Mid Term Examination. Advanced Reservoir Engineering EN 9114.

March 10. 2011

I.

A homogeneous core is placed inside a metal cylinder such that there is no leakage
between the core and the cylinder. The apparatus is tilted 45o, and the core is flooded
with water. The pressure at the upper end of the core is 1.20 bar and the pressure at
the lower end is 1.00 bar. The cross sectional area of the core is 15 cm2 and the length
of the core is 1.0 m. The permeability of the core is 5.0 D.

a) Find the flow rate through the core.

b) Find the pressure required at the lower end to stop the flow through the core.

II.

Calculate the upscaled permeability for each of the situations depicted in the figures
below. The flow directions are indicated by arrows.

a)
K=1.5 D h = 3.0 m

K=0.6 D h = 4.0 m

K=3.0 D h = 2.0 m

b)

K = 2.0 D
L = 1.5 m
K = 1.0 D
L = 0.7 m

K = 0.2D
L=0.3 m

III.

The bulk volume of a (shale free) reservoir formation is 9.7x106 m3. The porosity of the
formation is 0.27 at a pore pressure of 210 bar.

a) What is the pore volume of the formation?

b) The pore pressure is reduced to 180 bar. Find the pore volume at this pressure.
The pore compressibility is 1.3x10-4 bar-1. We assume the bulk volume is constant.

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 IV.

The general 3D black oil model in a source free medium is

Sw

t Bw

w p w wg 0

So RV S g

t Bo

Bg

o po o g g RV pg g g 0

S g RS So

t Bg

Bo

g pg g g o RS po o g 0
a) Explain/define all parameters in this model.
b) Three equations more are needed to solve the model. Write these three equations
assuming water is the wetting phase in the oil-water system and oil is the wetting
phase in the liquid-gas system.
c) Introduce the following assumptions:
1 D medium tilted an angle relative to the horizontal plane
Oil and water phases present only (no free gas)
Incompressible fluids
Incompressible rock
Homogeneous medium

Explain in detail how each of these assumptions contribute to reducing the model
to the following simple form

S w K p
krw w krw g sin 0
t w x x
S K p
o kro o kro g sin 0
t o x x

d) When 0 show how one more simplification reduces the model to

S w K p
krw 0
t w x x
k k p
( rw ro ) const
w o x

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A long, thin homogeneous core with permeability 200 mD is saturated with oil at
irreducible (connate) water saturation S wc 0.15 . The core is placed horizontally and
water is injected at one end. The model described in d) is assumed applicable. The oil is
displaced by water to a residual oil saturation of 0.20, i.e. the oil saturation behind the oil-
water front is 0.20 and this oil is not mobile. The oil viscosity is 0.50 cp and the water
viscosity is 1.0 cp.

e) Explain why the pressure distribution in the core is as shown in the figure below.

The pressure at the outlet end is 1 bar and the pressure at the inlet end is 15 bar.

f) Determine the pressure at the oil water front when the front is half way between
the inlet and the outlet end.

g) Determine the flow rate through the system.