. Kvhc Zwii cwqv D`vniYmn AvjvPbv KiZ ne |
6. mg^q `vwLjv c`vbi wbqg I cwZ D`vinYmn eYbv KiZ ne |
7. mgvcbx I wecixZ/cvv `vwLjv D`vniYmn eYbv KiZ ne |
Ag Aavq

1. `kgvb I A`kgvb vqx m`i aviYv D`vniYmn eYbv KiZ ne |

2. vqx m` g~jvqbi bxwZgvjv I wnmvefy Kivi cwqv D`vniYmn eYbv KiZ ne |
3. vqx m`i AePq-Gi aviYv, AePq avhi KviY I weeP welq mnR fvlvq eYbv KiZ ne |
4. AePq avhi I wnmvefy Kivi cwZ D`vniYmn AvjvPbv KiZ ne | (AePq, avhi Rb cywf~Z AePq
wnmve)
5. vqx m` q I weq msv `vwLjv wnmvefy Kivi cwqv eYbv KiZ ne |
6. wewfb cKvi cvKwZK m`-Gi aviYv I g~jvqb cwqvi AvjvPbv KiZ ne (MvwYwZK mgmv eZxZ)
7. wewfb A`kgvb mwi-Gi aviYv I g~jvqb cwqv AvjvPbv KiZ ne (MvwYwZK mgmv eZxZ)
beg Aavq

1. q-weq wnmve I jvf-wZ wnmveqi cwieZ wek` Avq weeiYxi aviYv I cZ cYvjx D`vniYmn eYbv
KiZ ne|
2. gvwjKvbv ^Z weeiYxi aviYv I cZ cYvjx D`vniYmn eYbv Kieb|
3. D`Zc-Gi cwieZ Avw_K Aevi weeiYxi aviYv I cZ cYvjx D`vniYmn eYbv Kieb|
`kg Aavq

1. GKZidv `vwLj cwZZ msiwZ wnmveK `yZidv `vwLjvq icvii mvaviY I mnR cwqvmg~ni cv_wgK
AvjvPbv KiZ ne|
2. cvqvwMK mgmv mnR ii ga mxgve _vKe| DP gvawgK chvq wkv_xK ay GB aviYvi ga
mxgve ivLZ ne h, GKZidv `vwLjv cwZZ msiwZ wnmveK icvi Kiv me|

wnmvewevb GKv`k I v`k kwY cv 38

 wZxq c
c_g Aavq

1. Aeemvqx cwZvbi aviYv I ewk mnR fvlvq D`vniYi gvag eYbv Kieb|
2. eemvqx I Aeemvqx cwZvbi cv_K, gybvdvfvMx I AgybvdvfvMx cwZvbi D`vniYmn eYbv
eYbv Kieb |
3. cvw I c`vb wnmve I Avq-eq wnmvei aviYv I cZcYvjx Ges cv_K eYbv KiZ ne|
4. AgybvdvfvMx cwZvb (Kve, mwgwZ, nvmcvZvj, agxq I `vZe cwZvb, wkv cwZvb BZvw`) Ges
ckv`vix eweMi (Wvvi, DwKj, Dc`v, cKkjx BZvw`) wnmveiY|
wZxq Aavq
1. Askx`vwi eemvqi aviYv I ewk mnR fvlvq eYbv KiZ ne |
2. Askx`vwi eemvqi Dcv`vbmg~n mnR fvlvq eYbv KiZ ne |
3. Askx`vwi eemvq MVbi avivevwnK Kvhmg~ni wevwiZ AvjvPbv Kieb| (Pzw, KZe, `vwqZ,
wbeb BZvw`)
4. wwZkxj I cwieZbkxj cwZZ g~jab (Askx`vi`i) wnmve cZi aviYv I cwZ eYbv KiZ
ne |
5. Askx`vi`i mswk `dv (g~jab, Dvjbi my`, Askx`vi c` FYi my`, weePbvc~eK jvf-wZ
Aveb wnmve cZ Ki Askx`vi`i gvS jvf-wZ eb cwqv AvjvPbv KiZ ne |
6. Askx`vi`i PjwZ wnmvei aviYv I cZ cYvjx eYbv KiZ ne |
ZZxq Aavq

1. bM` cevn-Gi aviYv I evLv mnR fvlvq AvjvPbv KiZ ne|

2. bM` cevni kwYwefvM D`vniYmn eYbv KiZ ne|
3. bM` cevn weeiYx cZi Dk, iZ I cqvRbxqZv mnR fvlvq mywbw` fve AvjvPbv KiZ
ne|
4. bM` cevn weeiYx cZKiYi wbqgvewj mnR fvlvq I AvKlYxqfve eYbv KiZ ne |
5. MvwYwZK mgmvmg~n mvaviY chvq mxgve _vKZ ne|
(RwUj I DP chvqi Kvb mgmv Afy Kiv hve bv)
6. bM` cevn weeiYx cZi cZ cwZ eZgvb cPwjZ AvQ| cZ cwZi c~Yv AvjvPbvi
cvkvcvwk civ cwZi msw aviYv c`vb KiZ ne|
PZz_ Aavq

