III.

DATA AND DISCUSSION

1. ACID/BASE EQUILIBRIA

Equilibrium System:

2CrO42 + 2H+(aq) Cr2O72 + H2O(l)

Description of Predicted Observation Explanation

conditions outcome

Initial solution
The color does The color is still The reaction is in equilibrium
not change yellow

+ Conc. HCl The color The color The concentration of the reactant
changes to changes from (H+) increases, so the rate of
orange yellow to orange forward reaction increases. The
reaction shifts to the right, and
produces more Cr2O72- (orange)

+ 6 N NaOH The color The color The concentration of the product

changes back changes from (OH-) increases, so the rate of
to the initial orange to yellow backward reaction increases. The
color reaction shifts to the left and
produces more CrO42- (yellow)

2. EQUILIBRIA OF ACID/BASE INDICATORS

Equilibrium System:

H(MV)(aq) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + MV(aq)

Addition Predicted Observation Explanation

outcome

None The color does The color is still

(control) not change violet

6 M HCl The color The color changes The concentration of H+ increases

 changes from violet to blue and the reaction shifts to the left.

6 M NaOH The color The color changes The OH- of NaOH reacts with H+
changes to from blue to violet so the concentration of H+ in the
violet solution decrease so the reaction
shifts to the right.

6 M HCl The color The color changes The concentration of H+ increases

changes from violet to blue again when adding HCl into the
solution, and the reaction shifts to
the left.

3. COMPLEX ION FORMATION

Equilibrium System:

Fe3+ + SCN [FeNCS] 2+

(Pale yellow) (Clear) (Red)

Addition Predicted Observation Explanation

outcome

None The color does The color is still The reaction is at equilibrium
(control) not change orange

0.01M FeCl3 The color The color changes When increasing [Fe3+] by adding
changes to red from orange to FeCl3, the system shifts to the
light red right and [FeNCS]2+ increases.

0.01 M KSCN The color The color changes When increasing [SCN-] by
changes to red from orange to adding FeCl3, the system shifts to
darker orange the right and [FeNCS]2+ increases.

6M NaOH The color The color changes When adding NaOH into the
changes to from orange to solution, OH- reacts with Fe3+ to
yellow pale yellow form the precipitate, so the
concentration of Fe3+ decreases
and the system shifts to the left

Cold The color The color changes This system is exothermal

changes to red from orange to reaction, when the temperature
darker orange decreases, the system shifts to the
 right and increasing [FeNCS]2+

Hot The color The color changes When the temperature increases,
changes to from orange to the system shifts to the left and
yellow pale yellow increasing [Fe3+] & [SCN-]

0.1M AgNO3 The white Formation of Occurring the reaction: Ag+ +

precipitate white precipitate SCN- AgSCN (white) The system
appears and white solution shifts to the left due to the
decrease of [SCN-]

4. EQUILIBRIA OF PRECIPITATION REACTIONS

Equilibrium System:

Ca2+(aq) + C2O42(aq) CaC2O4(s)

Addition Predicted Observation Explanation

outcome

Na2C2O4 2Na+ + C2O42-

0.1 M White Formation of
Na2C2O4 precipitate white precipitate C2O42- + Ca2+ CaC2O4
and liquid
becomes colorless The system shifts to the right.

0.1 M White Formation of H2C2O4 2H- + C2O42-

H2C2O4 precipitate white precipitate
and liquid has The concentration of C2O42- increase
light white color and the reaction shifts to the right

6 M HCl
Precipitate is The color changes H+ from HCl reacts with C2O42- to
dissolved from light white form H2C2O4, so the [C2O42-]
to colorless decreases and the system shifts to
the left

6 M NH4OH White Formation of OH- form NH4OH reacts with Ca2+

precipitate white precipitate to form white precipitate Ca(OH)2,
and white liquid so the [Ca2+] decreases and the
 reactions shifts to the left

5. TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON EQUILIBRIA

Equilibrium System:

Co(H2O)6 2+(aq) + 4Cl(aq) CoCl4 2(aq) + 6H2O(l)

(pink) (deep blue)

Description Predicted Observation Explanation

of conditions outcome

Nothing
changed The color is The color The Cl- adding from HCl is not
pink changes to violet enough for the system so the
solution turns to violet

Hot water
bath The color is The color This system is endothermal
blue changes to blue reactions, when increasing
temperature the reaction shifts to
the right and the CoCl42 increases

Ice-water
bath The color is The color When decreasing temperature the
pink changes to pink reaction shifts to the left and the
Co(H2O)62+ increases