Soc Test Bank

Test Bank
for
Kimmel and Aronson
Sociology Now
The Essentials
prepared by
Elizabeth Pare
Wayne State University
Boston New York San Francisco

Mexico City Montreal Toronto London Madrid Munich Paris
Hong Kong Singapore Tokyo Cape Town Sydney
Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved. The contents, or parts thereof, may be reproduced with Sociology Now: The
Essentials, by Michael Kimmel and Amy Aronson, provided such reproductions bear copyright
notice, but may not be reproduced in any form for any other purpose without written permission
from the copyright owner.
To obtain permission(s) to use the material from this work, please submit a written request to
Pearson Higher Education, Rights and Contracts Department, 501 Boylston Street, Suite 900,
Boston, MA 02116 or fax your request to 617-671-3447.
ISBN-13: 978-0-205-59320-0
ISBN-10: 0-205-59320-8
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 12 11 10 09 08
Contents
Chapter 1 What is Sociology? 1
Chapter 2 Culture and Society 16
Chapter 3 Society: Interactions, Groups, and Organizations 30
Chapter 4 How Do We Know What We Know? The Methods
of the Sociologist 44
Chapter 5 Socialization 58
Chapter 6 Deviance and Crime 72
Chapter 7 Stratification and Social Class 87
Chapter 8 Race and Ethnicity 102
Chapter 9 Sex and Gender 120
Chapter 10 Age and Sexuality 136
Chapter 11 The Family 151
Chapter 12 Economy and Work 165
Chapter 13 Politics and Media 179
Chapter 14 Education 193
Chapter 15 Sociology of Environments: The Natural, Physical,
and Human Worlds 207
Chapter1 WhatIsSociology?
1.1 MultipleChoice
1) Sociologyisbestdescribedas
A) Thestudyofpersonalities
B) Thestudyofhumanbehaviorinsociety
C) Thestudyofhumangenetics
D) Thestudyofcommonsense
Answer: B
Diff:1 PageRef:5
Skill: Knowledge
2) Whichsociologistwroteofthesociologicalimagination?
A) C.WrightMills B) KarlMarx
C) AlexisdeTocqueville D) AugusteComte
Answer: A
Diff:1 PageRef:4
Skill: Knowledge
3) Whatdoesthesociologicalimaginationclassifyourlivesas?
A) Conflictedlives B) Contrastinglives
C) Contextuallives D) Convolutedlives
Answer: C
Diff:2 PageRef:4-5
Skill: Comprehension
4) Whattypeofscienceissociology?
A) Physical B) Hard C) Soft D) Social
Answer: D
Diff:1 PageRef:8
Skill: Knowledge
5) Sociologyuseswhichofthefollowingaspartofitsscientificapproachtointerpretsocial
behavior?
A) Bias B) Systematicobservations
C) Simplecommonsense D) Preconceptions
Answer: B
Diff:2 PageRef:9
6) WhatwasanoutcomeoftheEnlightenment?
A) Useofreasontounderstandtherelationshipoftheindividualandsociety.
B) Useoffaithalonetounderstandtherelationshipoftheindividualandsociety.
C) Arejectionoftherationalistapproach.
D) Anembraceofthedivineauthorityofthemonarchy.
Answer: A
Diff:3 PageRef:12
Skill: Analysis
1
TEST BANK FOR SOCIOLOGY NOW: THE ESSENTIALS
7) Whichofthefollowing,accordingtoJohnLocke,playsanessentialroleinpeoplejoining
togetherinasociety?
A) Psychologicalagreements B) Socialcontracts
C) Socio-culturalbargains D) Physiologicalcontracts
Answer: B
Diff:3 PageRef:12
Skill: Knowledge
8) WhichtwothemescametogetherintheworkofThomasJefferson?
A) Individuallibertyandthatsocietyremovesfreedom
B) Sociallibertyandthatindividualsdonotneedfreedom
C) Individuallibertyandthatsocietyenhancedfreedom
D) Socialfreedomsandthattheindividualdoesnotenhanceliberty
Answer: C
Diff:4 PageRef:12
Skill: Synthesis
9) Whofirstcoinedthetermsociology?
A) AugusteComte B) KarlMarx
C) EmileDurkheim D) MaxWeber
Answer: A
Diff:1 PageRef:13
Skill: Knowledge
10) Whichdefinitiondoesthetextusetodescribemodernism?
A) Thebeliefinevolutionaryprogress,throughtheapplicationofreligion
B) Thebeliefinde-evolutionandthescientificmethodtoexplaintheDivine
C) Thebeliefinevolutionaryprogress,throughtheapplicationofscience
D) Thebeliefinde-evolutionandtheuseofsciencetoexplainthesocialworld
Answer: C
Diff:2 PageRef:13
Skill: Knowledge
11) WhichofthefollowingisNOToneofthestagesthatComtebelievedeachsocietypasses
through?
A) Metaphysical B) Metempsychosis
C) Religious D) Scientific
Answer: B
Diff:3 PageRef:13
Skill: Knowledge
12) AlexisdeTocquevillewroteaboutwhatinAmerica?
A) Democracy B) Socialism C) Communism D) Fascism
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:14
2
CHAPTER 1 WHAT IS SOCIOLOGY?
13) WhichisacentralcomponentofKarlMarxstheoreticalframework?
A) Socialengineering B) Democracy
C) Corporateeconomy D) Capitalism
Answer: D
Diff:2 PageRef:15
14) Marxbelievesthatthebesteconomicsystemisonethathascollectiveownershipofall
property.WhicheconomicsystembestfitswhatMarxsupports?
A) Socialism B) Communism
C) Capitalism D) Mixedeconomy
Answer: B
Diff:3 PageRef:15
Skill: Application
15) WhichterminMarxstheorywouldbeappliedtotheworkingclass?
A) Bourgeoisie B) PetiteBourgeoisie
C) Proletariat D) Lumpenproletariat
Answer: C
Diff:3 PageRef:15
Skill: Application
16) WhatcentralinsightwasillustratedinEmileDurkheimsstudyofsuicide?
A) Societyisheldtogetherbysolidarity.
B) Societyisheldtogetherbyloosesocialcontracts.
C) Societyisheldtogetherbysocialstratification.
D) Societyisheldtogetherbycanonicaldecree.
Answer: A
Diff:3 PageRef:16-17
17) AccordingtoDurkheimwhichformofsolidaritysharesacommoncultureandsenseof
morality?
A) Mechanical B) Organic C) Communal D) Natural
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:17
Skill: Knowledge
18) AccordingtoDurkheimwhichformofsolidarityexistswhenpeopleareinterdependent,share
lessobviouscommonvalues,havediverseandconflictinginterests,andamorecomplex
divisionoflabor?
A) Mechanical B) Communal C) Organic D) Natural
Answer: C
Diff:2 PageRef:17
Skill: Knowledge
3
19) WhichbookisconsideredtobeMaxWebersmostfamouswork?
A) TheCatholicEthicandtheSpiritofLiberationTheology
B) TheProtestantEthicandtheSpiritofCapitalism
C) TheProtestantSpiritandtheEthicsofCommunism
D) TheCatholicSpiritandtheEthicsofCapitalism
Answer: B
Diff:2 PageRef:17
Skill: Knowledge
20) Whichbestdescribestheconceptsocialtelesis?
A) Thosewhoruleddeservedtodosobecausetheyhadadaptedbesttosocialconditions.
B) Thosewhoruleddeservedtodosobecausetheywerebiologicallysuperior.
C) Thosewhoruleddidnotdeservetodosobecausetheywerenotproperlyadaptedto
socialconditions.
D) Thosewhoruleddidnotdeservetodosobecausetheywerebiologicallysuperior
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:19
Skill: Knowledge
21) Whichistrueabouttheclassicalcanonofsociologyaccordingtoyourtext?
A) Itconsistsofprimarilyofwhitewomen.
B) Itconsistsentirelyofwhitemen.
C) Itconsistsofanethnicallydiversegroup.
D) Itconsistsofmostlylowersocio-economicstatustheorists.
Answer: B
Diff:3 PageRef:20
Skill: Evaluation
22) Whichbestdescribessymbolicinteractionism?
A) Anindividualsinteractionswithhisorherenvironmenthelpapersondevelopasense
ofself.
B) Anindividualsinteractionscreatesocialcohesion,stability,andequilibriumforsociety.
C) Anindividualisintegratedintovariouslevelsofthesocialworldviainequity.
D) Anindividualisintegratedintothesocialworldthroughsharedvaluesandtraditions
alone.
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:23
23) Whichtheoristusedadramaturgicalmodel?
A) RobertK.Merton B) W.E.B.DuBois
C) GeorgeRitzer D) ErvingGoffman
Answer: D
Diff:2 PageRef:23
Skill: Knowledge
4
24) Janebelievesthatsociallifeconsistsofseveraldistinctintegratedlevelsthatenabletheworld
tofindstability,order,andmeaning.Janesbeliefisanexampleofwhichtheory?
A) StructuralFunctionalism B) SymbolicInteractionism
C) MulticulturalFeminism D) Marxism
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:23
Skill: Application
25) Acoherentmodelofhowsocietyworksandhowindividualsaresocializedintotheirroles
withinitiscalled?
A) Astructure B) Aparadigm C) Aninstitution D) Asocialplay
Answer: B
Diff:2 PageRef:23
Skill: Knowledge
26) Whichsociologicaltheoristwasacentralfigureofstructural-functionalistanalysis?
A) ErvingGoffman B) LesterWard
C) GeorgeRitzer D) TalcottParsons
Answer: D
Diff:2 PageRef:23
Skill: Knowledge
27) What,accordingtoRobertK.Merton,canthefunctionsofanyinstitutionorinteractionbe?
A) Eithermanifestorlatent B) Eithermultipleorsingular
C) Bothconcreteandabstract D) Neithermanifestnorlatent
Answer: A
Diff:3 PageRef:24
Skill: Knowledge
28) Whichtheorysuggeststhatthedynamicsofsociety,bothofsocialorderandsocialresistance,
weretheresultofconflictamongdifferentgroups?
A) Functionalisttheory B) SymbolicInteractionisttheory
C) Conflicttheory D) Dramaturgy
Answer: C
Diff:3 PageRef:25
29) Globalizationfocusesonwhichlevelanalysiswhenexamininginstitutionalprocesses?
A) Microlevelanalysis B) Macrolevelanalysis
C) Mesolevelanalysis D) Multilevelanalysis
Answer: B
Diff:3 PageRef:26
5
30) Whichbestdescribesmulticulturalism?
A) Theunderstandingofthedominantculture
B) Theunderstandingoftheminorityorsubculture
C) Theunderstandingofmanydifferentcultures
D) Theunderstandingofcounterculturemovements
Answer: C
Diff:1 PageRef:26
Skill: Knowledge
31) Whatistheprocessofinteractionandintegrationamongthepeople,companies,and
governmentsofdifferentnationsknownas?
A) Universalism B) Globalization C) Relativism D) Particularism
Answer: B
Diff:2 PageRef:28
Skill: Knowledge
32) GeorgeRitzercoinedwhattermfortheincreasinghomogenityaroundtheworld?
A) McDonaldization B) BurgerKingMentality
C) FastFoodNation D) TheBigBellGrande
Answer: A
Diff:3 PageRef:29
Skill: Knowledge
33) WhichpoliticalscientiststatedthatourworldischaracterizedbybothMcWorldandJihad?
A) GeorgeRitzer B) ThomasFriedman
C) HarveyMolotch D) BenjaminBarber
Answer: D
Diff:4 PageRef:29
34) Whatisthesuggestionthatpostmodernismmakesabouttheworldwelivein?
A) Themeaningofsociallifemaynotbefoundintherejectionofrigidpatternsof
developmentbutratherinadherencetotheoldertraditions,beliefs,andpracticesthat
existedbeforethemodernworld.
B) Themeaningofsociallifecanbefoundonlyintherigidsocialconstructionofscientific
dogmathatprovidesanarrowviewofhumanlifeandinteractionbasedonthe
evolutionarymodel.
C) Themeaningofsociallifemaynotbefoundinconformingtorigidpatternsof
developmentbutratherinthecreativeassemblingofinteractionsandinterpretationsthat
enableustonegotiateourworld.
D) Themeaningofsociallifemaybefoundinthelivedexperiencethatexistswithina
paradigmshapedbysomethinggreaterthanourselves,withabsolutesthatdonotcage
butsetonefree.
Answer: C
Diff:4 PageRef:31
Skill: Synthesis
6
35) Thepercentagesofnonwhitesandnon-maleswithinthefieldofsociologyoverthelast50
yearshasseenwhatchange?
A) Adecrease
B) Anincrease
C) Nochange
D) Adramaticincreasebefore1965andarecentdeclinesince1995
Answer: B
Diff:2 PageRef:33
Skill: Evaluation
1.2 FillintheBlank
1) Sociologyisthestudyofhumanbehaviorin________.
A) Society B) Sociometry C) Socialwork D) Socialism
Answer: A
Diff:1 PageRef:5
Skill: Knowledge
2) ________isthebeliefinevolutionaryprogress,throughtheapplicationofscience.
A) Modernism B) Pre-modernism
C) Post-enlightenism D) Modualism
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:13
Skill: Knowledge
3) ________coinedthetermsociology.
A) EmileDurkheim B) AlexisdeTocqueville
C) AugusteComte D) KarlMarx
Answer: C
Diff:1 PageRef:13
Skill: Knowledge
4) TocquevillediscussedtheUnitedStatesastheembodimentof________.
A) Democracy B) Communism C) Socialism D) Capitalism
Answer: A
Diff:3 PageRef:14
5) ________economicsystemwasKarlMarxscentralinterest.
A) ASecularist B) ACapitalist C) ACommunist D) AnEgalitarian
Answer: B
Diff:2 PageRef:15
7
6) MarxandEngelswrote________.
A) TheProtestantEthicandtheSpiritofCapitalism
B) DemocracyinAmerica
C) TheCommunistManifesto
D) Suicide
Answer: C
Diff:3 PageRef:15
Skill: Knowledge
7) Too________regulationinsocietyaccordingtoDurkheimleadstoanomicsuicide.
A) Much B) Little
C) Varied D) Noneoftheabove
Answer: B
Diff:3 PageRef:16
8) Durkheimarguedthatsocietyisheldtogetherby________.
A) Solidarity B) Supernaturalbeing
C) Solitary D) Souls
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:17
Skill: Knowledge
9) Durkheimstwoformsofsolidarityare________and________.
A) Organic;Instrumental B) Mechanical;Solus
C) Mechanical;Organic D) Organic;Chemical
Answer: C
Diff:2 PageRef:17
Skill: Knowledge
10) WebersmostfamousworkisThe________EthicandtheSpiritofCapitalism.
A) Protestant B) Jewish C) Catholic D) Islamic
Answer: A
Diff:3 PageRef:17
11) Weberaddedtheconceptsofstatusand________toclass.
A) Position B) Populism C) Party D) Puritan
Answer: C
Diff:2 PageRef:18
Skill: Knowledge
12) Simmelbelievedthespecialtaskofsociologywastostudythe________ofsocialinteraction
apartfromtheircontent.
A) Forms B) Proto-types C) Shades D) Filters
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:18
8
13) ________isapersonsnotionofthecommonvalues,norms,andexpectationsofotherpeople
inasociety.
A) Thepersonalizedother B) Thegeneralizedother
C) Thenonspecificother D) Themyopicother
Answer: B
Diff:3 PageRef:20
Skill: Knowledge
14) ________wrotethebookWomanintheNineteenthCentury.
A) MaryWollstonecraft B) MaryShelley
C) JaneAdams D) MargaretFuller
Answer: D
Diff:3 PageRef:21
Skill: Knowledge
15) ________examineshowanindividualsinteractionswithhisorherenvironment --other

people,institutions,ideas--helpapersondevelopasenseofself.
A) Functionalism B) Conflict
C) Feminism D) SymbolicInteractionism
Answer: D
Diff:2 PageRef:23
Skill: Knowledge
16) ________functionsareovertandobvious.
A) Manifest B) Latent C) Hidden D) Multiple
Answer: A
Diff:1 PageRef:24
Skill: Knowledge
17) ________functionsarehiddenandunintended.
A) Manifest B) Latent C) Covert D) Multiple
Answer: B
Diff:1 PageRef:24
Skill: Knowledge
18) TheUnitedStates,accordingtoaconflicttheorist,isasocietybasedonstructural________.
A) Equality B) Equity C) Inequality D) Incongruence
Answer: C
Diff:2 PageRef:25
Skill: Application
19) Nationsthatareinterconnectedthrougheconomic,political,culturalandsocialmeans
bringingtogetherdifferentgroupsofpeopleallovertheworldareanexampleof________.
A) Universalism B) Populism C) Globalization D) Pluralism
Answer: C
Diff:3 PageRef:26
Skill: Application
9
20) Theunderstandingofmanydifferentculturesis________.
A) Polyculturalism B) Monoculturalism
C) Multiculturalism D) Semiculturalism
Answer: C
Diff:1 PageRef:26
Skill: Knowledge
21) Timsresearchrelatedtoglobalizationfocuseson________levelanalysis.
A) Macro B) Micro C) Mono D) Meso
Answer: A
Diff:3 PageRef:26
Skill: Application
22) GeorgeRitzertermstheincreasinghomogeneityaroundtheworldas________.
