CHAPTER -1

OBJECTIVES

1
OBJECTIVES

1. To design and construct a simple model of an automatic gate controller.

2. To develop a simple model that can be transformed into a bigger project.
3. To understand the role of IC 555 in automatic gate controller.
4. To understand the concepts involved in working of automatic gate controller.
5. To study the various applications of automatic gate controller.
6. The objective of this project is to design an automatic gate mechanism for
residential home with double gate leaf with weight of 100 kg for each side of the
gate.
7. Cost reduction and ease of installation are also considered for this mechanism.

2
 CHAPTER -2
INTRODUCTION

3
 INTRODUCTION

2.1 BACKGROUND

Gates are commonly used nowadays at residential area. A gate is a point of entry
to a space enclosed by walls, or an opening in a fence. Gates may prevent or control entry
or exit, or they may be merely decorative. Today many gate doors are opened by an
automated gate operator. Those gates come with many special features. The need for
automatic gates has been on the increase in recent times. The system described here
incorporates the use of actuator to control the movement of the gate automatically. The
automatic gate described here automates the entrances to parking lots of residential
homes, organizations, automobile terminus, and public car parks. It uses a remote control
convenience to avoid the stress of manually opening and closing the gate. The technology
used eliminates gate monitoring and manning by human beings. The gates have to
perform gyrations by open, auto reverse, stop, fully close and fully stop. It provides
convenient access and intelligent features that makes it distinct from all other gates which
bring it so close to a security device. Those gates come with different type of mechanism
such as sliding, swing, folding, and barrier gate. Those mechanisms have their own
working principle and feature but, automatic gate design seem limited at the local market.
Most of the product is imported from outsider supplier. The price of the product also
seems expensive. Cost study and new mechanism design, can be marketable toward
wider customer at lower cost and new innovation of auto gate mechanism can enhance
local design capability.

2.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

Nowadays, the automatic gate mechanisms have been improved and developed with
different kind of features. These features have increased the product cost and this cost
does not include the installation cost. Many people especially with low income could not
afford to purchase the gate mechanism. The gate mechanism needs a very skillful or

4
trained person to install the mechanism to the gate. Some gate mechanisms also need to
be attached with rail on the ground, this seems to be inconvenience and need a lot of
work force to install the track. Development of automatic gate mechanism should help in
term of cost reduction and ease of installation.
2.3 PROJECT SCOPES

The scopes for this project are to study about several types of automatic gate mechanism
and to understand the working principle in term of movement. Those mechanisms include
swing gate type mechanism, sliding gate type mechanism and folding swing type
mechanism. Design and sketches in rough view, are compared between those designs and
the best is chosen. The design should consider about the portability and cost. Based on
the design, a prototype is constructed for mechanism rough view. Finite element analysis
using ALGOR software is to determine the critical failure part of the mechanism. This is
to ensure the mechanism can withstand high torque.

2.4 EXPECTED OUTCOME

Designed and fabrication of automatic gate mechanism should be reliable, easy to

maintain, safe to operate and less in cost compared to other types of automatic gates. The
automatic gate mechanism should also be able to function properly when installed on
normal gate with weight of 100kg.

2.5 LIMITATION

The limitation for this project is hard to collect data about the automatic gate mechanism.
Automatic gate are normally for commercial purpose and it is impossible for the product
company to expose their own design and working principle of the product.

5
 CHAPTER -3
LITERATURE REVIEW

6
 LITERATURE REVIEW
3.1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter will provide the detail description literature review done according to title of
design of automatic gate mechanism. Automatic gate mechanisms act as the actuator part
for the gate system and provide motion in order to open or closed the gate. The on-board
circuit board receives a signal from an access control (like a keypad or a control) and tells
the automatic gate opener to open or close the gate, reverse it if an obstacle is in its path.
The automatic gate mechanism available type includes arm type for swing gate, rack and
pinion sliding type, and cubic underground automatic systems for swing gates.

3.2 GATE OPERATOR

A gate operator is a mechanical device used to open and close a gate, such as one at the
end of a driveway. There are two main types of electric gate openers hydraulic or
electromechanical; these can be further split into the following categories, worm (or
screw) driven, arm openers and underground openers. Automatic and Electric Gate
operators are designed for both swinging and sliding gates. They can be programmed to
open and close with a wireless transmitter or a manual device. Low Voltage Automatic
Gate openers can also be fitted with solar panels to ensure function during loss of
electricity or blackouts.

