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18.

5HeatExchangers
Thegeneralfunctionofaheatexchangeristotransferheatfromonefluidtoanother.Thebasic
componentofaheatexchangercanbeviewedasatubewithonefluidrunningthroughitand
anotherfluidflowingbyontheoutside.Therearethusthreeheattransferoperationsthatneedto
bedescribed:

1.Convectiveheattransferfromfluidtotheinnerwallofthetube,
2.Conductiveheattransferthroughthetubewall,and
3.Convectiveheattransferfromtheoutertubewalltotheoutsidefluid.

Heatexchangersaretypicallyclassifiedaccordingtoflowarrangementandtypeofconstruction.
Thesimplestheatexchangerisoneforwhichthehotandcoldfluidsmoveinthesameoropposite
directionsinaconcentrictube(ordoublepipe)construction.Intheparallelflowarrangementof
Figure18.8(a),thehotandcoldfluidsenteratthesameend,flowinthesamedirection,andleave
atthesameend.InthecounterflowarrangementofFigure18.8(b),thefluidsenteratopposite
ends,flowinoppositedirections,andleaveatoppositeends.

[Parallelflow] [Counterflow]
Figure18.8:Concentrictubesheatexchangers

[Finnedwithbothfluidsunmixed.] [Unfinnedwithonefluidmixed

andtheotherunmixed]
Figure18.9:Crossflowheatexchangers.

Alternatively,thefluidsmaybeincrossflow(perpendiculartoeachother),asshownbythefinned
andunfinnedtubularheatexchangersofFigure18.9.Thetwoconfigurationsdifferaccordingto
whetherthefluidmovingoverthetubesisunmixedormixed.InFigure18.9(a),thefluidissaidto
beunmixedbecausethefinspreventmotioninadirection( )thatistransversetothemainflow
direction( ).Inthiscasethefluidtemperaturevarieswith and .Incontrast,fortheunfinned
tubebundleofFigure18.9(b),fluidmotion,hencemixing,inthetransversedirectionispossible,
andtemperaturevariationsareprimarilyinthemainflowdirection.Sincethetubeflowisunmixed,
bothfluidsareunmixedinthefinnedexchanger,whileonefluidismixedandtheotherunmixedin
theunfinnedexchanger.

Todevelopthemethodologyforheatexchangeranalysisanddesign,welookattheproblemof
heattransferfromafluidinsideatubetoanotherfluidoutside.

Figure18.10:Geometryforheat
transferbetweentwofluids

WeexaminedthisproblembeforeinSection17.2andfoundthattheheattransferrateperunit
lengthisgivenby

(18..21)

HerewehavetakenintoaccountoneadditionalthermalresistancethaninSection17.2,the
resistanceduetoconvectionontheinterior,andincludeinourexpressionforheattransferthebulk
temperatureofthefluid, ,ratherthantheinteriorwalltemperature, .

Itisusefultodefineanoverallheattransfercoefficient perunitlengthas

(18..22)

From(18.21)and(18.22)theoverallheattransfercoefficient, ,is

(18..23)

Wewillmakeuseofthisinwhatfollows.
Figure18.11:Counterflowheatexchanger

AschematicofacounterflowheatexchangerisshowninFigure18.11.Wewishtoknowthe
temperaturedistributionalongthetubeandtheamountofheattransferred.

18.5.1SimplifiedCounterflowHeatExchanger(WithUniform
WallTemperature)
Toaddressthiswestartbyconsideringthegeneralcaseofaxialvariationoftemperatureinatube
withwallatuniformtemperature andafluidflowinginsidethetube(Figure18.12).

Figure18.12:Fluidtemperaturedistributionalongthe
tubewithuniformwalltemperature

Theobjectiveistofindthemeantemperatureofthefluidat , ,inthecasewherefluid

comesinat withtemperature andleavesat withtemperature .Theexpected


distributionforheatingandcoolingaresketchedinFigure18.12.

Forheating( ),theheatflowfromthepipewallinalength is

where isthepipediameter.Theheatgiventothefluid(thechangeinenthalpy)isgivenby

where isthedensityofthefluid, isthemeanvelocityofthefluid, isthespecificheatof


where isthedensityofthefluid, isthemeanvelocityofthefluid, isthespecificheatof

thefluidand isthemassflowrateofthefluid.Settingthelasttwoexpressionsequaland
integratingfromthestartofthepipe,wefind

Carryingouttheintegration,

i.e.,

(18..24)

Equation(18.24)canbewrittenas

where

Thisisthetemperaturedistributionalongthepipe.Theexittemperatureat is

(18..25)

Thetotalheattransfertothewallallalongthepipeis

(18..26)

FromEquation(18.25),

Thetotalrateofheattransferistherefore

or

(18..27)

where isthelogarithmicmeantemperaturedifference,definedas

(18..28)

Theconceptofalogarithmicmeantemperaturedifferenceisusefulintheanalysisofheat
exchangers.Wewilldefinealogarithmicmeantemperaturedifferenceforthegeneralcounterflow
heatexchangerbelow.

18.5.2GeneralCounterflowHeatExchanger
Wereturntoouroriginalproblem,toFigure18.11,andwriteanoverallheatbalancebetweenthe
twocounterflowingstreamsas

Fromalocalheatbalance,theheatgivenupbystream inlength xis .(Thereis

anegativesignsince decreases).Theheattakenupbystream is .(Thereisa

negativesignbecause decreasesas increases).Thelocalheatbalanceis

(18..29)

Solving(18.29)for and ,wefind


where .Also, where istheoverallheattransfercoefficient.Wecanthen
say

Integratingfrom to gives

(18..30)

Equation(18.30)canalsobewrittenas

(18..31)

where

Weknowthat

(18..32)

Thus

Solvingforthetotalheattransfer:

(18..33)
Rearranging(18.30)allowsustoexpress intermsofotherparametersas

(18..34)

Substituting(18.34)into(18.33)weobtainafinalexpressionforthetotalheattransferfora
counterflowheatexchanger:

(18..35)

or

(18..36)

Thisisthegeneralization(fornonuniformwalltemperature)ofourresultfromSection18.5.1.

18.5.3EfficiencyofaCounterflowHeatExchanger
Supposeweknowonlythetwoinlettemperatures , ,andweneedtofindtheoutlet
temperatures.From(18.31),

or,rearranging,

(18..37)

Eliminating from(18.32),

(18..38)
Wenowhavetwoequations,(18.37)and(18.38),andtwounknowns, and .Solvingfirst
for ,

or

(18..39)

where istheefficiencyofacounterflowheatexchanger:

(18..40)

Equation18.39gives intermsofknownquantities.Wecanusethisresultin(18.38)tofind
:

Weexaminethreeexamples.

1.

canapproachzeroatcoldend.

as ,surfacearea, .

Maximumvalueofratio

Maximumvalueofratio .

2.
isnegative, as

Maximumvalueofratio

Maximumvalueofratio .

3.

temperaturedifferenceremainsuniform, .

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