A) McDonaldization B) TheBigBell
C) HaveitYourWaySyndrome D) Conform-a-Filet
Answer: A
Diff:3 PageRef:29
Skill: Analysis
23) BenjaminBarbercharacterizedourworldasbothMcWorldand________.
A) Crusade B) Jihad
C) Armageddon D) Apocalypse
Answer: B
Diff:3 PageRef:29
24) ________suggeststhatthemeaningofsociallifemaynotbefoundinconformingtorigid
patternsofdevelopmentbutratherinthecreativeassemblingofinteractionsand
interpretationsthatenableustonegotiateourwayintheworld.
A) Premodernism B) Modernity
C) Meso-modernism D) Postmodernism
Answer: D
Diff:2 PageRef:31
Skill: Knowledge
25) Sociologyremainsadeeply________enterprisewhenapproachinghowtoimprovetheworld.
A) Modern B) Medieval
C) Pre-modern D) Meso-modern
Answer: A
Diff:4 PageRef:31
1.3 TrueandFalse
1) Sociologiststendtoseetheworldaroundthemasaneither/ornotasaboth/and.
Answer: FALSE
Diff:2 PageRef:5
10
2) Sociologyisasocialscience.
Answer: TRUE
Diff:1 PageRef:8
Skill: Knowledge
3) Sociologysimplymakesascienceoutofcommonsense.
Answer: FALSE
Diff:2 PageRef:10
Skill: Knowledge
4) Comtebelievedsociologywasasortofsecularreligion,areligionofhumanity.
Answer: TRUE
Diff:2 PageRef:14
5) AccordingtoDurkheimsuicideisnotanindividualact.
Answer: TRUE
Diff:2 PageRef:16
6) Theclassicalcanonofsociologyconsistsentirelyofwhitefemales.
Answer: FALSE
Diff:2 PageRef:20
7) W.E.B.Duboisarguedthattheproblemofthetwentiethcenturywastheproblemofthecolor
line.
Answer: TRUE
Diff:2 PageRef:21
Skill: Knowledge
8) Mertonstheoryholdsthatfunctionsofaninstitutionorinteractioncanbeeithermanifestor
latent.
Answer: TRUE
Diff:2 PageRef:24
Skill: Knowledge
9) IntheconflictperspectivetheUnitedStateswouldbeseenasasocietybasedonstructural
equality.
Answer: FALSE
Diff:3 PageRef:25
Skill: Application
10) Globalizationisnoncontroversialbecauseithashelpedtoeliminatetheclassdisparitythat
existsintheworld.
Answer: FALSE
Diff:3 PageRef:28
Skill: Analysis
11
1.4 ShortAnswer
1) Whattypeofscienceissociologyandwhatdoessociologystudy?
Answer: Sociologyisasocialsciencethatstudieshumanbehaviorinsociety.
Diff:1 PageRef:4-5
Skill: Knowledge
2) Whatismodernism?
Answer: Modernismisthebeliefinevolutionaryprogress,throughtheapplicationofscience.
Diff:1 PageRef:13
Skill: Knowledge
3) AccordingtoEmileDurkheimsworkwhatarethetypesofsuicide?
Answer: Therearefourformsofsuicide:egoistic,anomic,fatalistic,altruistic.
Diff:1 PageRef:16
Skill: Knowledge
4) AccordingtoMaxWeberwhatdoespartyreferto?
Answer: Partyreferstothevoluntaryorganizationsthatpeopleentertogethertomaketheir
voicesheardcollectivelybecauseindividuallytheywouldnotbeabletoaffectreal
change.(politicalpower)
Diff:3 PageRef:18
Skill: Knowledge
5) Whatisthegeneralizedother?
Answer: Thegeneralizedotherisapersonsnotionofthecommonvalues,norms,and
expectationsofotherpeopleinasociety.
Diff:2 PageRef:20
Skill: Knowledge
6) Whatistheparadigmthatfunctionalismoffers?
Answer: Theparadigmofferedisacoherentmodelofhowsocietyworksandhowindividuals
aresocializedintotheirroleswithinit.
Diff:3 PageRef:23
Skill: Knowledge
7) Whataremanifestfunctionsandlatentfunctions?
Answer: Manifestfunctionsareovertandobvious,theintendedfunctions;whilelatentfunctions
arehidden,unintended,butnonethelessimportant.
Diff:2 PageRef:24
Skill: Knowledge
8) Whatdoesconflicttheorysuggest?
Answer: Conflicttheorysuggeststhatthedynamicsofsociety,bothofsocialorderandsocial
resistance,aretheresultofconflictbetweendifferentgroups.
Diff:4 PageRef:25
12
9) Whatlevelofanalysisisstressedintheapplicationofmulticulturalism?
Answer: Multiculturalismstressesboththemacrolevelanalysisofunequaldistributionof
rewardsbasedonclass,race,region,genderandthemicrolevelanalysisthatfocuseson
thewaysdifferentgroupsofpeopleandevenindividualsconstructtheiridentities
basedontheirmembershipsinthosegroups.
Diff:3 PageRef:26
Skill: Application
10) Whatdoespostmodernismsuggestaboutthemeaningofsociallife?
Answer: Postmodernismsuggeststhatthemeaningofsociallifemaynotbefoundinconforming
torigidpatternsofdevelopmentbutratherinthecreativeassemblingofinteractions
andinterpretationsthatenableustonegotiateourwayintheworld.
Diff:4 PageRef:31
1.5 Essay
1) Duringthe19thcenturyaftervariousrevolutions--political,socialandeconomic--hadtaken
placetherewasanemergenceofchiefsociologicalthemes.Pleasedescribethesethemesand
whatquestionstheyraised.
Answer: Thechiefsociologicalthemeswere:thenatureofcommunity,natureofgovernment,the
natureoftheeconomy,themeaningofindividualism,theriseofsecularism,andthe
natureanddirectionofchange.Thenatureofcommunitysoughttounderstandwhatit
meanstoliveinasociety;therightsandobligationsthatwehavetoeachother.The
natureofgovernmentdiscussedwhoshouldhavepowerinasociety.Shouldpower
resideinakingwhorulesbydivinerightorbythepeople?Thenatureoftheeconomy
discussedhoweconomicdistributionshouldbedealtwith.Italsoraisedthequestionof
whateconomicsystemsocietyshouldhave.Themeaningofindividualismdealtwith
therightsanindividualhastowardhimself/herselfandtowardothersaswellashow
societybalancesindividualrights.Theriseofsecularismdealtwiththeincreasein
scientificthoughtthatsoughttodefinetheworldsolelythroughrationalityversusideas
thathadpreviouslysoughttounderstandtheworldwithGodaswell.Thenatureand
directionofchangerelatedtowherewewereheadingasaworld.Withagreatamount
ofsocialchange,itwasnotclearifitwasgoodorbad.
2) InKarlMarxscentralwork,Capital,whatisthecentralinsightMarxoffers?Pleasedescribe
thetheoryofhowcapitalismworksasasysteminrelationtoMarxsinsight.
Answer: Thecentralinsightwasthattheexchangeofmoneyandservicesbetweencapital(those
whoownthemeansofproduction)andlabor(thosewhoselltheirlaborpowerto
capitalistsforwages)isunequal.Workersmustworklongerthannecessarytopayfor
thecostsoftheirupkeep,producingwhatMarxcalledsurplusvalue.Dueto
competition,capitalistsmusttrytoincreasetherateofsurplusvalue.Capitalistsdothis
whenhumanlaborbecomesreplacedbymachines,loweringwages,untilworkers
cannotaffordthegoodstheyarehelpingtocreate,andbycentralizingtheirproduction
untilthesystemreachesacrisis.
Diff:4 PageRef:15
13
3) WhatwasRobertK.Mertonstheoryonmanifestandlatentfunctionsanextensionof?What
aremanifestandlatentfunctions?Pleasegiveanexampleofthesefunctions.
Answer: MertonstheorywasanextensionofTalcottParsonstheoryoffunctionalism.Merton
arguedthatfunctionsofanyinstitutionorinteractioncanbeeithermanifestor
latent.Manifestfunctionsareovertandobvious,theintendedfunctions,whilelatent
functionsarehidden,unintended,butstillimportant.Anexamplewouldbeifalawis
passed.Themanifestfunctioniswhatthelawintends,thelatentfunctionisa
consequenceofthelawthatwasnotintended.
Skill: Knowledge
4) Howareglobalizationandmulticulturalisminterrelatedforces?Definebothterms,
globalizationandmulticulturalism,inyourresponse.
Answer: Globalizationistheinterconnections--economic,political,culturalandsocial--among
differentgroupsofpeopleallovertheworld,thedynamicwebsthatconnectus
togetherandthewaystheseconnectionsalsocreatecleavagesamongdifferentgroups
ofpeople.Multiculturalismisliterallytheunderstandingofmanydifferentcultures.
Wecometounderstandtheverydifferentwaysthatdifferentgroupsofpeople
approachissues,constructidentities,andcreateinstitutionsthatexpresstheirneeds.
Whilewearedrawingclosertogetherasaworldandbecomingmoresimilar,the
boundariesbetweengroupsarebeingdrawnmoresharply.Thisisevidentinthat,as
welearnmoreabouttheworldandsharemorevalues,wealsoseeariseintraditional
roles,definitionsofculturalidentity,andexclusivebehavior.
Skill: Analysis
5) Whatistherelationshipbetweenclassicalsociologicaltheoristsandmodernism?Issociology
stillamodernenterprise?Pleaseexplainwhyitisorisnotstillamodernenterprise.
Answer: Inclassicalsociologicaltheory,modernismwasexpressedasthepassagefromreligious
toscientificformsofknowledge(Comte),frommechanicaltoorganicformsof
solidarity(Durkheim),fromfeudaltocapitalisttocommunistmodesofproduction
(Marx),fromtraditionaltolegalformsofauthority(Weber).Manyofthefoundersof
sociologyweredeeplyambivalentaboutprogress,andtodayweliveinanagewhere
progressisbeingcalledintoquestion.Yet,stillsociologyisadeeplymodern
enterprise.Mostsociologistsbelievethatscienceandreasoncansolvehumanproblems
andthatpeopleslivescanbeimprovedbytheapplicationofthesescientificallyderived
principlesevenasthereisareexaminationoftheideaofprogress.
Skill: Evaluation
1.6 OpenBook
1) LookingatTable1.1ContrastingtheOldRegimeandtheNewSocialOrderwhatledtothe
changesfromtheoldregimetothenewregimelisted?
Answer: ThechangeswereledbytheEnlightenment,theAmericanRevolution,theFrench
Revolution,andtheIndustrialRevolution.Thesecausedchangesinthepolitical,social,
andeconomiclifeoftheWesternWorld.
Diff:2 PageRef:13-Table1.1
Skill: Evaluation
14
2) AccordingtoEmileDurkheimintheHowdoweknowwhatweknow?:SuicideisNotan
IndividualActbox,whatsocialcharacteristicsdidsuicidevaryby?Explainwhatthe
variationwas.
Answer: Suicidevariedbyreligion,age,maritalstatus,gender,andemployment.Religion
showedthatProtestantscommittedsuicidemoreoftenthanCatholicsandbothofthese
groupscommittedsuicidemorethanJews.Ageshowedthatyoungandoldpeople
commitmoresuicidethanmiddle-agedpeople.Maritalstatusdemonstratedthatsingle
peoplecommitmoresuicidethanmarriedpeople.Genderindicatedthatmencommit
suicidemorethanwomen.Finally,employmentshowedthatthosepeoplewhowere
unemployedhadhigherratesofsuicidethanthosewhowereemployed.
Diff:2 PageRef:16
Skill: Analysis
3) WhatdoesTable1.2MajorSociologicalSchoolsofThought,1950 -2000offerusaboutthe
differenceinlevelofanalysisbetweenthethreemaintheorieslisted?
Answer: Bothstructuralfunctionalismandtheconflicttheoryhaveamacrolevelofanalysis,
whilesymbolicinteractionismhasamicrolevelofanalysis.
Skill: Knowledge
15
Chapter2 CultureandSociety
2.1 MultipleChoice
1) Whichbestdescribesculture?
A) Culturereferstothesetsofvaluesandidealsthatweunderstandtodefinemorality,
goodandevil,appropriateandinappropriate.
B) Culturereferstothesetsofdoctrinalbeliefsthatwecomprehendthroughthelensof
individualconscience.
C) Culturereferstothesetsofvaluesandnormsthatwerebelagainstwhenwedonot
believeinmoralitybutacceptafalsereality.
D) Culturereferstothesetsofvaluesandidealsthatwedonotbelievedefinemorality,
goodandevil,appropriateandinappropriate.
Answer: A
Diff:3 PageRef:38
Skill: Knowledge
2) Culturethatconsistsofthingspeoplemakeandthethingspeopleusetomakethemisknown
as?
A) Nonmaterial B) Material C) Popular D) Universal
Answer: B
Skill: Knowledge
3) WhichofthefollowingisNOT anexampleofmaterialculture?
A) Desk B) Clothing C) Freedom D) Car
Answer: C
Skill: Application
4) Culturethatconsistsoftheideasandbeliefsthatpeopledevelopabouttheirlivesandtheir
worldisknownas?
A) Nonmaterial B) Material C) Popular D) Universal
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:39
Skill: Knowledge
5) Whichofthefollowingisanexampleofnonmaterialculture?
A) Americanflag B) Minivan
C) Schoolbuilding D) Democracy
Answer: D
Diff:3 PageRef:39
Skill: Application
16
CHAPTER 2 CULTURE AND SOCIETY
6) Thevastdifferencesthatcanexistbetweentheworldsmanyculturesarerepresentativeof
whatconcept?
A) Culturalconformity B) Culturalpluralism
C) Culturaldiversity D) Culturalshock
Answer: C
Diff:2 PageRef:39
7) CharlesisanAmericanwhomovedtoChina.Charlesfeltdisorientationanduncertaintyof
whatwasculturallyexpectedwhenhemoved.WhatdidCharlesexperience?
A) Culturalmaterialism B) Culturalshock
C) Culturaldisconnect D) Culturalabsorbency
Answer: B
Diff:3 PageRef:39
Skill: Application
8) Enthnocentrismisbasedinwhatbelief?
A) Abeliefthatonescultureissuperiortoothers.
B) Abeliefthatonescultureisequaltoothers.
C) Abeliefthatonescultureisinferiortoothers.
D) Abeliefthattherearenoculturaldifferences.
Answer: A
Skill: Knowledge
9) Whichconceptholdsthepositionthatallculturesareequallyvalidintheexperienceoftheir
ownmembers?
A) Culturalshock B) Culturalmaterialism
C) Culturalrelativism D) Culturaldiversity
Answer: C
Diff:1 PageRef:40
Skill: Knowledge
10) Whatisagroupofpeoplewithinaculturewhosharesomedistinguishingcharacteristic,
belief,value,orattributethatsetsthemapartfromthedominantculturecalled?
A) Minorculture B) Subculture
C) Middleculture D) Hiddenculture
Answer: B
Diff:1 PageRef:40
Skill: Analysis
11) Eileenbasesherbeliefsaboutmembersofothergroupsonstereotypes.Sociologically,whatis
thisbeliefthatEileenhasaboutothergroupscalled?
A) Prejudice B) Egalitarianism C) Myopy D) Tolerance
Answer: A
Skill: Application
17
12) Whatmakesacounterculturedifferentthanasubculture?
A) Itisnotdifferentfromasubculture.
B) Itismorelikelytosupportdruguse.
C) Ithasasemi-acceptanceofthedominantculture.
D) Itidentifiesitselfwithbeingdifferentandinoppositiontothedominantculture.
Answer: D
Diff:2 PageRef:41
13) Whichofthefollowingisanexampleofacounterculture?
A) WhiteSupremacistSurvivalists B) WeightWatchers
C) KnightsofColumbus D) FreeMasons
Answer: A
Diff:3 PageRef:41
Skill: Application
14) Whichbestdescribesasymbol?
A) Symbolsarevaluesthatremainabstract.
B) Symbolsdonotchangemeaningfromculturetoculture.
C) Symbolsarerepresentationsofideasorfeelings.
D) Symbolsareuniversallyshared.
Answer: C
Diff:2 PageRef:42
Skill: Knowledge
15) AllofthefollowingaretrueaboutsymbolsEXCEPT ?
A) Symbolsmeaningscanchangeovertime.
B) Symbolscanbecreatedatanytime.
C) Symbolsdonotrepresentfeelingsorideas.
D) Symbolsarenotalwaysuniversallyshared.
Answer: C
Diff:2 PageRef:42
16) Whichbestdescribeslanguage?
A) Languageisanorganizedsetofsymbolsbywhichpeopleareabletothinkand
communicatewithothers.
B) Languagedoesnotshapeperceptionofreality.
C) Languagemerelyreflectstheworldasweknowit.
D) Languagedoesnotinvolveinteraction,itonlyinvolveswords.
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:43
Skill: Knowledge
17) Whichhypothesisproposesthatlanguageshapesourperceptions?
A) Smith-Klein B) Sapir-Whorf
C) Ratzinger-Maida D) Pullum-Marx
Answer: B
Diff:3 PageRef:43
Skill: Synthesis
18
18) Whataretheprocessesbywhichmembersofacultureengageinaroutinebehaviortoexpress
theirsenseofbelongingtothecultureknownas?