3.3 GATE DESIGN CONSIDERATION

A gate is a potential traffic hazard, so it is important that you locate the gate far enough
away from the road to eliminate the potential of traffic getting backed up. This distance is
affected by the size of the gate, how often it is used, and how fast the gate operates. The
operator you choose to install on your gate must be designed for the type and size of your
gate and for the frequency with which you use the operator. Gate must be properly
installed and must work freely in both directions before the automatic operator is
installed. An automatic operator should be installed on the inside of the property/fence
line. Do not install the operator on the public side of the property/fence line. Pedestrians
should not use a vehicular gate system. Prevent such inappropriate use by installing

7
separate gates for pedestrians. Exposed, reachable pinch points on a gate are potentially
hazardous and must be eliminated or guarded. Outward swinging gates with automatic
operators should not open into a public area. The operating controls for an automatic gate
must be secured to prevent the unauthorized use of those controls. The controls for an
automatic gate should be located far enough from the gate so that a user cannot
accidentally touch the gate when operating the controls. An automatic gate operator
should not be installed on a gate if people can reach or extend their arms or legs through
the gate. Such gates should be guarded or screened to prevent such access (Automated
Gates Ltd. 2009).

3.4 AUTOMATIC GATE SYSTEM NORMAL DESIGN

Figure 3.1: Automatic gate component

Hand held remotes, are radio transmitters. Use to control gate opening/closing for a
certain range. Gate openers refer to the gate mechanism or actuators that use to provide
motion for the gate opening and closing activities. Next automatic gate control to
seriously consider is the keypad. It will allow visitors without remotes to enter the
property with a numeric code. The codes are easily programmed and may be changed

8
frequently. These units are designed for all weather conditions (Prestige Door and Gates
Ltd .2008).

A visitor leaving the property needs to open the gate. One way is to have a keypad
on the inside, or a simple push button that will open the gate. More convenient is the exit
sensor. An exit sensor is buried alongside the driveway and detects moving metal. A
vehicle, motorcycle or bicycle passing the sensor will open the automatic gate. It will also
sense a lawn mower and some childrens toys and may not be the best choice for every
situation. Receive signal form the remote and respond to it. The signal then will be
processing for gate opening (Prestige Door and Gates Ltd .2008).

3.5 TYPES OF AUTOMATIC GATE MECHANISM AND OPENERS

When you are thinking about installing a gate for your business or for home use, you will
probably want to think about what type of gate opener you will want to install. When you
or your drivers are bringing in or taking out loads, a gate opener makes things a lot easier.
There will be no need to get out of your vehicle, open the gate, pull in, and then get out
again closing the gate. With just a push of a button or putting in a security code, the gate
will open and close behind you. Several types of businesses use gate openers. Some
storage unit facilities use sliding gate openers for security, requiring customers to put in a
code to open the gate. Security tight apartment complexes use electric openers for
security and convenience as well.

9
 Figure 3.2: Automatic Gate

When you are considering an automatic gate opener, you need to decide whether you
want a gate to swing open or to slide open when you need to get in. The convenience and
security of a gate opener not only offers ease and convenience, but the security of
installing a gate opener keeps interlopers from being able to get vehicles in to take things
off of your property.

It is important that you plan carefully because it is very expensive to install a gate opener.
You need to make sure that you get the right one, because of the cost involved if the one
you purchase does not fit your needs. This is not something you can go into in a
haphazard way. Do your research, know exactly what you want and get advice from
professionals to make your experience as stress-free as possible. There are several styles
and options from which to choose, so plan everything with careful consideration.

10
 There are a lot of mechanisms in market. The mechanisms of automatic gate also
refer to the actuator. Mechanism is the component for automatic gate that provide
movement.

3.5.1. Sliding Gate Openers

The sliding gate is built to run parallel with your fence lines, thus taking up less room to
save space. Some sliding gate openers come with a single operator, which is used when
you have only one gate. However, if you have a double gate, you will need to have two
operators, as each gate will require its own separate operator.

Figure3.3 Sliding gate

When considering a sliding gate opener, you must consider how much you expect your
gate opener to be used. If it will just be for light use, such as for your home or for light
use in your business, you will be able to purchase a gate opener built for lighter use.