1. h_g~jabx Kvvwbi aviYv I ewk eYbv KiZ ne |

2. kqvi, K I FYc mK D`vniYmn AvjvPbv KiZ ne |
3. kqvi I FYci kwYwefvM Ges Zv`i gaKvi cv_K eYbv KiZ ne|
4. cvBgvwi kqvi (mgnvi, Awanvi ev Aenvi) BmyKiYi I wnmveiYi cPwjZ cwqv eYbv KiZ
ne (wKwZ BmyKiY m~Y cwinvi Kieb)|
l Aavq
1. h_g~jabx Kvvwbi Avw_K weeiYxmg~n wek` Avq weeiYx, gvwjKvbv ^Z weeiYx I Avw_K Aevi
weeiYx GB wZbwU Ask cZi cqvRbxq AvjvPbv KiZ ne|
2. MvwYwZK mgmvi mgvavb KiZ ne|

wnmvewevb GKv`k I v`k kwY cv 39

cg Aavq

1. Avw_K weeiYx weklYi aviYv I cqvRbxqZv ev iZ eYbv KiZ ne |

2. AbycvZ weklYi aviYv, iZ I mxgveZvmg~n eYbv KiZ ne |
3. ^gqvw` FY cwikva gZv hvPvBqi Rb cPwjZ AbycvZmg~ni cqvRbxq AvjvPbv I AbycvZ
wbYqi cwqv eYbv KiZ ne |
4. jvf DcvRb gZv I ^QjZvi AbycvZmg~ni cqvRbxq AvjvPbv I wbYq cwqv mnRfve
AvjvPbv KiZ ne|

mg Aavq

1. Drcv`b eq wnmve Gi aviYv I Dk Ges cqvRbxqZv mnR fvlvq eYbv KiZ ne |

2. Avw_K wnmve I Drcv`b eq wnmvei mK Ges cv_K mnR fvlvq eYbv KiZ ne|
3. Drcv`b eqi Dcv`vbmg~ni aviYv D`vniYmn eYbv KiZ ne|
4. Drcv`b eq wnmvePi aviYv c`vb KiZ ne|
5. Drcv`b eq wbicY (Drcv`b eq weeiYx, wexZ cYi eq weeiYx Ges wek` Avq weeiYx)
cwqvi AvjvPbv I cZ cYvjx|
6. `ic g~j wbaviYi cwqv I weeiYx cZ,
7. gRywi I eZbi aviYv I Dcv`vb mg~ni eYbv
8. gRywi, eZb weeiYx cZKiYi cPwjZ I AvaywbK wbqg I cwZ|

Ag Aavq

1. gRy` cYi aviYv I g~jvqbi iZ I cwZ D`vniYmn eYbv KiZ ne|

2. FiFo I Weighted Average GB `ywU cwZ, cZ cYvjx I D`vniY DjL KiZ ne|

beg Aavq

1. eqi aviYv mnR fvlvq D`vniYi gvag AvjvPbv KiZ ne|

2. wkvg DjwLZ cwZwU eqi aviYv, iZ I cwZvbi wewfb G`i cfve D`vniYmn
AvjvPbv KiZ ne|
3. wewfb kwYi eqi cwigvY nZ wbw` eq wPwZKiY/c_KxKiY|
4. GB Aavq ay MvwYwZK welq Acv wewfb kwYi eqi mv_ wkv_x`i cv_wgKfve cwiPq
Kivbv Dk ne|