A) Taboos B) Virtues C) Rituals D) Vices
Answer: C
Diff:2 PageRef:44
Skill: Knowledge
19) AmyleadsherhighschoolclassinthePledgeofAllegianceeverymorning.Amysactionsare
anexampleofwhatconcept?
A) Ritual B) Taboo C) Law D) Virtue
Answer: A
Skill: Application
20) Whatarerulesofaculturethatdefinehowpeopleshouldactandtheconsequencesoffailure
toactinthespecifiedwayscalled?
A) Rituals B) Taboos C) Norms D) Linguistics
Answer: C
Diff:2 PageRef:45
Skill: Knowledge
21) Weakandinformalnormsarecalled?
A) Folkways B) Laws C) Taboos D) Values
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:46
Skill: Knowledge
22) WhichisNOTtrueaboutmores?
A) Theyarestrongnormsthatareinformallyenforced.
B) Theyareweaknormsthatareinformallyenforced.
C) Theyareperceivedasmorethansimpleviolationsofetiquette.
D) Theyaremoralattitudesthatareseenasaseriouseveniftherearenoactuallawsthat
prohibitthem.
Answer: B
Diff:4 PageRef:47
23) Whennormshavebeenorganizedandwrittendowntheyarecalledwhat?
A) Taboos B) Folkways C) Mores D) Laws
Answer: D
Diff:2 PageRef:47
Skill: Knowledge
24) Whichbestdescribesvalues?
A) Ethicalfoundationsofaculture,ideasaboutrightandwrong,goodandbad.
B) Strongernormsthatareinformallyenforced.
C) Normsthathavebeenorganizedandwrittendown.
D) Relativelyweakandinformalnormsthataretheresultofpatternsofaction.
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:47
Skill: Knowledge
19
25) Accordingtothetext,whatwasNOT anAmericanvalueidentifiedbysociologistRobin

WilliamsJr.?
A) Progress B) Individualism
C) Racismandgroupsuperiority D) Altruism
Answer: D
Diff:4 PageRef:49
26) Rituals,customs,symbolsthatareevidentinallsocietiesareknownas?
A) Culturalrelativism B) Culturalpluralism
C) Culturaluniversals D) Culturalparticularism
Answer: C
Diff:2 PageRef:52
Skill: Knowledge
27) CulturethatisassociatedwithmoreaffluentandlargelyWhitegroupsmaybereferredtoas
whatformofculture?
A) High B) Low C) Popular D) Universal
Answer: A
Diff:3 PageRef:53
28) Popularcultureisoftenassociatedwithwhatgroups?
A) Upperclass B) Elite
C) Middleandworkingclass D) Underclass
Answer: C
Diff:3 PageRef:53
Skill: Application
29) Whattheoristarguedthatdifferentgroupspossessculturalcapital?
A) PierreBourdieu B) RobertMerton
C) EmileDurkheim D) WilliamOgburn
Answer: A
Diff:3 PageRef:54
Skill: Knowledge
30) Ashort-lived,highlypopular,andwidespreadbehavior,style,ormodeofthoughtisknown
aswhatconcept?
A) Highculture B) Fad C) Lowculture D) Fashion
Answer: B
Diff:3 PageRef:55
Skill: Knowledge
31) WhichisNOTanexampleofafad?
A) ThePledgeofAllegiance B) Tie-dyeshirts
C) Apetrock D) Themoonwalk
Answer: A
Diff:3 PageRef:55
Skill: Application
20
32) WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueofafashion?
A) Itisshort-lived
B) Itispermanent
C) Itcanoriginateasafad
D) Itinvolvesthewidespreadacceptanceoftheactivity
Answer: A
33) Whenacountryscultureisdeliberatelyimposedonanothercountrythisiscalled?
A) CulturalImperialism B) CulturalRelativism
C) CulturalPluralism D) CulturalMoralism
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:57
Skill: Knowledge
34) Whatbestdescribesthetermculturallag?
A) Whensocietiesexperiencethegapbetweenlanguageskillsandtechnologicalskills
withoutanynoticeableeffect.
B) Whensocietiesexperiencethegapbetweenothersocietiesbasedontheunknown.
C) Whensocietiesexperiencethegapbetweentechnologyandmaterialcultureanditssocial
beliefsandinstitutions.
D) Whensocietiesexperiencethegapbetweenritualisticpracticeandreligiousbeliefdriven
bythequestfornon-supernaturalknowledge.
Answer: C
Diff:3 PageRef:58
Skill: Knowledge
35) Whichtermreferstothespreadingofnewideasthroughasociety,independentofa
populationmovement?
A) CulturalDiffusion B) CulturalInfusion
C) CulturalImmersion D) CulturalSubversion
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:58
Skill: Knowledge
2.2 FillintheBlank
1) Culturehasbotha________and________basis.
A) Material;nonmaterial B) Material;spiritual
C) Nonmaterial;scientific D) Material;diverse
Answer: A
Skill: Knowledge
2) ThebeliefinAmericanfreedomisanexampleof________culture.
A) Diverse B) Nonmaterial C) Material D) Relative
Answer: B
Diff:3 PageRef:39
Skill: Application
21
3) Culturaldiversitymeansthattheworldsculturesarevastly________eachother.
A) Differentfrom B) Similarto
C) Uninterestedin D) Importantto
Answer: A
Diff:1 PageRef:39
Skill: Knowledge
4) Cultural________proposesthatallculturesareequallyvalidintheexperienceoftheirown
members.
A) Ethnocentrism B) Lag C) Shock D) Relativism
Answer: D
Diff:1 PageRef:40
Skill: Synthesis
5) ________isagroupofpeoplewithinaculturewhosharesomedistinguishingcharacteristic,
belief,value,orattributethatsetsthemapartfromthedominantculture.
A) Subculture B) Counterculture
C) Reformculture D) Materialculture
Answer: A
Diff:1 PageRef:40
Skill: Knowledge
6) Counterculturesaresubculturesthatidentifythemselvesthroughtheirdifferenceand
________tothedominantculture.
A) Irreverence B) Perversion C) Opposition D) Prejudice
Answer: C
Diff:2 PageRef:41
Skill: Knowledge
7) TheAmericanflagisa________becauseitcarriesanadditionalmeaningbeyonditselfto
otherswhoshareintheAmericanculture.
A) Symbol B) Nonmaterialculture
C) Fad D) Normativematerial
Answer: A
Diff:3 PageRef:42
Skill: Application
8) ________statesthatlanguageshapesourperception.
A) Zerubaveltheory B) Sapir-Whorfhypothesis
C) Pullumlinguism D) Williamsvalueset
Answer: B
Diff:3 PageRef:43
Skill: Knowledge
9) Accordingtothetext,theuseofthewordman toincludebothmenandwomensupports
________genderbias.
A) Nonexistent B) Implicit C) Indescript D) Inclusive
Answer: B
Diff:4 PageRef:44
Skill: Evaluation
22
10) Ritualsareprocessesbywhichmembersofacultureengageina________behaviortoexpress
theirsenseofbelongingtotheculture.
A) Routine B) Non-routine C) Spontaneous D) Extraordinary
Answer: A
Diff:3 PageRef:44
Skill: Knowledge
11) SingingTheStar-SpangledBanner,theAmericannationalanthem,isanexampleofa
________.
A) Law B) Non-routine C) Ritual D) Fad
Answer: C
Skill: Application
12) ________aretherulesaculturedevelopsthatdefinehowpeopleshouldactandthe
consequencesoffailuretoactinthespecifiedways.
A) Norms B) Rituals C) Fads D) Fashions
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:45
Skill: Knowledge
13) Relativelyweakandinformalnormsare________.
A) Fads B) Folkways C) Laws D) Mores
Answer: B
Diff:1 PageRef:46
Skill: Knowledge
14) Moresare________normsthatare________enforced.
A) Stronger;informally B) Weaker;informally
C) Stronger;formally D) Weaker;formally
Answer: A
Diff:3 PageRef:47
Skill: Knowledge
15) ________arenormsthathavebeenorganizedandwrittendown.
A) Mores B) Folkways C) Laws D) Fads
Answer: C
Diff:1 PageRef:47
Skill: Knowledge
16) Ideasaboutrightandwrongasanethicalfoundationofacultureareexamplesof________.
A) Values B) Rituals C) Fads D) Fashions
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:47
Skill: Application
17) Cultureis________universal________local.
A) Either;or B) Both;and C) Neither;nor D) Only;never
Answer: B
Diff:4 PageRef:52
23
18) Rituals,customs,andsymbolsevidentinallculturesare________.
A) Culturalparticulars B) Culturallags
C) Culturalimperatives D) Culturaluniversals
Answer: D
Diff:1 PageRef:52
Skill: Knowledge
19) ________referstoanypieceofculturethatagroupcanuseasasymbolicresourceto
exchangewithothers.
A) Culturalspending B) Culturalcapital
C) Culturalsaving D) Culturalcredit
Answer: B
Diff:2 PageRef:54
Skill: Knowledge
20) Short-lived,highlypopular,andwidespreadbehaviorsliketheMoonwalkare________.
A) Fads B) Fashions C) Taboos D) Norms
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:55
Skill: Application
21) Fashionsaremorepermanentthan________.
A) Taboos B) Fads C) Norms D) Laws
Answer: B
Diff:3 PageRef:55
22) ________isabehavior,style,orideathatismorepermanentthanafad.
A) Fashion B) Taboo C) Populism D) Imperalism
Answer: A
Skill: Knowledge
23) ________isthedeliberateimpositionofonecountryscultureonanothercountry.
A) CulturalRelativism B) CulturalDiffusion
C) CulturalShock D) CulturalImperialism
Answer: D
Diff:1 PageRef:57
Skill: Knowledge
24) Culturelagisatermdevelopedby________.
A) WilliamOgburn B) EmileDurkheim
C) KarlMarx D) AnnSwidler
Answer: A
Diff:3 PageRef:58
24
25) Spreadingideasthroughasociety,independentofpopulationmovement,iscalled________.
A) CulturalDiffusion B) CulturalInfusion
C) CulturalImmersion D) CulturalDelusion
Answer: A
Diff:1 PageRef:58
Skill: Knowledge
2.3 TrueorFalse
1) Cultureisthefoundationofsocietyandithasbothamaterialandnonmaterialbasis.
Answer: TRUE
Skill: Knowledge
2) Cultureshapeswhatweknowbutitdoesnotshapeourhumannature.
Answer: FALSE
Diff:3 PageRef:39
3) Symbolsareobjectsthathaveameaningwithinaspecificculturebutmaynothavethesame
meaninginothercultures.
Answer: TRUE
Diff:2 PageRef:42
4) TheSapir-Whorfhypothesisstatesthatlanguagemayshapeourperception.
Answer: TRUE
Diff:1 PageRef:43
Skill: Knowledge
5) ThePledgeofAllegianceisanexampleofaculturalritual.
Answer: TRUE
Skill: Application
6) Normstendtoremainveryconstantovertimewithvirtuallynochange.
Answer: FALSE
Diff:2 PageRef:46
7) Moresarestrongernormsthatareinformallyenforced.
Answer: TRUE
Diff:1 PageRef:47
Skill: Knowledge
8) Fadsarelong-lived,highlypopular,andwidespreadbehaviors,styles,ormodesthought.
Answer: FALSE
Diff:1 PageRef:55
Skill: Knowledge
25
9) Culturaltransferisnotnecessarilyone-directional,asisevidentintheUnitedStateswith
culturaltrendsoriginatinginothercountriesbeingpopular.
Answer: TRUE
Diff:3 PageRef:57
10) Culturallagoccursinsocietieswhenthereisagapbetweenasocietystechnologyand
materialcultureanditssocialbeliefsandinstitutions.
Answer: TRUE
Diff:1 PageRef:58
Skill: Knowledge
2.4 ShortAnswer
1) Whatarematerialandnonmaterialcultures?
Answer: Materialcultureconsistsofthethingspeoplemakeandthethingstheyusetomake
them.Nonmaterialcultureconsistsoftheideasandbeliefsthatpeopledevelopabout
theirlivesandtheirworld.
Skill: Knowledge
2) WhatdoestheSapir-Whorfhypothesisproposeabouttheuseoflanguage?
Answer: TheSapir-Whorfhypothesisproposesthatlanguageshapesourperception.
Diff:2 PageRef:43
Skill: Synthesis
3) Whatareritualsandhowdotheyrelatetocoherence?
Answer: Ritualsarehowmembersofacultureengageinaroutinebehaviortoexpresstheir
senseofbelonging.Aritualbothsymbolizestheculturescoherencebyexpressinga
senseofunityandcreatescoherencebyenablingeachmembertofeelconnectedtothe
culture.
Diff:2 PageRef:44
Skill: Analysis
4) Whataremoresandlaws?
Answer: Moresarestrongernormsthatareinformallyenforced,whilelawsarenormsthathave
beenorganizedandwrittendown.
Diff:2 PageRef:47
Skill: Knowledge
5) Whatarevalues?
Answer: Valuesaretheethicalfoundationsofaculture,itsideasaboutrightandwrong,good
andbad.
Diff:1 PageRef:47
Skill: Knowledge
26
6) Whatispopularcultureandhowitisdifferentfromhighculture?
Answer: Popularcultureisthecultureofthemasses,themiddleclassandworkingclass,and
includesawidevarietyofmediaandartforms.Highcultureisgearedtowardmore
affluentandlargelyWhitegroups.
Diff:3 PageRef:53
7) Whatisculturalcapital?
Answer: Culturalcapitalisanypieceofculturethatagroupcanuseasasymbolicresourceto
exchangewithothers.
Diff:1 PageRef:54
Skill: Knowledge
8) Whatisfashionandhowitisdifferentthanafad?
Answer: Fashionisabehavior,style,orideathatismorepermanentthanafad.
Diff:3 PageRef:55
Skill: Analysis
9) Whatisculturalimperalism?
Answer: Culturalimperalismisthedeliberateimpositionofonecountryscultureonanother
country.
Diff:1 PageRef:57
Skill: Knowledge
10) Whatisculturallagandwhodefinedtheterm?
Answer: CulturallagwasdefinedbyWilliamOgburnanditiswhensocietiesexperienceagap
betweentechnologyandmaterialcultureanditssocialbeliefsandinstitutions.
Diff:2 PageRef:58
Skill: Knowledge
2.5 Essay
1) Howdosociologistsseeandunderstandculture?Pleaseexplainmaterialandnonmaterial
cultureinyouranswer.
Answer: Cultureistheconnectionbetweenthepersonalandthestructural,betweenhowwe
shapeoursocietyandhowitshapesusinturn.Sociologistsunderstandthatithasboth
materialandnonmaterialforms.Materialcultureconsistsofthingspeoplemakeand
thethingstheyusetomakethem.Nonmaterialcultureconsistsoftheideasandbeliefs
thatpeopledevelopabouttheirlivesandtheirworld.
2) Whataresubculturesandcountercultures?Whatisthedifferencebetweenthesesubgroupsof
culture?Offeranexampleofeachinyourexplanation.
Answer: Asubcultureisagroupofpeoplewithinaculturewhosharesomedistinguishing
characteristic,beliefs,values,orattributethatsetsthemapartfromthedominant
culture.Forexample,RomanCatholics.Counterculturesaredifferentthansubcultures
becausetheyidentifythemselvesthroughtheirdifferenceandoppositiontothe
dominantculture.Forexample,WhiteSupremacistsurvivalists.
Skill: Analysis
27
3) Whatarethesixelementsofculture?Pleasedescribeeachelementinyouranswer.
Answer: Thesixelementsofcultureare:materialculture,symbols,language,rituals,norms,and
values.Materialcultureconsistsofwhatpeoplemakeandwhattheymakeitwith.
Symbolsarewhatweseeandthinktranslated.Symbolscarryadditionalmeanings,for
example,anAmericanFlagcarriesadditionalmeaningsaboutfreedomanddemocracy.
Languageisanorganizedsetofsymbolsbywhichweareabletothinkand
communicatewithothers.Ritualsarehowmembersofacultureengageinaroutine
behaviortoexpresstheirsenseofbelongingtotheculture.Normsaretherulesthata
culturedevelopsthatdefinehowpeopleshouldactandtheconsequencesoffailingto
actasexpected.Valuesaretheethicalfoundationsofaculture,itsideasaboutrightand
wrong.
Skill: Knowledge
4) HowdoesPierreBourdieuexplaintheconceptofculturalcapital?Whathappensifthereisa
dividebetweenhighcultureandpopularculture?
Answer: Bourdieuarguedthatdifferentgroupspossesswhathecalledculturalcapital,a
resourcethatthoseinthedominantclasscanusetojustifytheirdominance.Cultural
capitalisanypieceofculture--anidea,artisticexpression,formofmusicor
literature--thatagroupcanuseasasymbolicresourcetoexchangewithothers.Ifthere
isadividebetweenhighcultureandpopularculture,Bourdieuargues,thedominant
classcanthensetthetermsoftrainingsothathighculturecanbeproperlyappreciated.
Diff:2 PageRef:54
Skill: Knowledge
5) Whatisafad?ExplainthefourtypesoffadsthatsociologistJohnLoflandidentified.
Answer: Afadisdefinedbybeingashort-lived,highlypopular,andwidespreadbehavior,style,
ormodeofthought.Thefourtypesoffadsidentifiedwere:objects,activities,ideas,and
personalities.Objectsarethingspeoplebuybecausetheyaresuddenlypopular,
whetherornottheyhaveanyuseorintrinsicvalue.Activitiesarebehaviorssuddenly
everybodyseemstobedoing,andyoudecidedtodoitalsooryoullfeelleftout.Ideas
arefast-spreadingconceptsaboutaphenomenon.Personalitiesarethosecelebritiesor
famouspersonswhogarneragreatdealofmediaandpopularattention.