11
However, if your gate opener will be subjected to heavy daily usage, you will need to
purchase a more heavy duty gate opener that can stand up to the daily use.

Many choose the sliding gate openers for their driveways because cars will be parked
right inside the gates on the driveway. A swinging gate would not be suitable for a
driveway gate because cars would have to be parked far enough out of the way to keep
from getting hit by the swinging gate.

The sliding gate will slide open along tracks that have been placed across the driveway
and the operator uses a cog that fits perfectly into the tracks that are toothed, allowing the
cog to slide easily when opening.

Many sliding gate opener reviews have been good, mentioning the ease of installation
and satisfaction with the overall performance of the opener. You might want to consider
researching a gate opener buyers guide to help you find the right gate for your purposes.

Aleko is great provider of gate openers that the discerning buyer should look into. Aleko
also thinks green with the production of their solar panels that run gate openers. Check
out a gate opener buyers guide to see what you can find out about solar panel powered
swing gate openers. They also have swing gate openers that have back-up batteries in
case there is a power failure so that your swing gate will open whenever you need it to
open.

3.5.2 Swing Gate Openers

Swing gate openers are built to be durable and have the power to swing the heaviest
gates. One great addition to having an automatic gate opener is the US underground
sensor, which is installed under the ground in a strategic spot so that your gate will open
automatically for you to go through and close after you have cleared the gate. This could
be a great addition and it is a great time-saver. No more getting out in inclement weather
to open and close those pesky gates.

12
 Figure 3.4: Swing gate

Swing gates usually work more quietly and have less repair issues because there are not
as many moving parts as are found in slide gates. However, as stated before, the area
where you are considering a gate opener may be small and tight, therefore, not suitable
for a swing gate. Also, if the drive is on a slope, the swing gate would not be the best
choice.

US Automatic offers some solid, heavily built gate openers which have received five star
ratings from a majority of customers. US Automatic builds gate openers that can satisfy
any customers needs.

While swing gates for residential uses are lighter, heavy wrought iron gates are made for
those heavy duty jobs where gates will be opening and closing on a frequent daily basis.
Choose from electric, battery and solar powered gate openers.

3.5.3. Dual Gate Openers

Mighty Mule makes a very heavy duty dual gate opener easily opens those large double
gates. You can check out the specifications of dual gate openers online to find out exactly
what dimensions you need to install. According to reviews, and

13
the manufacturers promises, the gate openers are easily installed within 2-3 hours. You
get a heavy duty fix for a few hours of your time. And just think of the time you can save
from not having to get in and out of vehicles, as well as finally being able to stay out of
bad weather.

Figure 3.5: Dual swing gate

You can also find some good quality dual gate openers from Aleko, so dont forget to
check out their assortment of gate openers and their solar panel gate opener power. They
make quality dual gate openers that are reliable and will fit anyones needs.

Of course, US Automatic manufactures quality dual gate openers with your choice of
electric powered and battery powered openers that rate right up there with the best of gate
opener manufacturers. These gate openers are both heavy duty and reliable, able to stand
up to any amount of use you can throw at them.

Just as with other types of gate openers, before you purchase your dual gate opener from
anyone, make sure you know all of your specifications so that you dont

14
waste time buying an opener that does not fit your needs. This would not only be a big
waste of time for you, but would also be quite an expense on your finances.

When you get ready to get those gate openers, you need to make sure that the spot where
you intend to install them is near a 110 Volt AC power source. Of course, you can always
buy solar powered dual gate openers if no 110 Volt AC power source is available.

No matter the company you choose to buy your gate openers from, make sure that you
read reviews from other customers. You will want to know about the quality and ease of
installation. Also find out if the company provides good service if something quits
working. Its your gate, so take charge and get it right the first time.

3.5.4 Linear Drive with Screw Drive and Piston Rod

This is the arm type automatic gate mechanism for swing gate. This mechanism using
screw driven piston type where actuated by hydraulic cylinder. This type of mechanism
produce Accurate path and position control, High force output use for heavy duty
automatic gate with extra weight, provided with self-locking system, Ideal for level
regulation, lifting and other applications with intermittent operations (Parker Hannifin
Corporation. 2008).