wnmvewevb GKv`k I v`k kwY cv 40

`kg Aavq

1. wnmvewevbi AbZg kvLv wnmve eevcbv wnmvewevbi aviYv, iZ I cqvRbxqZv mnR fvlvq
D`vniYi gvag eYbv KiZ ne|
2. Avw_K I eevcbv wnmvewevbi gaKvi cv_K mnRfve Dcvcb KiZ ne|
3. evRU I evRUxq wbqYi aviYv I iZ eYbv KiZ ne|
4. weq evRU, Drcv`b evRU, KvuPvgvj q evRU, cZ gRywi evRU Ges KviLvbv Dcwieq
evRUmg~ni aviYv, cqvRbxqZv eYbv Kieb|
5. evRU cZi wbqgvewj D`vniYmn eYbv KiZ ne| evRU cZKiY RwUj I DP chvqi
mgmv cwinvi KiZ ne|
6. mnR mgmv mgvavbi gvag evRU Zwii cv_wgK aviYv c`vb ch mxgve _vKZ ne|
7. eq-cwigvY gybvdv mK aviYv mnR fvlvq D`viYi gvag eYbv KiZ ne|
8. KwUweDkb gvwRb, mgQ` we`y I wbivcv cv mK mnR fvlvq D`vniYmn AvjvPbv KiZ
ne|
9. KwUweDkb gvwRb, mgQ` we`y I wbivcv cv wbYqi wbw` mnR m~ I MYbv cwqv eYbv KiZ
ne|
10. KvwZ gybvdv ARb msv mgmv Afy Kiv hve bv| m~mg~n eenvic~eK weqg~j,
cwieZbkxj eq, vqx eq I gybvdv wbYq Kiv me nZ ne|

wnmvewevb GKv`k I v`k kwY cv 41

9. jLK`i Rb mvaviY wb`kbv

wnmvewevb welqwU GKv`k I v`k kwYi eemvq wkv kvLvi Rb GKwU iZc~Y welq| welqwUi Rb 200 b^i
eiv ivLv nqQ| c_g c 100 b^i Ges wZxq c 100 b^i| cwZ ci Rb 140 wcwiqW eiv AvQ| cwZwU
wcwiqWi evw 60wgwbU| wnmvewevb welqi wkvg wkLbdj Ges welqe Ggbfve cYqb Kiv nqQ hb
eivKZ 280 wcwiqW (cwZ c 140 wcwiqW) wkv_xiv mejv wkLbdj ARb KiZ cvi| wnmvewevb welqi
wkvg wkv_xKw`K wkLb kLvbv (Learner centred teaching learning) cwZ mycvwik Kiv nqQ| MZvbyMwZK
gyL Kivi ceYZvK wbirmvwnZ Kiv nqQ| wK wkLZ ne Zvi cwieZ wKfve wkLZ ne Gi cwZ iZ
Avivc Kiv nqQ|

wnmvewevb welqi cvVcyKwU iPbvi myweav_ jLKMYK wbewYZ wb`kbvjv AbymiYi Abyiva Kiv nj|

1. cvmwKZv
wkv_xiv hv wkLe Zvi cvmwKZv hb Zviv Abyaveb KiZ cvi- jLKK G welqwU iZmnKvi
weePbv KiZ ne|
wkLb welqwU wkv_x`i `bw`b Rxebi AwfZvi mv_ mKhy nZ ne|
wkv_xi Pvi cvk msNwUZ wewfb NUbv D`vniY wnmve eenvi KiZ ne| GZ wkv_x eve Rxebi
mv_ wkvi cvmwKZv LuyR cve|

2. AvKlY
wkLb welqwU AekB AvKlYxq ev Avb``vqK nZ ne|
wkLbK Ggbfve Dcvcb KiZ ne hb Zv wkv_x`i gbvhvM AvKlY Ki Ges Zv`i ga Drmvn
mw nq|
3. h_v_Zv
cvVwelq jLvi mgq AekB wkv_x`i gvbwmK eqmi (Mental Age) mv_ DchvMx Ki wjLZ ne|
wewfb gvbi (Different abilities) wkv_x`i kLvi myhvMi cwZ j ivLZ ne A_vr wkv_x`i Rb
KvwVbi wewfb ii (Different level of difficulty) DchvMx cvV _vKe|
welqe mwVK nZ ne A_vr Z, Z_, Dcv, wP, Dcgv , D`vniY wbfyj, mvwZK I mvgmc~Y nZ
ne|

4. Dcjw Kivi DchvwMZv

wkLb welqjv mnRfve PjwZ fvlvq evaMg Ki ZyjZ ne|
wkv_xi eqm DchvMx mnR I mij fvlv eenvi KiZ ne|
wkLb welqjv AekB hywmsMZ I evaMg AbyQ` wef ne| G wkLbdji Pvwn`vK
iZmnKvi weePbv KiZ ne|

wnmvewevb GKv`k I v`k kwY cv 42

 5. wkvg QK
GB QK Aavqi Rb eivKZ wcwiqW msLv, wkLbdj, welqe `Iqv AvQ|
wkv_x`i c~ecvV/AwfZv Ges PbvRvbv/Rxeb Nwb D`vniY/Qwe w`q 3-5 evKi ga GKwU f~wgKv
w`q g~j cvVi jLv i KiZ ne| wkv_x`i c~e AwfZv/welqe mswk cki gvag jLv i
Kiv evbxq|