Diff:3 PageRef:55
2.6 OpenBook
1) WhatdoesTable2.1InternetSlangtellusaboutInternetbehavior?
Answer: Table2.1tellsusthatInternetbehaviorissubjecttoitsownsetofnorms.Thereisa
Netiquettethatisexpectedofusers.
Skill: Analysis
28
2) WhatdoesFigure2.1AmericanAttitudesaboutNonmarital,HeterosexualSex,1972 -2004
suggestaboutculturalvalues?
Answer: Figure2.1suggeststhatculturalvaluescanbebothcontradictoryandchangeovertime.
Theviewsaboutheterosexualnonmaritalsexhavechangedovertimetobecomemore
acceptedeventhoughthereisstillalargepercentageofAmericanswhobelieveitis
alwayswrong(24%).
Diff:2 PageRef:52-Figure2.1
Skill: Evaluation
3) WhatdoesFigure2.2CellPhonesper1,000Peopledemonstrateaboutcultureglobally?
Answer: Figure2.2demonstratesthatgloballythereisaculturaldividebetweenwealthy
countriesandpoorercountries.Wealthiercountrieshavegreateraccesstotechnology
whilepoorercountriesdonot.
Skill: Analysis
29
Chapter3 Society:Interactions,Groups,
andOrganizations
3.1 MultipleChoice
1) Whatconceptisdefinedasanorganizedcollectionofindividualsandinstitutions,boundedby
spaceinacoherentterritory,subjecttothesamepoliticalauthority,andorganizedthrougha
sharedsetofculturalexpectationsandvalues?
A) Culture B) Context C) Society D) Structure
Answer: C
Diff:1 PageRef:64
Skill: Knowledge
2) Whatisthemostaccuratedescriptionofasocialstructure?
A) Acomplexframework,orstructure,composedofbothpatternedsocialinteractionsand
institutionsthattogetherbothorganizesociallifeandprovidethecontextforindividual
action.
B) Aframework,orstructure,composedofpatternedsocialinteractionsandinstitutions
thattogetherareorganized.
C) Acomplexframework,orstructure,composedofeitherpatternedsocialinteractionsor
institutions;theseorganizesociallifeandprovidethecontextforindividualaction.
D) Aframework,orstructure,composedofeitherpatternedsocialinteractionsor
institutionsthatorganizeindividualaction.
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:66
Skill: Evaluation
3) Behaviorsthatareorientedtowardothersarecalled?
A) Socialmeta-actions B) Socialconstructions
C) Socialinteractions D) Socialcohesiveness
Answer: C
Diff:1 PageRef:66
Skill: Knowledge
4) Whocoinedthetermlooking-glassself?
A) GeorgeHerbertMead B) CharlesHortonCooley
C) ErvingGoffman D) KarlMarx
Answer: B
Diff:2 PageRef:66
Skill: Knowledge
5) Whichtheoristexplainedthatpeoplecreateaselfthroughourinteractionswithothers?
A) KarlMarx B) GeorgeHerbertMead
C) EmileDurkheim D) MaxWeber
Answer: B
Diff:2 PageRef:67
30
CHAPTER 3 SOCIETY: INTERACTIONS, GROUPS, AND ORGANIZATIONS
6) Johntellsvulgarjokeswithhisbuddiesallthetimeandheoftenmakesupstoriesabouthis
sexlifethathebelievesarefunny.However,whenJohniswithhismotherheistheexact
opposite,oftencriticalofotherswhomakesuchjokesortellsuchstoriesaroundhismother.
WhatisJohnsbehavioranexampleof?
A) Impressionoverload B) Impressionmanagement
C) Impressionsupervision D) Impressionconflict
Answer: B
Diff:2 PageRef:67
Skill: Application
7) ErvingGoffmancalledhistheorywhat?
A) Dramaturgy B) Liturgy C) Zymurgy D) Chemurgy
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:67
Skill: Knowledge
8) Whenapersonattemptstogivethebestperformancepossible,he/sheisdoingwhattypeof
workaccordingtoGoffman?
A) Grace B) Identity C) Face D) Self
Answer: C
Diff:2 PageRef:68
Skill: Application
9) WhichofthefollowingisNOT anexampleofnonverbalcommunication?
A) Amountofsocialdistancebetweentwopeoplespeaking
B) SayingHello,howareyou?
C) Facialexpressionsusedtoconveyemotion
D) Bodymovementsandgestureswhiletalking
Answer: B
Skill: Application
10) Talkingisanexampleofwhattypeofcommunication?
A) Verbalcommunication B) Nonverbalcommunication
C) Attachedcommunication D) Communicativeaction
Answer: A
Diff:3 PageRef:69
Skill: Application
11) WhatdoesthetermmolecularcementthatlinksindividualsingroupsbyRobertNisbetrefer
to?
A) Fivebasicpatternsoffamiliallife
B) Fivebasicpatternsofsocialinteractions
C) Threebasicpatternsofsocialinteractions
D) Sixcomplexpatternsofsocialbehavior
Answer: B
Diff:3 PageRef:69
31
12) WhatisthefinalformofsocialinteractionthatRobertNisbetdiscussesasacategory?
A) Force B) Coercion C) Intimidation D) Ordination
Answer: B
Diff:3 PageRef:70
13) Whatbestdescribesroleperformance?
A) Thenonspecificemphasisorinterpretationwegivearole.
B) Theparticularemphasisorinterpretationwegiveasocialnorm.
C) Theparticularemphasisorinterpretationwegivearole.
D) Theextraemphasisorinterpretationwegiveasocialstigma.
Answer: C
Diff:2 PageRef:70
Skill: Knowledge
14) Asocialidentitythatisrecognizedasmeaningfulbysocietyiscalled?
A) Elitism B) Culturaltagging
C) Status D) Superordinaterole
Answer: C
Diff:1 PageRef:71
Skill: Knowledge
15) Staceysstatusofbeingwhitewasassignedtoheratbirthbysocietyandshecandolittleto
changebeingraciallyidentifiedaswhite.WhatdoesStaceysstatusdemonstrate?
A) Anascribedstatus B) Aminorstatus
C) Anachievedstatus D) Anoverridingstatus
Answer: A
Diff:3 PageRef:71
Skill: Application
16) Whatisanachievedstatusbestdefined as?

A) Aninvoluntarystatussocietygivesus.
B) Avoluntarystatusoneattains.
C) Anaccidentstatusweneitherearnnorreject.
D) Anunwantedstatusthatweattainbutlaterregret.
Answer: B
Diff:1 PageRef:71
Skill: Knowledge
17) Astatus,eitherascribedorachieved,thatovershadowsallothers,dominatingourlivesand
controllingourpositioninsocietyisreferredtoaswhattypeofstatus?
A) Overachieved B) Underachieved
C) Minor D) Master
Answer: D
Diff:1 PageRef:72
Skill: Knowledge
32
18) Whichofthefollowingisanexampleofamasterstatus?
A) Beingrichorpoor B) Havingcancer
C) Havingareligiousidentity D) Alloftheabove
Answer: D
Diff:2 PageRef:72
Skill: Application
19) Setsofbehaviorsthatareexpectedofapersonwhooccupiesastatusarecalled?
A) Roles B) Taboos C) Morals D) Plays
Answer: A
Diff:3 PageRef:72
Skill: Knowledge
20) Whenwemustleavearolethatiscentraltoouridentitythisisreferredtoas?
A) Roleescape B) Roleentrance
C) Roleexit D) Roleextremism
Answer: C
Diff:1 PageRef:73
Skill: Knowledge
21) Howmanypeopleareinadyad?
A) One B) Two C) Three D) Four
Answer: B
Diff:2 PageRef:74
22) Whichofthefollowingisanexampleofadyad?
A) Parentsandchildren B) Soccerteam
C) Husbandandwife D) Professorandstudents
Answer: C
Diff:2 PageRef:74
Skill: Application
23) Whenanaggregateofindividualswhohappentobetogetherbutexperiencethemselvesas
separatepersonsispresentwhatisthisdescribedasbeing?
A) Crowd B) Group C) Mono-dyad D) Organization
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:74
Skill: Knowledge
24) Whatisdifferentaboutagroupfromacrowd?
A) Agrouphascohesion.
B) Agroupislarge.
C) Agroupispeopleallinthesameplace.
D) Agroupexperiencesitselfasmadeupoftotallyindependentmembers.
Answer: A
Diff:3 PageRef:74
Skill: Analysis
33
25) Whatbestdescribesinstrumentalreasonsforsecondarygroupstocometogether?
A) Workingtogethertodistractfromcommongoals.
B) Providingemotionalsupport,love,companionship,andsecurity.
C) Workingtogethertomeetcommongoals.
D) Providingaplanonhowtomeetotherswhosharesimilarinstrumentalneeds.
Answer: C
Diff:3 PageRef:76
Skill: Knowledge
26) Whenyouareawareofthesubtledifferencesamongtheindividualmembersofyourgroup
thisiscalled?
A) In-groupheterogeneity B) Out-groupheterogeneity
C) In-grouphomogeneity D) Out-grouphomogeneity
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:77
Skill: Knowledge
27) Whatbenefitscanacliqueofferaperson?
A) TeachlessonsaboutthehierarchicalstructureintheUnitedStates
B) Protection
C) Elevationofonesstatus
D) Alloftheabove
Answer: D
Diff:4 PageRef:78
Skill: Evaluation
28) Whichisthemostaccurateunderstandingof diffusionofresponsibility?

A) Whenpeopleadheretoarigidsetofnormstotheexclusionofhelpingothersinneed,
suchasthehomeless.
B) Whenauthorityissodispersedthattheindividualmayavoidtakingresponsibilityfor
hisorheractionsassumingsomeoneelsewillberesponsible.
C) Whengroupmemberstrytopreserveharmonyandunityattheriskofinjurytoinnocent
bystanders.
D) Whenauthorityishighlycentralizedandtheindividualmusttakeresponsibilityforhis
orheractionsandnotassumesomeoneelsewillberesponsible.
Answer: B
Diff:3 PageRef:80
Skill: Evaluation
29) WhatismostaccurateabouttheInternetandnetworks?
A) Peopleonlyformnetworksonlineabouttopicstheyareuncomfortableorembarrassed
aboutdiscussingoff-line.
B) Peoplearenoteasilyabletoassumepseudo-identitiesoraliases.
C) Messageboardsandchatroomsallowpeoplemorecreativityinplayingrolesthanmay
existinliveinteraction.
D) TheInternetisextremelyisolating,causingpeopletohavealackofinteractioninany
formwithothers.
Answer: C
Skill: Evaluation
34
30) Whichofthefollowingisanormativeorganization?
A) TheRedCross B) Prison
C) Mentalinstitutions D) Reformschools
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:84
Skill: Application
31) WhatisNOTanexampleofacoerciveorganization?
A) Prison B) Reformschool
C) McDonalds D) Mentalinstitution
Answer: C
Skill: Application
32) InDemocracyinAmerica,whatdidAlexisdeTocquevillecallAmerica?
A) Anationofdissenters B) Acountryofex-patriots
C) Acountryoffollowers D) Anationofjoiners
Answer: D
Diff:4 PageRef:85
Skill: Knowledge
33) Whatarebureaucraciescategorizedasbeinginmanypeoplesminds?
A) RedTape B) RedTickers C) BlackTape D) BlackTests
Answer: A
Diff:4 PageRef:87
Skill: Analysis
34) Whichtheoristiscreditedwithfirstdescribingtheessentialcharacteristicsofbureaucracies?
A) RobertMerton B) ErvingGoffman
C) MaxWeber D) EmileDurkheim
Answer: C
Diff:3 PageRef:87
35) WhatisNOToneofthepotentialproblemswithbureaucracy?
A) Underspecialized B) Ritualism
C) Suppressionofdissent D) Rigidityandinertia
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:89
3.2 FillintheBlank
1) ________isanorganizedcollectionofindividualsandinstitutions.
A) Context B) Structure C) Construct D) Society
Answer: D
Diff:1 PageRef:64
Skill: Knowledge
35
2) Social________isacomplexframeworkwithbothpatternedsocialinteractionsand
institutions.
A) Building B) Structure C) Factory D) Story
Answer: B
Diff:1 PageRef:66
Skill: Knowledge
3) ________arebehaviorsthatareorientedtowardotherpeople.
A) Socialattractions B) Socialinteractions
C) Socialreactions D) Socialprotractions
Answer: B
Diff:1 PageRef:66
Skill: Knowledge
4) Theprocessbywhichouridentitydevelopsisthe________accordingtoCooley.
A) Looking-glassself B) Handmirror
C) Innerreflection D) Mirror-imageself
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:66
Skill: Knowledge
5) ________isatheorythatconcludeswechangeourbehaviorsoeasilyandsooften,without
eventhinkingaboutitaspartofourimpressionmanagement.
A) Liturgy B) Dramaturgy C) Zymurgy D) Metallurgy
Answer: B
Diff:2 PageRef:67
6) Whenwemakeamistakeinasocialinteractionordosomethingwrong,wefeelembarrassed,
or________.
A) needgrace B) saveface C) stoppace D) loseface
Answer: D
Diff:2 PageRef:68
Skill: Application
7) Incoercion,theindividualsorgroupswithsocialpowerare________.
A) Superordinate B) Socially-ordinate
C) Subordinate D) Status-ordinate
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:70
Skill: Knowledge
8) Theparticularemphasisorinterpretationwegivearoleiscalled________.
A) Roleperformance B) Statusperformance
C) Identityperformance D) Superordinateperformance
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:70
Skill: Knowledge
36
9) ________referstoanypositionthatcarrieswithitcertainexpectations,rights,and
responsibilities.
A) Status B) Role C) Identity D) Elite
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:71
Skill: Knowledge
10) ________statusreferstostatuswereceiveinvoluntarily,suchasbeingmaleorbeing
female.
A) Achieved B) Ascribed C) Acquired D) Allotted
Answer: B
Diff:2 PageRef:71
Skill: Application
11) A(n)________statuseitherascribedorachievedispresumedsoimportantthatitovershadows
alloftheothers,dominatingourlivesandcontrollingourpositioninsociety.
A) All-encompassing B) Overhanging
C) Minor D) Master
Answer: D
Diff:2 PageRef:72
Skill: Knowledge
12) Setsofbehaviorsthatareexpectedofapersonwhooccupiesacertainstatusare________.
A) Acts B) Plays C) Roles D) Lines
Answer: C
Diff:2 PageRef:72
Skill: Knowledge
13) Janetoftenfeelsasifthedifferentrolessheoccupiesareextremelydifferentorcontradictory.
Sheisatriskforexperiencing________.
A) Roledisconnect B) Roleconflict
C) Roletension D) Rolecontrasts
Answer: B
Diff:2 PageRef:73
Skill: Application
14) Leavingarolethatiscentraltoouridentityis________.
A) Roleconfusion B) Roleescape
C) Roleconflict D) Roleexit
Answer: D
Diff:2 PageRef:73
Skill: Knowledge
15) Agroupofonlytwopeopleisa________.
A) Monad B) Triad C) Dyad D) Quatrads
Answer: C
Diff:2 PageRef:74
Skill: Knowledge
37
16) ________isthedegreetowhichtheindividualmembersidentifywitheachotherandthe
group.
A) Groupcontrol B) Crowdcontrol
C) Groupcohesion D) Crowdcohesion
Answer: C
Diff:2 PageRef:74
Skill: Knowledge
17) Inaprimarygroup,suchasfamily,peoplecometogetherfor________reasons.
A) Expressive B) Instrumental C) Impressive D) Active
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:75
Skill: Knowledge
18) A(n)________groupisonethatapersondoesntbelongtoanddoesnotfeelpositivetoward.
A) Primary B) In C) Out D) Secondary
Answer: C
Diff:2 PageRef:76
Skill: Knowledge
19) Believingallmembersofanout-grouparethesameiscalled________.
A) In-grouphomogeneity B) Out-grouphomogeneity
C) In-groupheterogeneity D) Out-groupheterogeneity
Answer: B
Diff:2 PageRef:77
Skill: Knowledge
20) A(n)________groupisagrouptowardwhichwearesostronglycommittedoronethat
commandssomuchprestigethatweorientouractionsaroundwhatweperceivethatgroups
perceptionswouldbe.
A) Comparison B) Citation C) Indication D) Reference
Answer: D
Diff:2 PageRef:77
Skill: Knowledge
21) Samisinchargeofhisgroup.Samisknownasthe________.
A) Leader B) Follower C) Wanna-be D) Elected
Answer: A
Diff:1 PageRef:78
Skill: Application
22) ________areassumptionsaboutwhatpeoplearelikeorhowtheywillbehavebasedontheir
membershipinagroup.
A) Stigmas B) Scapegoats C) Stereotypes D) Stains
Answer: C
Diff:2 PageRef:80
Skill: Knowledge
38
23) ________isatypeofgroupthatisbothlooseranddenserthanaformalgroup.
A) Structure B) Network C) Society D) Organization
Answer: B
Diff:2 PageRef:81
Skill: Knowledge
24) Coerciveorganizationsaresometimescalled________.