Installation instructions, Use the threaded holes in the free end cap and a mid-section
support close to the motor end for mounting the linear actuator. The linear actuator can be
fitted in any position. To prevent contamination such as fluid ingress, the actuator should
be fitted with its sealing band facing downwards (Parker Hannifin Corporation. 2008).

Maintenance, all moving parts are long-term lubricated for a normal operational
environment. This arm type automatic mechanism product recommends a check and
lubrication of the linear drive, and if necessary a change of wear parts, after an operation
time of 12 months or 300 km travel of distance. Please refer to the operating instructions
supplied with the drive (Parker Hannifin Corporation. 2008).

15
 Figure 3.6: Screw driver and piston rod for swing gate

Figure 3.7: Screw driver and piston rod mechanism for the low part

16
 Figure 3.8: Screw driver and piston rod mechanism for the upper part

3.5.5 Cubic Underground Automatic Systems for Swing Gates

Valuable gates or those of a special design require "invisible" automatic

systems in order to avoid altering their aesthetic appearance. The standard
underground Cubic range, designed to be positioned so that it is aligned with the
hinge of the leaf, amply satisfies such requirements because it is easy to insert
beneath existing paving, especially when this is of high value. However,
sometimes stone or granite paving may heavily condition the positioning of a
hinge aligned buried automatic system. The alternative Cubic Flexi range has
been created to solve this problem, and is extremely flexible in its installation. This
type of mechanism was drive by motor to actuate the arm (MAG Malaysia
Automatic Gate. 2005).

Features, Good quality with MAG system major components are made of
top grade tough, durable and rust resistance material, Fast and silent where the
actuator is capable for 90 opening within only 8 to 10 seconds and is
exceptionally quiet in operation, Last longer. Gear box is submerged in oil bath for
more protection.
 CHAPTER -4

18
PRINCIPLE, COMPONENT AND
MODEL DESIGN PRINCIPLE,
COMPONENTS AND MODEL DESIGN
4.1 PRINCIPLE

This automatic gate control is based upon principle of RACK and PINION. Rack
and pinion is a type of linear actuator that comprises a pair of gears which
converts rotational motion into linear motion. The circular gears called the
PINION engages teeth on a linear gear bar called the track. Rotational motion
applied to the pinion, thereby translating the rotational motion of the pinion into
linear motion.

Figure 4.1 Gear

Figure 4.2 Electric Motor

19
4.2 COMPONENTS USED

The various components used in making the model of automatic gate controller are listed
below:

4.2.1 IC 555

The 555 timer IC is an integrated circuit (chip) used in a variety of timer, pulse
generation, and oscillator applications. The 555 can be used to provide time delays, as
an oscillator, and as a flip-flop element. Derivatives provide up to four timing circuits in
one package.

Introduced in 1971 by American company Signe tics, the 555 is still in widespread use
due to its low price, ease of use, and stability. It is now made by many companies in the
original bipolar and also in low-power CMOS types. As of 2003, it was estimated that
1 billion units are manufactured every year.[1]

Figure 4.3 Pins

20
 Figure 4.4: Pin out diagram

Table 4.1 The connection of the pins for a DIP

Pi
Name Purpose
n

1 GND Ground reference voltage, low level (0 V)

The OUT pin goes high and a timing interval starts when this input falls
2 TRIG below 1/2 of CTRL voltage (which is typically 1/3 VCC, CTRL being
2/3 VCC by default if CTRL is left open).

3 OUT This output is driven to approximately 1.7 V below +VCC, or to GND.

A timing interval may be reset by driving this input to GND, but the
RESE
4 timing does not begin again until RESET rises above approximately 0.7
T
volts. Overrides TRIG which overrides THR.

Provides "control" access to the internal voltage divider (by default,

5 CTRL
2/3 VCC).

The timing (OUT high) interval ends when the voltage at THR
6 THR
("threshold") is greater than that at CTRL (2/3 VCC if CTRL is open).

Open collector output which may discharge a capacitor between

7 DIS
intervals. In phase with output.

Positive supply voltage, which is usually between 3 and 15 V depending

8 VCC
on the variation.

Pin 5 is also sometimes called the CONTROL VOLTAGE pin. By applying a voltage to
the CONTROL VOLTAGE input one can alter the timing characteristics of the device. In
most applications, the CONTROL VOLTAGE input is not used. It is usual to connect a
10 nF capacitor between pin 5 and 0 V to prevent interference. The CONTROL

21
VOLTAGE input can be used to build an astable multivibrator with a frequency-
modulated output.

Modes

The IC 555 has three operating modes:

1. Bistable mode or Schmitt trigger the 555 can operate as a flip-flop, if the DIS
pin is not connected and no capacitor is used. Uses include bounce-free latched
switches.