wkvg QKi cwZwU Aavq eywexq (Abymvbg~jK/cixYmn), gbvcwkR I AveMxq i

wkLbdj chvqg DjL Kiv nqQ| Ze eywexq welqe Dcvcbvi mgq jLKK Gi mv_ mswk
gbvcwkR I AveMxq wkLbdjK mgw^Z Ki wjLZ ne|
cwZwU Aavvqi Rb eivKZ gvU wcwiqWi 30 kZvsk mgq wkv_x`i kwY KgKvi (Abymvbg~jK
/cixY/eenvwiK KvR BZvw`) Rb eiv _vKe| mswk wkLbKvhg PjvKvjxb Abymvbg~jK/cixY/
eenvwiK KvR mb ne| Abymvbg~jK/cixY/eenvwiK KvRmn wkv_xi nvZ Kjg wewfb KgKvK
e Ki w`Z ne|
cixY/eenvwiK KvR Kivi Rb Kvb Avjv`v eenvwiK eB _vKe bv| KvRB cixY/eenvwiK KvRwU
h_vh_fve mb Kivi Rb mswk welqei mv_B cixY/eenvwiK msKv cqvRbxq wb`kbv w`Z
ne| G cixY/eenvwiK KvRwUi KgcwZ, KvRi aviv ev cwqv, DcKiY BZvw` mK
wb`kbv _vKe| cixY/ eenvwiK/ Abymvbg~jK KvRwU hvZ mnRjf DcKiYi mvnvh Ges
vbxqfve mb Kiv nq Zvi w`K j ivLZ ne| cixY/Abymvbg~jK KvRi mgq [wcwiqWi
msLv] e DjL KiZ ne|
cwZwU Aavqi c_g cvi Wvb cvk welq mswk iZc~Y k (Key word) DjL KiZ ne|
cvV weePbv Ki cvVcyK wjLZ ne| Aavq DjwLZ wcwiqW msLvK cvV msLv weePbv KiZ
ne| cwZwU Aavq wcwiqWi msLv Ges Aavq ZvwK/nvZKjg/eenvwiK/Abymvbg~jK KvRi Rb
cqvRbxq wcwiqW weePbv Ki Aavqi cv msLv wbaviY KiZ ne|

cwZwU cvVK Ggbfve web KiZ ne (wP, Mvd, WvUv, MvwYwZK evLv BZvw` w`q) hb wkv_xiv
mRbkxj, mwkxj Ges wPb gZv ewi myhvM cvq|
cvVi wewfb Ask ck/wqv/ Kg/nvZ Kjg KvR (Activities) _vKe hjv Abykxjbi gvag
wkLbdj ARb wbwZ ne| wqvKgmg~n nZ cvi hgb cwZe`b Zwi, mvimsc cYqb, cvvi
Zwi Kiv, WBs, mgmv mgvavb, nvZKjg cixY, `jMZ AvjvPbv, weZK BZvw`| nvZ Kjg KvRmn
wkv_xi wewfb KgKvK e Ki w`Z ne| chvR KvRi wb`kbvI GZ _vKe|
cixY/Abymvbg~jK KvRi mgq [wcwiqWi msLv] e DjL KiZ ne| cixY/Abymvbg~jK
KvRmg~n mnRjf Ges vbxqfve Kiv hvq Ggb DcKiYi eenviK cvavb w`Z ne|
welqei webvm I Dcvcbv Ggbfve KiZ ne hvZ wkv_xiv AveMxq i wkLbdj ARb KiZ
cvi|

wnmvewevb GKv`k I v`k kwY cv 43

 D`vniY, Qwe BZvw`i Rvi mgZv eRvq ivLZ ne|

MZvbyMwZK avivq gyL Ki cixvq cwZ bIqvi eZgvb ceYZvK m~Yic cwinvi Kivi j eBZ
mivmwi Zwi Ki `Iqv, QK cv_K wjL `Iqv wKsev Kvb cki Di mvwRq `Iqv hve bv| msv
gyL Kivi cwieZ Dcgv-D`vniYi gvavg aviYv ARbi eev _vKZ ne|

cwZwU Aavq kl cavb cavb kwfwK (Key Word) GKwU mvi msc (Recapitulations) _vKe|

6. cvVeBqi KvVvgv
c_g I wZxq Dfq ci Rb `ywU c_K cvVcyK ne
cwZwU cyK cv msLv ne 300, Ze 10% nvm ev 10% ew nZ cvi
d mvBR 13 cqU nZ ne
jvBb m 1.5 ne
cvzwjwci mvBR 1/8 wWwm (20-30)/(22-32) ne
KbUU Gwiqv ne (8.5-5.75) ev (9.5- 6.25)

wnmvewevb GKv`k I v`k kwY cv 44