A) Totalinstitutions B) Completegroups
C) Encompassingorganizations D) Totalstructures
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:85
25) ________isidentifiedinpeoplewhobecomemorecommittedtofollowingcorrectprocedures
thantheyareingettingthejobdone.
A) Bureaucraticinstitution B) Coercivepersonality
C) Totalinstitution D) Bureaucraticpersonality
Answer: D
Diff:2 PageRef:89
Skill: Knowledge
3.3 TrueorFalse
1) AccordingtoMead,themeisselfasobject.
Answer: TRUE
Diff:1 PageRef:67
Skill: Knowledge
2) Bodylanguageisaformofnonverbalcommunication.
Answer: TRUE
Diff:1 PageRef:68
Skill: Knowledge
3) AccordingtoPeterBlau,exchangeisnotthemostbasicformofsocialinteraction,competition
is.
Answer: FALSE
Diff:3 PageRef:69
4) FewstatusesarefixedatbirthintheUnitedStates.
Answer: FALSE
Diff:3 PageRef:71
5) Roleexitcanbedoneeithervoluntarilyorinvoluntarily.
Answer: TRUE
Diff:2 PageRef:73
39
6) Groupmembershipprovidesuswithasourceofidentityandalsoorientsusintheworld.
Answer: TRUE
Diff:3 PageRef:74
7) Anexampleofgroupconformitythatmanypeopleexperienceispeerpressure.
Answer: TRUE
Diff:1 PageRef:79
Skill: Application
8) AccordingtoGranovetter,ourweaktiescanalsoinfluenceourlives.
Answer: TRUE
Diff:3 PageRef:82
9) Coerciveorganizationsarevoluntaryandmemberscansevertieswithlittlenotice.
Answer: FALSE
Diff:2 PageRef:84
Skill: Knowledge
10) Bureaucraciesareusuallyhighlyefficientandpromoteasenseofindividualism.
Answer: FALSE
3.4 ShortAnswer
1) Whatisasocialstructure?
Answer: Asocialstructureisacomplexframeworkorstructurecomposedofbothpatterned
socialinteractionsandinstitutionsthattogetherbothorganizesociallifeandprovide
thecontextforindividualaction.
Diff:1 PageRef:66
Skill: Knowledge
2) Whatisimpressionmanagementandwhattheoryisitpartof?
Answer: Impressionmanagementiswhenoneactivelytriestocontrolhowothersperceive
her/himbychangingbehaviortocorrespondtoanidealofwhattheywillfindmost
appealing.Itispartofdramaturgy.
Diff:3 PageRef:67
Skill: Knowledge
3) Whatisethnomethodology?
Answer: Ethnomethodologyiswheretheresearchertriestoexposethecommonunstated
assumptionsthatenablesocialshortcutstooccur.
Diff:2 PageRef:69
Skill: Knowledge
4) Whatisroleperformance?
Answer: Roleperformanceistheparticularemphasisorinterpretationwegivearole.
Diff:2 PageRef:70
Skill: Knowledge
40
5) Pleaseexplainwhatascribedstatusandachievedstatusare.
Answer: Ascribedstatusisastatuswereceiveinvoluntarily;achievedstatusisastatusweattain.
Diff:3 PageRef:71
6) Whatisagroup?Pleaseidentifythesmallestgroup.
Answer: Agroupisanyassortmentofpeoplewhoshare(orbelievetheyshare)thesamenorms,
values,andexpectations.Thesmallestgroupisadyad,agroupoftwo.
Diff:3 PageRef:74
Skill: Knowledge
7) Whatdoprimaryandsecondarygroupscometogetherfor?
Answer: Primarygroupscometogetherforexpressivereasonsandsecondarygroupscome
togetherforinstrumentalreasons.
Skill: Knowledge
8) Whatisthedefinitionofanetwork?
Answer: Anetworkisatypeofgroupthatisbothlooseranddenserthanaformalgroup.
Diff:1 PageRef:81
Skill: Knowledge
9) Whatisatotalinstitution?Pleaseprovideanexample.
Answer: Atotalinstitutionisonethatcompletelyformallycircumscribesyoureverydaylife,for
example,prisons.
Diff:3 PageRef:85
Skill: Application
10) Whatisthedefinitionofabureaucracy?
Answer: Abureaucracyisaformalorganization,characterizedbyadivisionoflabor,ahierarchy
ofauthority,formalrulesgoverningbehavior,alogicofrationality,andan
impersonalityofcriteria.
Diff:3 PageRef:87
Skill: Knowledge
3.5 Essay
1) HowisidentitydevelopedaccordingtoCharlesHortonCooley?Doesthisprocesshavean
endpoint?
Answer: Cooleycoinedthetermlooking-glassself todescribetheprocessbywhichouridentity
developed.Hearguedwedevelopthisinthreestages.Thefirststage,weimaginehow
weappeartoothersaroundus.Thesecondstage,wedrawgeneralconclusionsbased
onthereactionsofothers.Inthethirdstage,basedonourevaluationsofothers
reactions,wedevelopoursenseofpersonalidentity.Itisneverafinishedprocess.
Skill: Knowledge
41
2) AccordingtoRobertNisbet,whatarethefivebasicpatternsofsocialinteractionandwhat
happensinthesepatterns?
Answer: Thefivebasicpatternsare:exchange,cooperation,competition,conflict,andcoercion.
Exchangeisthemostbasicformofsocialinteraction.Wegivethingstopeopleafterthey
givethingstousorinexpectationofreceivingthingsinthefuture.Incooperation,the
runningcountsofgoodandbadexchangesareforgottenwhenwemustworktogether
towardacommongoal.Competitioniswhensometimesthegoalisnotoneofcommon
goodandpeoplearetryingtogettheresourcewhenresourcesarelimited.Conflictis
whencompetitionbecomesmoreintenseandhostile,withthecompetitorsactively
hatingeachotherandperhapsbreakingsocialnormstoacquiretheprizedgoal.
Coercionisthefinalformofsocialinteraction.Superordinatecoercioniswhen
individualsorgroupswithsocialpowerusethethreatofviolence,deprivation,orsome
otherpunishmenttocontroltheactionsofthosewithlesspower,calledsubordinate.
3) Whatareroles?Whatdifficultiescanoneexperiencewithroles?Besuretodiscussatleast
twodifferentconceptsrelatedtorolesanddifficultywhenanswering.
Answer: Rolesaresetsofbehaviorsthatareexpectedofapersonwhooccupiesacertainstatus.
Ourexperiencesofrolesarenegotiationsbetweenroleexpectationsandrole
performances.Sometimestherecanberolestrain,roleconflict,androleexit.Role
strainiswhenthesamerolehasdemandsandexpectationsthatcontradicteachother,
sowecannotpossiblymeetthemall.Roleconflictiswhenwetrytoplaydifferentroles
withextremelydifferentorcontradictoryrulesatthesametime.Roleexitdescribesthe
processofadjustmentthattakesplacewhenwemoveoutofarolethatiscentraltoour
identity.
Skill: Evaluation
4) Whataregroups?Whattypesofgroupsexistandhowdotheyfunction?
Answer: Agroupisanyassortmentofpeoplewhosharenorms,values,andexpectations.They
canbesmallorlarge,formalorinformal.Thereareprimarygroupswhichserve
expressiveneedsandtherearesecondarygroupswhichserveinstrumentalneeds.
Groupsoftenfunctionontheirsize,composition,andpurpose.Groupmembershipcan
leadtogroupthink,diffusionofresponsibility,andstereotyping.
5) Whataresomeproblemsthatcanarisewithbureaucraciesthathappeninallgroups?Please
describetheseproblemsandoffersuggestionsastohowtheseproblemsoccur.Whateffectcan
theseproblemshaveonindividualmembersofthebureaucraticsystem?
Answer: Someproblemsthatariseare:overspecialization,rigidityandinertia,ritualism,
suppressionofdissent,andthebureaucraticcatch-22.Theproblemsoccurbecause
peopleinbureaucraciesoftenfocusongroupthink,stereotypes,andpressureto
conform.Theproblemsthatexistinbureaucraciescancauseindividualswithintofeel
alienatedandconfused.
Diff:3 PageRef:89
Skill: Analysis
42
3.6 OpenBook
1) InFigure3.2Ascribed,Achieved,andMasterStatuses,whatdoesthefigureshowabout
status?Pleasedefineeachformofstatusshowninthefigure.
Answer: Thefigureshowsthatapersoncanhaveanascribed,achieved,andmasterstatusallat
thesametime.Thispersonsascribedstatus,orthestatusgivenbysocietyregardlessif
hemeritedit,ishisage,gender,andability(notdisabled).HisascribedstatusofAsian
andgaybothoverlapwithhismasterstatus.Amasterstatusisastatusthatoverrides
allothers.Hisachievedstatus,orearnedstatus,isthatoflawyer(alsoamasterstatus),
inarelationship,tennisplayer,andcollegegraduate.
Skill: Evaluation
2) ReviewingtheHowdoweknowwhatweknow?:GroupConformityboxonpage79,what
doestheAschexperimentdemonstrateaboutgroupconformity?
Answer: Thatourdesiretofitin,toconformtothegroup,issometimesmoreimportantthan
beingaccurateorright.
Diff:2 PageRef:79
3) IntheHowdoweknowwhatweknow?:DoFormalorInformalProceduresResultinGreater
Productivityboxonpage88,whichproceduresresultingreaterproductivity?
Answer: InformalproceduresresultingreaterproductivityandeffectivenessaccordingtoBlau,
whileMeyerandRowanfoundthatformalprocedureswereoftendistantfromthe
actualwayspeopleworkinbureaucraticorganizations.
Diff:2 PageRef:88
Skill: Analysis
43
Chapter4 HowDoWeKnowWhatWeKnow?
TheMethodsoftheSociologist
4.1 MultipleChoice
1) Whenoneisdoingdeductivereasoningwhatdoesdatareferto?
A) Logicallyproceedingfromonedemonstrablefacttothenextanddeducingresults.
B) Subjectreasoningbasedoninterpretativefeelingandthendeducingresults.
C) Illogicalthoughtsthatdiscountonedemonstrablefacttothenextanddeducingresults.
D) Subjectiveproceedingfromonedemonstrablefacttothenextanddeducingresults.
Answer: A
Diff:1 PageRef:98
Skill: Knowledge
2) WhattermdidMaxWeberusetoidentifyintersubjectiveunderstanding?
A) Soziologie B) Gelleschaft
C) Verstehen D) Geisteswissenschaften
Answer: C
Diff:2 PageRef:98
Skill: Knowledge
3) Thedivideinsociologicalresearchisbetweenwhattwoformsofmethodology?
A) Objective;Quantitative B) Qualitative;Quantitative
C) Qualitative;Subjective D) Subjective;Quantitative
Answer: B
4) Whatisthefirststepforsociologicalresearch?
A) Choosingamethodology B) Definingaproblem
C) Reviewingliterature D) Choosinganissue
Answer: D
Diff:2 PageRef:101
Skill: Knowledge
5) Whichbestdescribesahypothesis?
A) Predictsarelationshipbetweentwovariables,independentanddependent.
B) Dependsonoriscausedbytheindependentvariable.
C) Predictsarelationshipbetweentwovariables,dependentandcausal.
D) Suggestsalooserelationshipbetweentwomethods.
Answer: A
Diff:1 PageRef:101
Skill: Knowledge
44
CHAPTER 4 HOW DO WE KNOW WHAT WE KNOW? THE METHODS OF THE SOCIOLOGIST
6) Inthehypothesis,childrenwhoseparentsaremarriedaremorelikelytohaveacademic
successandsuccessfulfriendships,whatistheindependentvariable?
A) Friendships B) Children
C) Academicsuccess D) Maritalstatusofparents
Answer: D
Diff:3 PageRef:101
Skill: Application
7) Whenaresearchercollectsdatashemustensurethedataiswhichtwothings?
A) Valid;licit B) Valid;reviewed
C) Reliable;constant D) Valid;reliable
Answer: D
Diff:2 PageRef:102
8) Whatisthefinalstepintheresearchprocess?
A) Dataanalysis B) Reportingthefindings
C) Developingahypothesis D) Collectingdata
Answer: B
Diff:2 PageRef:102
9) Whatarevariablesthatinfluencetheoutcomeofanexperimentbutarenotactuallyofinterest
totheresearchercalled?
A) Confounding B) Extra C) Extraneous D) Controlled
Answer: C
Diff:2 PageRef:103
Skill: Knowledge
10) Whichofthefollowingisatypeofresearchthatasociologistmightengagein?
A) Contentanalysis
B) Surveys
C) Observation
D) Interviews
E) Alloftheabove
Answer: E
Diff:2 PageRef:104
11) Acontrolledformofobservationwithanindependentanddependentvariableisknownas
what?
A) Participantobservation B) Experiment
C) Contentanalysis D) Secondaryanalysis
Answer: B
Diff:1 PageRef:104
Skill: Knowledge
45
12) Christopherisplanninghisexperiment.HewillintroducechangeintogroupAandgroupB
willnotexperienceanychange.WhichgroupisthecontrolgroupinChristophers
experiment?
A) GroupA B) GroupB C) Bothare D) Noneare
Answer: B
Diff:3 PageRef:104
Skill: Application
13) WhosestudiesonObediencetoAuthorityhadparticipantsuseelectricshocksonlearners
inordertotesthowtheparticipantswouldfolloworders?
A) RobertRosenthal B) MaxWeber
C) LenoreJacobson D) StanleyMilgram
Answer: D
14) Whatformofobservationdoesaresearcherperformifsheisnotinvolvedinanywayinthe
eventbeingobserved?
A) Aloof B) Distant C) Remote D) Detached
Answer: D
Diff:1 PageRef:106
Skill: Knowledge
15) Whensociologistswanttoconductresearchamongthepeopletheywanttostudytheyare
doingwhattypeofresearch?
A) Controlledexperiment B) Contentanalysis
C) Goingintothefield D) Secondaryanalysis
Answer: C
Diff:2 PageRef:106
16) Whatisthefieldmethodwhereresearchersliveandworkwiththegrouptheyrestudying
fromthegroupspointofviewandidentifythemselvesasaresearcher?
A) Contentanalysis B) Ethnography
C) Detachedobservation D) Endomethodology
Answer: B
Diff:2 PageRef:107
Skill: Knowledge
17) Whenaresearcherhasgonenativewhathasoccurred?
A) Theresearcherhasuncriticallyembracedthegroupswayofseeingthings.
B) Theresearchercannotturnoffhis/herfilterandisunabletoseethingsthroughthe
groupsperspective.
C) Theresearcherisoverlycriticaltowardthegroup.
D) Theresearchdoesnotspendenoughtimewiththegrouptoreallyunderstandtheir
perspective.
Answer: A
Diff:3 PageRef:107
46
18) Accordingtoyourtext,whattypeofsampledomostqualitativestudiesuse?
A) Clustersample B) Randomsample
C) Generalsample D) Purposivesample
Answer: D
Diff:2 PageRef:108
19) Whatbestdescribesasurvey?
A) Aone-on-oneinterviewadministeredtoparticipantswhichcollectsinformationabout
attitudesorbehaviors.
B) Acontentanalysisadministeredwithbooks,whichcollectsinformationaboutattitudes
orbehaviors.
C) Anethnographicstudywhichcollectsinformationaboutattitudesorbehaviors.
D) Asetofquestionsadministeredtoparticipantswhichcollectsinformationabout
attitudesorbehaviors.
Answer: D
Diff:2 PageRef:109
Skill: Knowledge
20) WhatdoesaLikertscalemeasure?
A) Levelsofagreementonlywithasetofofferedstatementsonaquestionnaire.
B) Levelsofneitheragreementnordisagreementbutonlyasimpleyesornowithasetof
offeredstatementsonaquestionnaire.
C) Levelsofagreementordisagreementwithasetofofferedstatementsonaquestionnaire.
D) Levelsofdisagreementonlywithasetofofferedstatementsonaquestionnaire.
Answer: C
Diff:2 PageRef:109
Skill: Knowledge
21) Whattermisusedforasubsetofthepopulationaresearcherwantstostudy?
A) Sample B) Variable C) Experiment D) Hypothesis
Answer: A
Diff:1 PageRef:109
Skill: Knowledge
22) Whatisasampletakenbyusinganabstractorarbitrarymethod?
A) Defined B) Stratified C) Purposive D) Random
Answer: D
Diff:1 PageRef:109
Skill: Knowledge
23) Whenasampleisdividedintodifferentgroupsbeforebeingconstructed,andtheresearcher
makessurethatshegetsanadequatenumberofmembersofeachgroup,thissampleiscalled?
A) Purposive B) Cluster
C) Stratified D) Totallyrandom
Answer: C
Diff:2 PageRef:110
Skill: Knowledge
47
24) Whatisasamplethatwhilerandomhasparameterstoit,suchas,everypersononeverytenth
blockwillbeincludedinthestudy?
A) Cluster B) Grouped C) Joined D) Coupled
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:110
Skill: Knowledge
25) Whyiscomingupwithagoodsurveyquestionhard?
A) Itshardtomisleadpeoplewithyourwordingandsoyoumustreallyworkatit.
B) Peopledontlikeansweringsurveysandsoyouhavetotrickthemintoit.
C) Thelocationofaquestionhaslittletodowiththeresults,onlythewordingmatters.
D) Thewordingofthequestionorlocationofitwithinthesurveycanchangethesurvey
results.