2. Monostable mode in this mode, the 555 functions as a "one-shot" pulse

generator. Applications include timers, missing pulse detection, bounce-free
switches, touch switches, frequency divider, capacitance measurement, pulse-
width modulation (PWM) and so on.

3. Astable (free-running) mode the 555 can operate as an electronic oscillator.

Uses include LED and lamp flashers, pulse generation, logic clocks, tone
generation, security alarms, pulse position modulation and so on. The 555 can be
used as a simple ADC, converting an analog value to a pulse length (e.g.,
selecting a thermistor as timing resistor allows the use of the 555 in a temperature
sensor and the period of the output pulse is determined by the temperature). The
use of a microprocessor-based circuit can then convert the pulse period to
temperature, linearize it and even provide calibration means.

4.2.2 RELAY

A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to

mechanically operate a switch, but other operating principles are also used, such as solid-
state relays. Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a low-power
signal (with complete electrical isolation between control and controlled circuits), or
where several circuits must be controlled by one signal. The first relays were used in long
distance telegraph circuits as amplifiers: they repeated the signal coming in from one
circuit and re-transmitted it on another circuit. Relays were used extensively in telephone
exchanges and early computers to perform logical operations.

22
A type of relay that can handle the high power required to directly control an electric
motor or other loads is called a contactor. Solid-state relays control power circuits with
no moving parts, instead using a semiconductor device to perform switching. Relays with
calibrated operating characteristics and sometimes multiple operating coils are used to
protect electrical circuits from overload or faults; in modern electric power systems these
functions are performed by digital instruments still called "protective relays".

Figure 4.5: Automotive-style miniature relay, dust cover is taken off

Magnetic latching relays require one pulse of coil power to move their contacts in one
direction, and another, redirected pulse to move them back. Repeated pulses from the
same input have no effect. Magnetic latching relays are useful in applications where
interrupted power should not be able to transition the contacts.

The American scientist Joseph Henry is often claimed to have invented a relay in 1835 in
order to improve his version of the electrical telegraph, developed earlier in 1831.
[2][3][4]
.However, there is little in the way of official documentation to suggest he had made
the discovery prior to 1837.[5]Magnetic latching relays can have either single or dual
coils. On a single coil device, the relay will operate in one direction when power is
applied with one polarity, and will reset when the polarity is reversed. On a dual coil
device, when polarized voltage is applied to the reset coil the contacts will transition. AC

23
controlled magnetic latch relays have single coils that employ steering diodes to
differentiate between operate and reset commands.

4.2.3 BATTERY

An electric battery is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical cells with

external connections provided to power electrical devices. A discharging battery has a
positive terminal, or cathode, and a negative terminal, or anode. The terminal marked
negative is the source of electrons that when connected to an external circuit will flow
and deliver energy to an external device. When a battery is connected to an external
circuit, electrolytes are able to move as ions within, allowing the chemical reactions to be
completed at the separate terminals and so deliver energy to the external circuit. It is the
movement of those ions within the battery which allows current to flow out of the battery
to perform work. Historically the term "battery" specifically referred to a device
composed of multiple cells, however the usage has evolved to additionally include
devices composed of a single cell.

Primary (single-use or "disposable") batteries are used once and discarded; the electrode
materials are irreversibly changed during discharge. Common examples are the alkaline
battery used for flashlights and a multitude of portable devices. Secondary (rechargeable
batteries) can be discharged and recharged multiple times; the original composition of the
electrodes can be restored by reverse current. Examples include the lead-acid
batteries used in vehicles and lithium-ion batteries used for portable electronics.

Figure 4.6: Various cells and batteries

24
Batteries come in many shapes and sizes, from miniature cells used to power hearing
aids and wristwatches to battery banks the size of rooms that provide standby power
for telephone exchanges and computer data centers.

According to a 2005 estimate, the worldwide battery industry generates US$48 billion in
sales each year, with 6% annual growth.