Answer: D
Skill: Evaluation
26) Whenaresearcheranalyzesalreadyexistingdataheisconductingwhattypeofanalysis?
A) Primary B) Used C) Secondary D) Leftover
Answer: C
Diff:2 PageRef:112
Skill: Knowledge
27) IfTomisinterestedinconductingresearchontheAmericanRevolutionhemighthavetouse
whatformofresearch?
A) Historical B) Hindsight C) Modern D) Introspective
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:112
Skill: Application
28) Whatcouldcontentanalysisincludeinitsintensivereading?
A) Books
B) Magazines
C) Piecesofconversation
D) Newspaperarticles
E) Alloftheabove
Answer: E
Diff:2 PageRef:113
29) Whatistrueaboutinterviewstudies?
A) Theyarenoteasilygeneralizablebecauseofthesamplesize.
B) Theyincludeaverylargesampleasthenorm.
C) Replicationiseasyandconvenient.
D) Itreliesonotherpeoplesresearchthatjustneedstobeanalyzedbytheresearcher.
Answer: A
Diff:3 PageRef:115
Skill: Analysis
48
30) Whatisknownastheabilitytogeneratetestablehypothesesfromdataandtopredictthe
outcomesofsomephenomenonorevent?
A) Causality B) Correlation C) Predictability D) Reliability
Answer: C
Diff:1 PageRef:116
Skill: Knowledge
31) Whatdoestherelationshipofsomevariabletotheeffectsitproducesreferto?
A) Predictability B) Correlation C) Causality D) Validity
Answer: C
Diff:1 PageRef:116
Skill: Knowledge
32) Whatisacorrelation?
A) Adirectrelationshipbetweentwophenomena.
B) Acauseandeffectmodel.
C) Arelationshipbetweentwophenomena.
D) Astrongunderstandingofwhytwophenomenaarebothtogether.
Answer: C
Diff:2 PageRef:119
Skill: Knowledge
33) WhatdoesthetermIRBstandfor?
A) IndiscriminateResearchBoard B) InstitutionalReviewBoard
C) IndependentReviewBulletin D) InstituteofResearchBeliefs
Answer: B
Diff:2 PageRef:121
34) Inordertointerviewtestsubjectsforresearcharesearchermustfirsthavethesubjectsdo
what?
A) Checkwiththeuniversity B) Giveinformedconsent
C) Paytoparticipate D) Takeaqualifyingexam
Answer: B
Diff:2 PageRef:121
35) Whenaresearcherwantstobeginresearchingheneedsapprovalfromwhatuniversitygroup?
A) RRG B) FDA C) IRB D) ASA
Answer: C
Diff:2 PageRef:121
Skill: Knowledge
4.2 FillintheBlank
1) Peoplepossess________,acomplexofindividualperceptions,motivations,ideasand
emotions.
A) Objectum B) Subjectivity C) Adjectivity D) Objectivity
Answer: B
Diff:1 PageRef:96
Skill: Knowledge
49
2) ________referstoformalandsystematicinformation,organizedandcoherent.
A) Citation B) Reference C) Verstehen D) Data
Answer: D
Diff:1 PageRef:98
Skill: Knowledge
3) ________methodsusesstatisticaltoolstohelpunderstandthebehaviors,attitudes,ortraits
understudywhicharethentranslatedintonumericalvalues.
A) Quartic B) Quantitative C) Qualitative D) Quillatation
Answer: B
Skill: Knowledge
4) ________predictsarelationshipbetweentwovariables,independentanddependent.
A) Causation B) Hypothesis C) Control D) Experiment
Answer: B
Diff:1 PageRef:101
Skill: Knowledge
5) A(n)________variableistheeventoriteminanexperimentthatismanipulatedtoseeifthe
differencehasanimpact.
A) Independent B) Dependent C) Causal D) Direct
Answer: A
Diff:1 PageRef:101
Skill: Knowledge
6) A(n)________variableiscausedbythe________variableasismeasuredinanexperiment.
A) Independent;causal B) Dependent;causal
C) Dependent;independent D) Independent;dependent
Answer: C
Diff:2 PageRef:101
Skill: Knowledge
7) ________meansyourdatamustactuallyenableyoutomeasurewhatyouwanttomeasure.
A) Predictability B) Reliability C) Causality D) Validity
Answer: D
Diff:2 PageRef:102
Skill: Knowledge
8) ________meansanotherresearchercanusethesamedatayouusedandfindsimilarresults.
A) Dependence B) Reliability C) Correlation D) Validity
Answer: B
Diff:2 PageRef:102
Skill: Knowledge
9) ________isacontrolledformofobservationinwhichonemanipulatesindependentvariables
toobservetheireffectsonadependentvariable.
A) Hypothesis B) Survey C) Ethnography D) Experiment
Answer: D
Diff:1 PageRef:104
Skill: Knowledge
50
10) The________groupwillhavethechangeintroducedtoseewhathappensinanexperiment.
A) Independent B) Experimental C) Control D) Dependent
Answer: B
Diff:1 PageRef:104
Skill: Knowledge
11) The________groupdoesnotexperiencemanipulationofthevariable.
A) Control B) Dependent C) Independent D) Experiment
Answer: A
Diff:1 PageRef:104
Skill: Knowledge
12) ________observationconstrainstheresearcherfrombecominginanywayinvolvedinthe
eventheisobserving.
A) Remote B) Distant C) Far D) Detached
Answer: D
Diff:2 PageRef:106
Skill: Knowledge
13) ________isafieldmethodusedmostoftenbyanthropologistswhentheystudyothercultures.
A) Ethnomethodology B) Dramaturgy
C) Ethnography D) Contentanalysis
Answer: C
Diff:1 PageRef:107
Skill: Knowledge
14) Jacksonisusinga________sampleashedidnotselecttheparticipantsrandomlyandtheyare
notrepresentativeofthelargerpopulation.
A) Subjective B) Intended C) Generalizable D) Purposive
Answer: D
Diff:2 PageRef:108
Skill: Application
15) ________arethemostcommonmethodofdatacollectionsociologistsuse.
A) Focusgroups B) Surveys
C) Unstructuredinterviews D) Contentanalysis
Answer: B
Diff:2 PageRef:109
16) A________isasubsetofthepopulationthataresearcherwantstostudy.
A) Stratification B) Sample C) Portion D) Section
Answer: B
Diff:1 PageRef:109
Skill: Knowledge
17) Peoplechosenbyanabstractorarbitrarymethodarepartofa________sample.
A) Random B) Purposive C) Chaotic D) Survey
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:109
Skill: Knowledge
51
18) Anniechoosesarandomsampleofaneighborhood,everyfifthblockinasmalltown,andthen
attemptstoincludeallthepeopleontheseblocksinherresearch.Anniesresearchisusinga
________sample.
A) Cluster B) Grouped C) Joined D) Clumped
Answer: A
Skill: Application
19) Jennyisperforminganalysisonalreadyexistingdataandisperforming________analysis.
A) Primary B) Unoriginal C) Secondary D) Reusable
Answer: C
Diff:2 PageRef:112
Skill: Application
20) Whentworesearchteamsresearchingdifferentexamplesofaphenomenonindifferentcities
cometosimilarconclusions,itactuallystrengthensthe________ofthefindingsofeach.
A) Causality B) Generalizability
C) Contentstructure D) Validity
Answer: B
Diff:2 PageRef:113
21) ________isnotusuallyaquantitativemethodbutinsteadinvolvesanintensivereadingof
certaintexts.
A) Secondaryanalysis B) Constructanalysis
C) Contentanalysis D) Ethnographicanalysis
Answer: C
Diff:2 PageRef:113
Skill: Knowledge
22) ________referstotheabilitytogeneratetestablehypothesisfromdataandtopredictthe
outcomesofsomephenomenonorevent.
A) Causality B) Correlations C) Predictability D) Reliability
Answer: C
Diff:1 PageRef:116
Skill: Knowledge
23) ________referstotherelationshipofsomevariabletotheeffectsitproduces.
A) Causality B) Predictability C) Probability D) Validity
Answer: A
Diff:1 PageRef:116
Skill: Knowledge
24) A________issomerelationshipbetweentwophenomenon.
A) Verstehen B) Causation C) Sample D) Correlation
Answer: D
Diff:1 PageRef:119
Skill: Knowledge
52
25) Everyresearchprojectthatgoesthroughauniversitymustpasstheinspectionofthe________.
A) FDA B) IRB C) CDC D) USBS
Answer: B
Diff:2 PageRef:121
4.3 TrueorFalse
1) Sociologistsagreethatquantitativemethodsarebetterthanqualitativemethods.
Answer: FALSE
2) Whenstartingaresearchprojectitisimportanttochooseanissueimportanttoyou.
Answer: TRUE
Diff:1 PageRef:101
3) Peerreviewisessentialwhenoneisseekingtohaveresearchpublished.
Answer: TRUE
Diff:2 PageRef:102
4) Sociologistsaredoingmoreexperimentsnowthantheyoncedid.
Answer: FALSE
Diff:2 PageRef:103
5) Ethnographersliveandworkwiththegrouptheyarestudying,totrytoseetheworldfrom
thegroupspointofview.
Answer: TRUE
Diff:1 PageRef:107
Skill: Knowledge
6) TheLikertscaleistheleast-usedscaleinsurveyresearch.
Answer: FALSE
Diff:3 PageRef:109
7) Surveysarethemostcommonresearchmethodinsociologybecauseitisveryeasytocomeup
withsurveyquestions.
Answer: FALSE
8) Secondaryanalysisisoftencheaperandeasiertodobutyouarecompletelydependentonthe
originalsources.
Answer: TRUE
Diff:3 PageRef:112
53
9) Sociologistsmuststrivetoremainobjectiveandavoidbias.
Answer: TRUE
Diff:2 PageRef:118
Skill: Knowledge
10) Acorrelationmeansthatthereisadirectcauseandeffectpresent.
Answer: FALSE
Diff:2 PageRef:119
Skill: Knowledge
4.4 ShortAnswer
1) Whatisdeductivereasoning?
Answer: Deductivereasoningiswhenaresearcherlogicallyproceedsfromonedemonstrable
facttothenextandthendeducesresults.
Diff:1 PageRef:98
Skill: Knowledge
2) Whattype(s)ofreasoningdoqualitativemethodsrelyon?
Answer: Qualitativemethodsrelyonmoreinductiveandinferentialreasoningtounderstandthe
textureofsociallife,theactualfeltexperienceofthesocialinteraction.
Diff:2 PageRef:100
Skill: Knowledge
3) Whatdoquantitativemethodsutilize?
Answer: Quantitativemethodsutilizestatisticaltoolstohelpunderstandpatternsinwhichthe
behaviors,attitudes,ortraitsunderstudycanbetranslatedintonumericalvalues.
4) Whatareindependentvariablesanddependentvariables?
Answer: Theindependentvariableistheagentofchange,theelementthatyoupredictisthe
causeofthechange.Thedependentvariableisthevariablethatchanges,itschange
dependingontheintroductionoftheindependentvariable.
Diff:3 PageRef:101
Skill: Knowledge
5) Whatisacontrolgroup?
Answer: Acontrolgroupwillnotexperiencethemanipulationthatwillhappeninan
experiment.
Diff:1 PageRef:104
Skill: Knowledge
6) Whatdoesparticipantobservationrequire?
Answer: Participantobservationrequiresthataresearcheractasbothaparticipantandan
observerofthefield.
Diff:2 PageRef:106
54
7) Whatisasample?
Answer: Asampleisasubsetofthepopulationthataresearcherwantstostudy.
Diff:1 PageRef:109
Skill: Knowledge
8) Whatissecondarydataanalysis?
Answer: Secondarydataanalysisisananalysisofalreadyexistingdata.
Diff:1 PageRef:112
Skill: Knowledge
9) Whatiscontentanalysis?
Answer: Contentanalysisisusuallynotaquantitativemethodbutinsteadinvolvesanintensive
readingofcertaintexts,suchasbooksormagazines.
Diff:1 PageRef:113
Skill: Knowledge
10) Whatdoescausalityreferto?
Answer: Causalityreferstotherelationshipofsomevariabletotheeffectsitproduces.
Diff:1 PageRef:116
Skill: Knowledge
4.5 Essay
1) Developaresearchstudy.Inyourexample,pleasegiveeachbasicstepofhowresearchinthe
socialscienceswouldmoveforward.
Answer: Inthisexampleofthestudentsstudy,alleightstepsshouldbeaccountedforandin
order:
1.Chooseanissue.
2.Definetheproblem.
3.Reviewtheliterature.
4.Developahypothesis.
5.Designaproject.
6.Collectdata.
7.Analyzedata.
8.Reportthefindings.
Skill: Application
2) Whatisfieldwork?Pleasedescribethedifferenttypesoffieldresearchthatcanbedoneand
offeranexampleofwhenaresearchermaychoosetouseeachform.
Answer: Fieldworkiswhensociologistsconductresearchamongthepeopletheywanttostudy.
Differentformsoffieldresearchinclude:detachedobservation,participantobservation,
andethnography.Detachedobservationisaperspectivethatconstrainstheresearcher
frombecominginanywayinvolvedintheeventheorsheisobserving.Participant
observationrequiresthattheresearchdoboth,participateandobserve.Ethnographyis
afieldmethodusedmostoftenbyanthropologists,heretheresearcherlivesandworks
withthegroupstheyrestudyinginordertotrytoseetheworldfromtheotherspoint
ofview.(Studentsshouldgiveexamplesoftheuseofeachform.)
55
3) Whatisquantitativedataanalysis?Whatisthemostcommontypeofresearchinstrument
involvedinquantitativeresearch?Whatarethestrengthsandweaknesseswiththis
instrument?Inyouranswerremembertodiscusswhatasurveyis,howonecanconstructa
survey,anddifferentsampleoptions.
Answer: Quantitativedataanalysisusesstatisticstounderstandbehaviors,attitudesorother
traitsunderstudy.Themostcommonmethodusedtocollectquantitativedataisthe
survey,whichisaquestionnaire.Usuallyquestionsaregradedonascale;the
most-usedformisaLikertscalethatarrangesresponsesfromlowesttohighest.A
strengthwithasurveyisthatyoucaninterviewalargersampleandgatheralotofdata
fromthemeasily.However,aweaknessisthatbadquestionsandsurveystructurecan
createbiasindata.Asociologistwouldtakeasample(orsubset)ofthepopulationthey
wanttostudy.Asamplecanberandom,stratified,orclustered.
Skill: Knowledge
4) Whataresomeissuesthatcanarisewhenconductingresearch?Whatarewaysaresearchcan
trytohelplimittheseissues?
Answer: Theissuesthatcanarisearethatstatisticaldatacanbemanipulated,therecanbe
researcherbias,andthepossibilityofoverstatingonesresults.Waysaresearchercan
trytolimittheseissues:Beawareofyourbiasandhavesomeoneelsereviewyourwork
forfeedback;Donotmanipulatestatisticaldatauntilyougettheresultsyouwant,but
reportwhatisfoundinthedatainstead;Donotmakeanassertionthatisnotfound.
Forexample,ifitisonlyacorrelation,statethis.Donotstatecausationwhenitisnot
found.Additionally,maintainprofessionalethicsandfollowtheprotocolsforyourIRB.
Skill: Analysis
5) Whataretheemergingmethodologiesinsociologytoday?Aretherenewwaysolderformsof
researcharebeingused?Pleasedescribeeachindetail.
Answer: Twonewmethodologiesaretelephonesampling(randomdigitdialing)andfield
experimentsthatusematchedpairsandrandomassignmentstoinfercausality.The
matchedpairscanhelptouncoverhiddenbiases.Newwaysoldformsarebeingused
areInternetsurveysandthecombiningofvariousmethodstouseamixed-methods
approach.Youmightfindaresearcherusingasecondarydataanalysisandthen
couplingthiswithanoriginalin-depthinterviewsubsample.
4.6 OpenBook
1) InFigure4.2ResearchintheSocialSciences,whatistheprocessfordoingresearchinsocial
sciences?
Answer: 1.Chooseanissue.
2.Definetheproblem.
3.Reviewtheliterature.
4.Developahypothesis.
5.Designaresearchproject.
6.Collectandanalyzedata.
7.Reportyourfindings.
56
2) UsingtheFigure4.3box,describewhataLikertscaleisandhowitmeasures.
Answer: ALikertscaleisthemostwidely-usedscaleinsurveyresearchandisatechniquethat
presentsasetofstatementsonaquestionnaire.Thequestionnaireasksrespondentsto
expresslevelsofagreementordisagreementwiththesestatements.
3) InTable4.1ResearchMethods,whatarethestrengthsandweaknessesofinterviewstudies
andsurveys?
Answer: Interviewstudieshavethestrengthofhavingacarefullyselectedsample,makingit
easytoidentifycommonthemesandhighlighttrendsandbehaviorswithinaspecific
group.Aweaknessofinterviewstudiesisthattheyarenotgeneralizable.Astrengthof
surveysisthattheyareeasyandconvenientwaystocollectlargeamountsofdatafrom
largesamples.Aweaknessofsurveysisthatthedatacanbeeasilycorruptedbypoor
methodology.
57
Chapter5 Socialization
5.1 MultipleChoice
1) Whatdoesnaturereferto?
A) Ourbiologicalmakeup. B) Howwegrowup.
C) Oursociologicalmakeup. D) Howwelearnfromourenvironment.
Answer: A
Diff:1 PageRef:128
Skill: Knowledge
2) Whatbestdescribestabularasa?
A) Peopleareshapedbytheirgenetics.
B) Peoplearepredestinedtogoodorevil.
C) Peoplearebornblankslates.
D) Peoplearebiologicallyhard-wiredaparticularway.
Answer: C
Diff:2 PageRef:128
Skill: Knowledge
3) Whatistheprocessbywhichwebecomeawareofourselvesaspartofagroup,learninghow
tocommunicatewithothersandthebehaviorexpectedofus,knownas?
A) Predestination B) Socialization C) Development D) Activation
Answer: B
Diff:1 PageRef:129
Skill: Knowledge
4) Whatdoessocializationimbueuswith?
A) Setofnorms
B) Setofvalues
C) Setofbeliefs
D) Setofinterests
E) Alloftheabove
Answer: E
Diff:3 PageRef:129
5) Lenoreisteachingherthree-year-olddaughteraboutcolors.Whatisthisanexampleof?
A) Socialization B) Programming C) Indulgence D) Instinct
Answer: A
Skill: Application
6) Whendoessocializationendforaperson?
A) Childhood B) Teenyears C) Middleage D) Upondeath
Answer: D
58
CHAPTER 5 SOCIALIZATION
7) Whatdostudiesofisolatedchildrenreveal?
A) Somewillrecover,withlittletonoeffortandspecializedcare.
B) Mostwillsufferpermanentdamage.
C) Somewillrecover,witheffortandspecializedcare,butotherswillsufferpermanent
damage.
D) Mostwillnotsufferpermanentdamage.
Answer: C
Diff:3 PageRef:131
8) Whichtheoristdevelopedathree-stagetheoryofsocializationthatincludedimitation,play,
andgames?
A) GeorgeHerbertMead B) JeanPiaget
C) SigmundFreud D) CharlesH.Cooley
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:132
Skill: Knowledge
9) WhichofthefollowingisNOT astageinMeadsdevelopmentoftheperspectiveoftheother?
A) Imitation B) Sensorimotor C) Play D) Games
Answer: B
Diff:2 PageRef:132
10) Whatisitknownaswhenapersoncaninternalizetheexpectationsofmoreandmore
people,untileventuallytheytakeontheroleoftheirgroupasawhole?
A) Thenonparticulargroup B) Thegeneralizedother
C) Thegeneralizedself D) Thespecificother
Answer: B
Diff:1 PageRef:133
Skill: Knowledge
11) GarrettisthreeyearsoldandlovestopretendtobeSpiderman.Hepretendstodoallthe
thingsthathebelievesSpidermanmightdo.Whatstageofdevelopment,accordingtoMead,
isGarrettdoing?
A) Imitation B) Game C) Operational D) Play
Answer: D
Diff:3 PageRef:132
Skill: Application
12) InPiagetscognitivestagesofdevelopmentwhatisthesensorimotorstagecharacterizedby?
A) Capableofabstractthoughtandreasoning.
B) Capableofunderstandingandarticulatingspeechandsymbols.
C) Causalrelationshipsareunderstoodasarecommonconcepts,butcannotyetreach
conclusionsthroughgeneralprinciples.
D) Canunderstandonlywhattheysee,hear,ortouch.
Answer: D
Diff:2 PageRef:133
Skill: Knowledge
59
13) WhatagerangedidPiagetstatetheconcreteoperationalstagewaspresentin?
A) 0-2years B) 2-7years
C) 7-12years D) 12yearsandup
Answer: C
Diff:2 PageRef:133
Skill: Knowledge
14) LawrenceKohlbergbuiltonJeanPiagetstheorytoarguewhataboutdevelopment?
A) Psychologicaldevelopmentisinthreestages.
B) Abstractthoughtisinthreestages.
C) Concretereasoningisinthreestages.
D) Moraldevelopmentisinthreestages.
Answer: D
Diff:2 PageRef:134
15) WhatdoesmoralitymeaninthepreconventionalstageofKohlbergstheory?
A) Relativism
B) Seeingsomeactsasessentiallygoodorbad
C) Avoidingpunishmentandgainingrewards
D) Non-absolutism
Answer: C
Diff:2 PageRef:134
Skill: Knowledge
16) Whoisthefounderofpsychoanalysis?
A) LawrenceKohlberg B) SigmundFreud
C) JeanPiaget D) GeorgeHerbertMead
Answer: B
Diff:1 PageRef:135
Skill: Knowledge
17) WhichofthefollowingisNOToneoftheelementsofselfinFreudstheory?
A) Id B) Superego C) Ego D) Eros
Answer: D
Diff:2 PageRef:135
18) AccordingtoFreud,whatistheinborndriveforself-gratificationcalled?
A) Id B) Superego C) Thanatos D) Ego
Answer: A
Diff:1 PageRef:135
Skill: Knowledge
19) Whatistheforcethatbalancesourdriveforself-gratificationandsocialrulesknownas?
A) Eros B) Ego C) Id D) Superego
Answer: B
Diff:2 PageRef:135
Skill: Knowledge
60
20) WhichofthefollowingisNOToneofFreudsstagesofdevelopmentthatpeoplepass
through?
A) Oral B) Anal C) Oedipal D) Operational
Answer: D
21) WhichofthefollowingcouldbeanexampleofFreudsoralstageofdevelopment?
A) Defecation B) Urination
C) Breastfeeding D) Attractiontomother
Answer: C
Diff:2 PageRef:135
Skill: Application
22) Theideaoffakinguntilyoumakeitwhereapersonbeginstoactoutaroleevenbeforeheor
shehasitcouldbeunderstoodaswhatformofsocialization?
A) Anxious B) Redefined C) Prepared D) Anticipatory
Answer: D
Skill: Analysis
23) Whatisitknownaswhenapersonmustlearnanewsetofvalues,behaviors,andattitudes
thataredifferentfromthosepreviouslyheld?
A) Anticipatorysocialization B) Resocialization
C) Desocialization D) Stagedsocialization
Answer: B
Diff:2 PageRef:137
Skill: Knowledge
24) Whatarethepeople,groups,orsocialinstitutionsthathelptosocializeuscalled?
A) Agentsofsocialization B) Conduitsofsocialization
C) Sellersofsocialization D) Teachersofsocialization
Answer: A
Diff:1 PageRef:137
Skill: Knowledge
25) Whendoesprimarysocializationoccur?
A) Youngadulthood B) Oldage
C) Childhood D) Middleage
Answer: C
Diff:2 PageRef:137
61
26) Whatbestdescribesprimarysocialization?
A) Occursthroughoutlife,everytimewestartsomethingnewandmustgainnew
behavioralpatternsintheprocess.
B) Occursthroughoutlife,givesusbasicbehavioralpatterns,butdoesnotallowfor
adaptation.
C) Occursduringchildhood,givesusbasicbehavioralpatterns,butallowsforadaptation
andchangelateron.
D) Occursduringearlychildhood,allowingforlittleadaptationandchangelateron.
Answer: C
Diff:1 PageRef:137
Skill: Knowledge
27) Whatbestdescribessecondarysocialization?
A) Itoccursininfancyasweweanfromourmothersanddevelopinterestinother
caregivers.
B) Itoccursthroughourteenyearsbutnotasweenterintoadulthood.
C) Itoccursinearlychildhoodandgivesusbasicpatternsofbehavior.
D) Itoccursthroughoutlife,eachtimewechangesocialrolesandabandonoldbehavior
patternsanddevelopnewpatterns.
Answer: D
Diff:1 PageRef:137
Skill: Knowledge
28) Whichofthefollowingisapossibleagentofsocialization?
A) Family B) Massmedia
C) Religion D) Alloftheabove
Answer: D
29) Inmodernsocietieshowmuchofourlivesisspentinschool?
A) 1/2 B) 1/3 C) 1/4 D) 1/5
Answer: B
Diff:2 PageRef:139
Skill: Knowledge
30) WhatisNOTaccurateaboutreligion?
A) 40%oftheU.S.populationattendsreligiousserviceseveryweek.
B) Wearesocializedbyreligiousviewsinvariousothersettingsbesidesahouseofworship
orprayer.
C) IthaslittleimpactonsocializationintheUnitedStates.
D) Itgivesusadivinemotivationforinstillingsocialnormsinchildrenandadults.
Answer: C
Diff:3 PageRef:140
62
31) Whatareourfriendsalsoknowaswhendiscussingagentsofsocialization?
A) Acquaintances B) Familialsupports
C) Peopleweknowinschoolonly D) Peergroups
Answer: D
Diff:1 PageRef:141
Skill: Knowledge
32) Whatismostaccurateaboutmassmedia?
A) ItisnotinteractedwithdailybymostAmericans.
B) Televisionisthemostdominantformacrosstheworld.
C) Forteenagers,radioandmagazinesplaylittleroleinsocialization.
D) Videogameshavenowbecomeamoreimportantformofmassmediaoverthelast20
years.
Answer: B
Diff:3 PageRef:142
33) WhichisNOTtrueabouthowmodernsocietyseeschildren?
A) Littleadults B) Innocents
C) Inneedofprotection D) Inneedofguidance
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:144
34) Afteryoungadulthoodwhatisthenextlifestageinadulthood?
A) Old B) Youngmiddle C) Middleage D) Olderyoung
Answer: C
Diff:2 PageRef:146
Skill: Knowledge
35) Whendoesgendersocializationbegin?
A) Atbirth B) Earlypreschoolyears
C) Elementaryschool D) Middleschool
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:147
5.2 FillintheBlank
1) ________meanshowwegrowup:whatwelearnfromourphysicalenvironmentandour
encounterswithotherpeople.
A) Nurture B) Genetics C) Nature D) Personality
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:128
Skill: Knowledge
2) Thebeliefthatpeopleareblankslatesiscalled________.
A) Austereripa B) Tabularasa C) Mortvernal D) Vitalapis
Answer: B
Diff:2 PageRef:128
63
3) ________istheprocessbywhichwebecomeawareofourselvesaspartofagroup,learnhow
tocommunicatewithothersinthegroup,andlearnthebehaviorexpectedofus.
A) Nurturing B) Formalization C) Socialization D) Cooperativism
Answer: C
Diff:1 PageRef:129
Skill: Knowledge
4) The________childsupposedlylivesinthewildanddoesnothaveanyadultcontact.
A) Barnyard B) Woodlen C) Instinctive D) Feral
Answer: D
Diff:2 PageRef:130
5) Meadarguedtherewere________stagesinthedevelopmentoftheperspectiveoftheother.
A) One B) Two C) Three D) Four
Answer: C
Diff:2 PageRef:132
Skill: Knowledge
6) Whenapersontakesontheroleoftheirgroupasawhole,thisisthe________.
A) Generalizedother B) Focusedgroup
C) Widerself D) Peripheralother
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:133
Skill: Knowledge
7) InPiagetstheory,the________stageisfrombirthtoage2andchildrenexperiencetheworld
throughtheirsenses.
A) Sensorimotor B) Preoperational
C) Concreteoperational D) Formaloperational
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:133
Skill: Knowledge
8) ________developedatheoryofmoraldevelopmentbasedonPiagetswork.
A) SigmundFreud B) GeorgeHerbertMead
C) LawrenceKohlberg D) StanleyMilgram
Answer: C
Diff:2 PageRef:134
9) InKohlbergstheory,________isthestagefromages9to20whenchildrenorteenagersare
developingtheabilitytomovebeyondtheirimmediatedesirestoalargersocialcontext.
A) Preconventional B) Non-conventional
C) Post-conventional D) Conventional
Answer: D
Diff:1 PageRef:134
Skill: Knowledge
64
10) The________ispureimpulse.
A) Superego B) Id C) Ego D) Conscience
Answer: B
Diff:1 PageRef:135
Skill: Knowledge
11) The________isinternalizedsocialnormsandvalues.
A) Superego B) Lesserego C) Ego D) Id
Answer: A
Diff:1 PageRef:135
Skill: Knowledge
12) The________channelsimpulsesintosociallyacceptednorms.
A) Superid B) Superego C) Id D) Ego
Answer: D
Diff:1 PageRef:135
Skill: Knowledge
13) ________iswhenyoubegintoenactthebehaviorsandtraitsofthestatusyouexpectto
occupy.
A) Preparedsocialization B) Anticipatorysocialization
C) Fake-itsocialization D) Pretendsocialization
Answer: B
Skill: Knowledge
14) ________involveslearningnewsetsofvalues,behaviors,andattitudesdifferentfromwhat
youpreviouslyheld.
A) Rolesocialization B) Desocialization
C) Anticipatorysocialization D) Resocialization
Answer: D
Diff:1 PageRef:137
Skill: Knowledge
15) ________ofsocializationarepeople,groups,orsocialinstitutionsthatsocializenewmembers
eitherformallyorinformally.
A) Realtors B) Agents C) Brokers D) Vicars
Answer: B
Diff:1 PageRef:137
Skill: Knowledge
16) ________socializationoccursduringchildhood.
A) Primary B) Initial C) Secondary D) Adaptive
Answer: A
Diff:1 PageRef:137
Skill: Knowledge
65
17) ________socializationoccursthroughoutlife.
A) Primary B) Lifetime C) Staged D) Secondary
Answer: D
Diff:1 PageRef:137
Skill: Knowledge
18) Itisour________thatgivesusourfirststatusesandinitiallysocializesus.
A) Government B) Friends
C) Family D) Educationsystem
Answer: C
Diff:2 PageRef:138
19) Our________tendtobeagespecificinmodernsociety.
A) Primarygroups B) Peergroups
C) Secondarygroups D) Religiousgroups
Answer: B
Diff:3 PageRef:141
Skill: Knowledge
20) ________marksthebeginningofadolescence.
A) Puberty B) Completingyoureducation
C) Independence D) Dependence
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:144
Skill: Knowledge
21) ________adulthoodisbetweenadolescenceandfulladulthood.
A) New B) Middle C) Young D) Starter
Answer: C
Diff:2 PageRef:146
22) Middleageisroughlybetween________yearsofage.
A) 25-55 B) 40-65 C) 30-60 D) 50-70
Answer: C
Diff:2 PageRef:146
Skill: Knowledge
23) ________socializationoccurswhenboysandgirlsaresocializedtoaccepttwoentirely
differentsetsofsocialnorms.
A) Difference B) Masculine C) Feminine D) Gender
Answer: D
Diff:1 PageRef:147
Skill: Knowledge
66
24) ________areexpectedtobetough,aggressive,loud,andathletic.
A) Boys B) Girls
C) Bothboysandgirls D) Neitherboysnorgirls
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:147
25) Whengirlsaretough,loud,aggressive,andathletictheyarelabeleda________.
A) Sissy B) Janesprat C) Tomboy D) Littleman
Answer: C
Diff:2 PageRef:147
Skill: Knowledge
5.3 TrueorFalse
1) Sociologistsstressnatureasbeingprimaryinthedevelopmentofwhoweare.
Answer: FALSE
Diff:2 PageRef:128
2) Aproblemwithstagetheoriesisthattheyarerigidlydefinedandmaynotbeuniversal.
Answer: TRUE
Diff:2 PageRef:136
3) Anexampleofresocializationcouldbefirst-yearcollegestudentsadjustingtocollegelife.
Answer: TRUE
Diff:2 PageRef:137
Skill: Application
4) Primarysocializationoccursinchildhood.
Answer: TRUE
Diff:1 PageRef:137
Skill: Knowledge
5) Educationhelpstosocializepeopleintoasocialclass.
Answer: TRUE
Diff:2 PageRef:139
6) ReligionisnolongeranimportantagentofsocializationintheUnitedStates.
Answer: FALSE
Diff:2 PageRef:140
7) Peergroupshaveanenormoussocializinginfluenceduringearlychildhooddevelopment.
Answer: FALSE
Diff:2 PageRef:141
Skill: Knowledge
67
8) Themediadoesnotfragmentusintodiscretesubgroups.Insteaditonlybringsuscloser
togetheraroundtheworld.
Answer: FALSE
Diff:3 PageRef:143
9) Biologicalchangesthatoccurinpubertyareuniversal,butthetimingchangesdependingon
thecultureandthetimeperiod.
Answer: TRUE
Diff:2 PageRef:144
10) Gendersocializationbeginsthemomentbabiesareborn.
Answer: TRUE
Diff:2 PageRef:147
5.4 ShortAnswer
1) Whatissocialization?
Answer: Socializationistheprocessbywhichwebecomeawareofourselvesaspartofagroup,
learnhowtocommunicatewithothersinthegroup,andlearnthebehaviorthatis
expectedofus.
Diff:1 PageRef:129
Skill: Knowledge
2) WhatarethethreestagesofMeadsdevelopmentoftheperspectiveoftheother?
Answer: Imitation,Play,andGamesarethethreestages.
Diff:2 PageRef:132
3) InPiagetscognitivetheoryofdevelopment,atwhatagesdoesthepreoperationalstagetake
place?Whathappensatthisstage?
Answer: Thepreoperationalstageoccursaboutages2to7.Duringthisstagecasualrelationships
areunderstood,asarecommonrelationships,butthechildcannotreachconclusions
throughgeneralprinciples.
Diff:3 PageRef:133
4) Whatistheid?
Answer: Theidispureimpulse,withoutworryingaboutsocialrules,consequences,morality,or
otherpeoplesreactions.
Diff:1 PageRef:135
Skill: Knowledge
5) Whatisthesuperego?