Batteries have much lower specific energy (energy per unit mass) than
common fuels such as gasoline. This is somewhat offset by the higher efficiency of
electric motors in producing mechanical work, compared to combustion engines.

4.2.4 ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITOR

Electrolytic capacitor is the generic term for three different capacitor family members:

Aluminum electrolytic capacitors,

Tantalum electrolytic capacitors and

Niobium electrolytic capacitors

All electrolytic capacitors (e-caps) are polarized capacitors whose anode (+) is made of
a particular metal on which an insulating oxide layer forms by an odization, acting as
the dielectric of the electrolytic capacitor. A non-solid or solid electrolyte which covers
the surface of the oxide layer in principle serves as the second electrode (cathode) (-) of
the capacitor.

Due to their very thin dielectric oxide layer and enlarged anode surface, electrolytic
capacitors havebased on the volumea much higher capacitance-voltage (CV) product
compared to ceramic capacitors or film capacitors, but a much smaller CV value than
electrochemical super capacitors.

25
The large capacitance of electrolytic capacitors makes them particularly suitable for
passing or bypassing low-frequency signals up to some mega-hertz and for storing large
amounts of energy. They are widely used for decoupling or noise filtering in power
supplies and DC link circuits for variable-frequency drives, for coupling signals
between amplifier stages, and storing energy as in a flashlamp.

Figure 4.7: Most common styles of aluminum and tantalum electrolytic capacitors

Standard electrolytic capacitors are polarized components due to their asymmetrical

construction, and may only be operated with a higher voltage (ie, more positive) on the
anode than on the cathode at all times. Voltages with reverse polarity, or voltage or ripple
current higher than specified (as little as 1 or 1.5 volts may suffice), can destroy the
dielectric and thus the capacitor. The destruction of electrolytic capacitors can have
catastrophic consequences (explosion, fire).

Bipolar electrolytic (aka non-polarized) capacitors which may be operated with either
polarity are special constructions with two anodes connected in reverse polarity.

4.2.5 RESISTANCE

The electrical resistance of an electrical conductor is a measure of the difficulty to pass

an electric current through that conductor. The inverse quantity is electrical
conductance, and is the ease with which an electric current passes. Electrical resistance
shares some conceptual parallels with the notion of mechanical friction. The SI unit of
electrical resistance is the ohm (), while electrical conductance is measured
in Siemens (S).

26
An object of uniform cross section has a resistance proportional to its resistivity and
length and inversely proportional to its cross-sectional area. All materials show some
resistance, except for superconductors, which have a resistance of zero.

Figure 4.8: Resistance

For a wide variety of materials and conditions, V and I are directly proportional to each
other, and therefore R and G are constant (although they can depend on other factors like
temperature or strain). This proportionality is called Ohm's law, and materials that satisfy
it are called ohmic materials.

In other cases, such as a diode or battery, V and I are not directly proportional. The ratio
V/I is sometimes still useful, and is referred to as a "chordal resistance" or "static
resistance",[11][12] since it corresponds to the inverse slope of a chord between the origin
and an IV curve.

4.2.6 DC MOTOR

A DC motor is any of a class of electrical machines that converts direct current electrical
power into mechanical power. The most common types rely on the forces produced by
magnetic fields. Nearly all types of DC motors have some internal mechanism, either
electromechanical or electronic; to periodically change the direction of current flow in
part of the motor. Most types produce rotary motion; a linear motor directly produces
force and motion in a straight line.

DC motors were the first type widely used, since they could be powered from existing
direct-current lighting power distribution systems. A DC motor's speed can be controlled
over a wide range, using either a variable supply voltage or by changing the strength of
current in its field windings. Small DC motors are used in tools, toys, and appliances.
The universal motor can operate on direct current but is a lightweight motor used for
portable power tools and appliances. Larger DC motors are used in propulsion of electric
vehicles, elevator and hoists, or in drives for steel rolling mills. The advent of power

27
electronics has made replacement of DC motors with AC motors possible in many
applications.

Figure 4.9: Electric Motor

4.2.7 TRANSISTOR

A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals

and electrical power. It is composed of semiconductor material usually with at least three
terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of
the transistor's terminals changes the current through another pair of terminals. Because
the controlled (output) power can be higher than the controlling (input) power, a
transistor can amplify a signal. Today, some transistors are packaged individually, but
many more are found embedded in integrated circuits.

Figure 4.10: Assorted discrete transistors

28
The transistor is the fundamental building block of modern electronic devices, and is
ubiquitous in modern electronic systems. First conceived by Julius Lilienfeld in
1926[13] and practically implemented in 1947 by American physicists John
Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley, the transistor revolutionized the field of
electronics, and paved the way for smaller and cheaper radios, calculators,
and computers, among other things. The transistor is on the list of IEEE milestones in
electronics,[14] and Bardeen, Brattain, and Shockley shared the 1956 Nobel Prize in
Physics for their achievement.[15]

4.3 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Figure 4.11: Circuit Diagram

29
 CHAPTER-5

WORKING

30
 WORKING

When supply given by two separate 9V battery. Each battery provides voltage
commonly to both the motors with opposite polarity.
One battery provides voltage with its motor rotate in one direction 2nd battery
provides same voltage with opposite polarity. So that motor can rotate in opposite
direction.
When we press the micro switch voltage at pin2 (IC555) voltage reduced to zero.
At the same time voltage at pin 3 increases, which is connected to the base of npn
transistor through resistance.
A relay is connected between either positive or negative terminal of dc supply and
collector of npn transistor.
As current flow through the relay it gets magnetized. Then the pole of both relay
is connected to either positive or negative terminal of motor.
Then motor get rotated in one direction or opposite direction.

31
 CHAPTER -6
ADVANTAGES AND
APPLICATIONS

32
ADVANTAGES AND APPLICATIONS
6.1 ADVANTAGES

Automatic gates mainly deal with reduction of time.

Presence of gate keeper is not necessary.

Automatic gates are user friendly and virtually self-sufficient.

It provides disabled and aged people an easy access. Since they are not obliged to
step out of car and open the door by themselves.

Easy to own, use and maintain.

No use of sensor, so it is more economical.

Camera integration can be installed for additional security if required

safety is increased once installed, not only do you keep unwanted visitors out, you
also keep children and pets within the safety of the premises if applicable - away
from the roadside

provide a stylish entrance to your premises, creating a memorable first

impression, with easy to use intercom systems available

enhancing your property with an automated system will increase its value

if you're tired of manually having to find your key, step out of your car to open
your gate, then get back into your car to drive through, before having to park,
walk back to the gate and lock again manually...an electric gate can be seen as
very convenient and time saving

robust, tough and weatherproof metal electric gates will ensure a resilient security
system, which does do require regular maintenance

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 the cost of a security system is priceless - in comparison to a burglary

6.2 APPLICATIONS

Typical sites where automatic gates are especially suitable include those listed below:
1. Automatic gates are used in public parking, residential building parking.
2. Delivery areas for retail outlets (in particular supermarkets and other retailers on
out-of-town developments)
3. Waste disposal and recycling plants.
4. Water processing plants.
5. Shopping mall entrance.

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 CHAPTER -7
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE
SCOPE

35
 CONCLUSIONS & FUTURE SCOPES
7.1 CONCLUSIONS

By the use of automatic gate we can have the best solution over the time wasted in
opening and closing of parking gates. We can also save the money by reducing
man power for keeping.

In this project we have used a micro switch on pressing of which leads to open-
close the gate.

We have used IC555 timer which controls the duration of gate opening and
closing.

By using these easy steps we are able to represent the automatic gate.

7.2 FUTURE SCOPES

Automatic gates can be used everywhere like hospitals, shopping malls in future
to save energy we can use a solar cell as a replacement of battery .or automatic
gates based upon sensors also be made.
Automatic gates on modification can be used at parking barrier, railway crossings
etc.

36
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[1] Ward, Jack (2004). The 555 Timer IC An Interview with Hans Camenzind. The
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[2] "The electromechanical relay of Joseph Henry". Georgi Dalakov.

[3] Scientific American Inventions and Discoveries: All the Milestones in Ingenuity--
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[4] Thomas Coulson (1950). Joseph Henry: His Life and Work. Princeton: Princeton
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[5] https://books.google.co.uk/books?
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[10] Power Shift: DFJ on the lookout for more power source investments.
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[11] Forbes T. Brown (2006). Engineering System Dynamics. CRC Press.
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[12] Kenneth L. Kaiser (2004). Electromagnetic Compatibility Handbook.

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