Answer: Thesuperegoisinternalizednormsandvalues,therulesofoursocialgroup.
Diff:1 PageRef:135
Skill: Knowledge
68
6) Whatisanticipatorysocialization?
Answer: Anticipatorysocializationiswhenyoubegintoenactthebehaviorsandtraitsofthe
statusthatyouexpecttooccupy.
Skill: Knowledge
7) Whatisresocialization?
Answer: Resocializationinvolveslearningnewsetsofvalues,behaviors,andattitudesthatare
differentfromthoseyoupreviouslyheld.
Diff:1 PageRef:137
Skill: Knowledge
8) Whendoesprimaryandsecondarysocializationoccur?
Answer: Primarysocializationoccursduringchildhood,whilesecondarysocializationoccurs
throughoutlife.
Diff:2 PageRef:137
Skill: Knowledge
9) Whatarepeergroupsusuallywhenitcomestoage?
Answer: Peergroupsareusuallyagespecific.
Diff:2 PageRef:141
10) Whatdoesgendersocializationgiveboysandgirlswithregardtosocialnorms?
Answer: Itgivesboysandgirlstwoentirelydifferentsetsofsocialnorms.
Diff:2 PageRef:147
5.5 Essay
1) Howdosociologistsunderstandtherelationshipbetweennatureandnurture?Whatroledoes
socializationplayinthis?Remembertodefinethekeyconcepts.
Answer: Naturemeansourphysicalmakeup;nurturemeanshowwegrowup.Natureand
nurturebothplayaroleinwhoweareaccordingtosociologists.Beforethe
Enlightenment,naturewassupreme;after,nurturebecamesupreme.Sociologiststend
tostressnurturebutdonotrejectnature.Socializationistheprocessbywhichwe
becomeawareofourselvesaspartofagroup,learnhowtocommunicatewithothersin
thegroup,andlearnthebehaviorexpectedofus.Socializationishowouridentity
coheresandmakessensetous.
Skill: Evaluation
69
2) WhatisGeorgeHerbertMeadsstagetheoryonhowchildrenaresocialized?Describeeach
stageinyourresponse.
Answer: Meadsthreestagesare:imitation,play,andgames.Imitationoccursforchildrenunder
age3,whentheycanimitateothersbutusuallycannotputthemselvesintotheroleof
others.Playstageisforchildrenages3to6.Here,childrenpretendtobespecific
peopleorkindsofpeoplethattheythinkareimportant.Thelaststageorgamesstageis
intheearlyschoolyearswhenchildrenlearntoplaygamesandteamsports.These
stagesallowforapersontodevelopasenseofself.
Skill: Knowledge
3) SigmundFreudbelievedtheselfconsistedofwhatthreeelements?Howdidtheseelements
interact?WhatdidFreudbelievehappenedaschildrenpassthroughthesestages?Whatisthe
purposeofpassingthroughthesestages?
Answer: Theselfconsistsoftheid,thesuperego,andtheego.Theidistheinborndrivefor
self-gratification.Thesuperegoisinternalizednormsandvalues.Theegoactsasa
balancebetweentheidandsuperego,channelingimpulsesintosociallyacceptable
forms.Thethreestagesachildpassesthrougharetheoralstage,theanalstage,andthe
Oedipalstage.Theoralstageiswhenaninfant(atbirth)deriveswhatFreudbelievedis
sexualgratificationfrombreastfeeding.Theanalstageoccursafterweaningandthe
babyderivesgratificationfromurinationanddefecation.IntheOedipalstage,theboy
desireshismothersexuallyandidentifieswithher,butfearinghisfatherswrathat
sexualcompetition,theboyrenouncesidentificationwithhismotherandidentifieswith
hisfather,becomingmasculine.Foragirlthisstageisdifferentbecauseher
identificationismaintainedwithhermotherandshecomestoseethathersourceof
gratificationisnotsexbutmakingbabies.Herethegirlbecomesfeminine.Freud
believedthesestageswherenecessaryforapersontobecomeahealthyadult.
4) Whataretheagentsofsocialization?Whatinstitutionshelpsocializeusandhowdothey
accomplishthistask?Compareprimaryandsecondarysocialization.
Answer: Agentsofsocializationarepeople,groups,orsocialinstitutionsthatsocializenew
members,eitherformallyorinformally.Theinstitutionsthathelpsocializeusare
family,education,religion,peers,massmedia,andtheworkplace.Primary
socializationoccursduringchildhood,givesusbasicbehavioralpatterns,butallowsfor
adaptationandchangelateron.Secondarysocializationoccursthroughoutlife;every
timewechangesocialrolesweareabletoabandonold,outdated,orunnecessary
behaviorpatternsandreceivenewbehavioralpatternsnecessaryforthenewinstitution.
Skill: Evaluation
70
5) Howdoessocializationoccuroverourlifecourse?Aretheredifferencesasweageanddoes
gendermatter?
Answer: Thestagesareasocialconstructionthatprovideforusawaytolookathowwe,as
humans,livelife.Childhoodisthetimeperiodfrombirthtopubertyandduringthis
timeweareinitiallysocialized.Eventhoughchildhoodisnotauniversalorremained
thesamethroughouthistory,itisclearthatathree-year-oldisnotabletoengagethe
worldexactlylikeanadultbutisstartingtobepreparedtodoso.Adolescenceemerges
asourworldchangesanditallowsforyoungpeopletotransitionfromchildhoodinto
adulthood.Adulthoodiswhenapersonisseenashavingtheabilitytoexistontheir
own,tobeindependent.However,itishappeninglaterthanbefore,inthe30sinstead
ofinthe20s.Genderdoesmatterthroughoutourlivesasmalesandfemalesfrombirth
(orevenpriorgivenwehavebabyshowers)socializechildrenintoacceptablegender.
Skill: Analysis
5.6 OpenBook
1) InTable5.1PiagetsCognitiveStagesofDevelopment,whatarethefivestagesofPiagets
cognitivedevelopment?Whatisdevelopinginthecognitive?
Answer: Thedevelopmentofthecognitiveisthereasoningability.Thefivestagesare:
sensorimotor(birth-2years),preoperational(2-7years),concreteoperational(7-12
years),andformaloperational(12yearsandup).
2) InFigure5.1TheHumanPsycheAccordingtoFreud,whatdoesthehumanpsycheconsistof
accordingtoFreud?Whatisthefigureshowingintermsofhowtheseelementsinteract?
Answer: Thehumanpsycheconsistsof:theid,thesuperego,andtheego.Theidisthedrivefor
self-gratification,thesuperegoisinternalizednormsandvalues.Thefigureshowsthat
itistheegothatmustbalancethesuperegoandtheid.
Skill: Evaluation
3) InFigure5.2PeerSocializationandLoveRelationships,whoappearstohavethelargest
effectonpeersocializationandloverelationships?Whatdopeergroupsnormallytendtobe
inrelationtotheirdemographicmakeup?
Answer: Friendsappeartohavethelargesteffect.Thedemographicsofthesegroupstendtobe
homogeneous,limitedtoasingleneighborhood,religion,socialclass,gender,orother
socialstatus.
4) WhatdoesFigure5.3InternetDistributionaroundtheWorlddemonstrateabouttheeffectof
massmedia?
Answer: ThisfiguredemonstratesthatpeoplecanmeetallovertheworldthroughtheInternet
andthatthismassmediaisbringingpeopletogetheracrosseveryconceivable
boundary.
Skill: Analysis
71
Chapter6 DevianceandCrime
6.1 MultipleChoice
1) Whenapersonsimplybreaksasocialruleorrefusestofollowthebehavior,thisisknownas?
A) Deviance B) Stigmata C) Criminal D) Normal
Answer: A
Diff:1 PageRef:154
Skill: Knowledge
2) WhichofthefollowingisNOTawayapersoncouldbeseenasdeviantinAmericansociety?
A) Breakingasocialrule.
B) Simplybeingpartofastigmatizedgroup.
C) Followingallthesocialrules.
D) Breakingthelaw.
Answer: C
Diff:2 PageRef:154
Skill: Application
3) Whenlawmakersinterpretthatadeviantactwarrantsformalsanctions,theactitselfbecomes
knownaswhatconcept?
A) Socialjustice B) Stigma C) Law D) Crime
Answer: D
Diff:3 PageRef:154
4) Whatsocialcontrolconceptisaroutine,usuallyunspokenconventionsofbehavior?
A) Mores B) Folkways C) Taboos D) Deviance
Answer: B
Diff:3 PageRef:155
Skill: Knowledge
5) Whatsocialnormshavestrongmoralsignificance,areviewedasessentialtotheproper
functioningofthegroup,andareoftenmadeintolaws?
A) Mores B) Stigmas C) Folkways D) Stigmata
Answer: A
Skill: Knowledge
6) WhenapersonbreaksatabooheorsheisNOT consideredwhichofthefollowingbysociety?
A) Evil B) Monstrous C) Sick D) Benevolent
Answer: D
Diff:3 PageRef:156
72
CHAPTER 6 DEVIANCE AND CRIME
7) Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestaboos?
A) Theyareprohibitionsviewedasnonessentialtothewell-beingofhumanityandarea
subsetofstigmas.
B) Theyarenotprohibitionsbutareviewedasessentialtothewell-beingofhumanity.
C) Theyareprohibitionsviewedasessentialtothewell-beingofhumanityandareasubset
ofmores.
D) Theyareprohibitionsthatarenotessentialtothewell-beingofhumanitybutarea
subsetofmores.
Answer: C
Diff:1 PageRef:156
Skill: Knowledge
8) Whichsociologistusedthetermstigma tomeananattributethatchangesyoufromawhole
andusualpersontoataintedanddiscountedone?
A) ErvingGoffman B) HowardBecker
C) TravisHirschi D) EdwinSutherland
Answer: A
Diff:4 PageRef:156
Skill: Knowledge
9) Whichgroupevolvesfromwithinadominantgroup?
A) Subculture B) Minorculture
C) Reformationculture D) Majorityculture
Answer: A
Diff:1 PageRef:157
Skill: Knowledge
10) WhichofthefollowingisNOT anexampleofacriminalsubculture?

A) Youthgangs B) KuKluxKlan
C) WeightWatchers D) Mafia
Answer: C
11) Whichtheoristdevelopeddifferentialassociationtheorytoexplaindeviance?
A) KarlMarx B) ErvingGoffman
C) TravisHirschi D) EdwinSutherland
Answer: D
Diff:3 PageRef:160
Skill: Knowledge
12) Whichofthefollowingbestdescribes differentialassociationtheory?

A) Devianceisamatterofrewardsandpunishment.
B) Devianceisamatterofdisciplineanddesire.
C) Devianceisabio-socialtraitthatisinheritedviagenetics.
D) Devianceisaresultofanomie.
Answer: A
Diff:4 PageRef:160
73
13) Whichtheoryarguesthatpeoplearerationalanddecidewhetherornottoengageinanactby
weighingpotentialoutcomes?
A) Systemstheory B) Controltheory
C) Normstheory D) Straintheory
Answer: B
Diff:4 PageRef:161
Skill: Knowledge
14) WalterRecklesssuggeststhatpeoplearesubjecttowhat?
A) Socialcontrols B) Deviantgeneticmutation
C) Reward-benefitanalysis D) Onlytooutercontrols
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:161
Skill: Knowledge
15) WhichofthefollowingisNOT anexampleofanoutersocialcontrol?

A) Conscious B) Police C) Teachers D) Family
Answer: A
Diff:3 PageRef:161
Skill: Application
16) Amyseesapurseleftwithoutanyoneelsearound.Sheknowsnooneislookingatherbut
Amydecidesnottostealthepurse.WhatformofsocialcontrolisAmysubjectto?
A) Outercontrol B) Innercontrol
C) Mediancontrol D) Dominantcontrol
Answer: B
Diff:3 PageRef:161
Skill: Application
17) AccordingtoBecker,labelingtheorywasusedtostresswhat?
A) Theabsolutemoralitysurroundingdeviance.
B) Theobjectivetruthofdeviance.
C) Thenon-relativenatureofdeviance.
D) Therelativityofdeviance.
Answer: D
Diff:3 PageRef:162
18) WhichofthefollowingisNOT oneofEdwinLemertsformsofdeviance?

A) Quartic B) Primary C) Secondary D) Tertiary
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:162
19) Whenapersonrepeatedlybreaksanormandpeoplestartmakingabigdealofit,thisisan
exampleofwhatconcept?
A) Primarydeviance B) Tertiarydeviance
C) Secondarydeviance D) Quarticdeviance
Answer: C
Diff:2 PageRef:162
Skill: Application
74
20) Whichconceptbestdefineswhenagroupformerlylabeledasdeviantattemptstoredefine
theiracts,attributes,oridentitiesasnormal?
A) Tertiarydeviance B) Primarydeviance
C) Quarticdeviance D) Secondarydeviance
Answer: A
Diff:1 PageRef:162
Skill: Knowledge
21) Howiscrimedefined?
A) Anyactthatdoesnotviolateaformalnormativecodebutdoesviolateaninformal
normativecode.
B) Anyactthatisdeemedlegalbutnotsociallyapproved.
C) Anyactthatisdeemedlegalandissociallyapprovedbythelegislature.
D) Anyactthatviolatesaformalnormativecodethathasbeenenactedbyalegally
constitutedbody.
Answer: D
Diff:1 PageRef:163
Skill: Knowledge
22) Whichtheoristdevelopedstraintheory?
A) RobertK.Merton B) WalterReckless
C) EdwinSutherland D) AlbertCohen
Answer: A
Diff:1 PageRef:164
Skill: Knowledge
23) Instraintheorywhatcausesthestrain?
A) Whenareligiousgrouppromotescertaingoalsbutdecriesunequalmeansofacquiring
them.
B) Whenasocietypromotescertaingoalsbutprovidesunequalmeansofacquiringthem.
C) Whenasocietypromotescertaingoalsbutprovidesequalmeansofacquiringthem.
D) Whenanindividualpromotescertaingoalsbutrefusestofindmeanstoacquirethem.
Answer: B
Diff:3 PageRef:164
Skill: Knowledge
24) Instraintheorywhatdorebelsdo?
A) Acceptboththemeansandthevaluesofsociety,whethertheyachievethegoalornot.
B) Acceptthemeansbutrejectthevalues.
C) Rejectboththemeansandthevaluesandsubstitutenewones.
D) Rejectboththemeansandvalues,replacingthemwithnothing.
Answer: C
Diff:3 PageRef:164
75
25) PhilipZimbardoproposedwhichtheorytoexplainhowsocialcontrolscansystematically
weaken,andminoractsofdeviancecanspiralintoseverecrimeandsocialdecay?
A) Brokenwindowstheory B) Brokenborderstheory
C) Opendoorstheory D) Closedhomestheory
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:165
Skill: Knowledge
26) Whatdoesopportunitytheoryhold?
A) Thatthosewhohavelessopportunitieswillbemorelikelytocommitcrimesthanthose
whohavemoreopportunities.
B) Thatminoractscanbecomeextremelydeviantwhencommunitiesbreakdowndueto
severecrimeandsocialdecay.
C) Thatthereisstrainbetweensociallypromotedgoalsandthemeansanindividualhasto
achievethem.
D) Thatthosewhohavemanyopportunitieswillbemorelikelytocommitcrimesthanthose
whohavefewopportunities.
Answer: D
Diff:2 PageRef:166
Skill: Knowledge
27) Whattheorypositsthatcrimerestsonalargerstructuralanalysisofinequalitiesbasedon
class,race,orgender?
A) Conflicttheories B) Functionalisttheories
C) Labelingtheories D) Differencetheories
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:167
Skill: Knowledge
28) Whichismostaccurateaboutwhite-collarcrimes?
A) Theyofteninvolvetheuseofforceonbehalfofalargecorporation.
B) Theyareillegalactionsofacorporationorapeopleactingonitsbehalf.
C) Theyareillegalactionsofindividualswhoactontheirownbehalf.
D) Theydonotinvolvetheuseofcreditbutarefraudulent.
Answer: B
Diff:2 PageRef:168
Skill: Evaluation
29) Lisareceivedanemailinformingherthatherbankaccountwasoverdrawn,andshewastold
toclickontheweblinkintheemailandenterheraccountinformation.Lisahasbeenthe
targetofwhattypeofcybercrime?
A) Dangling B) Spamming C) Phishing D) Hacking
Answer: C
Diff:3 PageRef:170
Skill: Application
76
30) Whatappearstobethelargestbiasmotivatorinhatecrimes?
A) Religion B) Gender
C) Race D) Sexualorientation
Answer: C
Diff:2 PageRef:171
31) Whichnationhastheweakestlawsonhandgunownershipintheindustrializedworld?
A) UnitedStates B) France C) Germany D) Canada
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:172
32) Whichgroupsaremorelikelytoberepresentedasthosewhoarearrested?
A) Blackmales B) Teenagers
C) Poorerpersons D) Alloftheabove
Answer: D
Skill: Analysis
33) Whatisthethreatsocietyposesthroughthejusticesystemsupposedtocausepeopletodoin
relationtocrime?
A) Bedeterredfromfuturecrime. B) Beencouragedtocommitcrime.
C) Beredirectedwhilecommittingcrime. D) Noneoftheabove.
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:180
34) WhatgroupwillNOTacceptanycountryasanewmemberthathasthedeathpenalty?
A) UnitedNations B) GeneralAssembly
C) EuropeanUnion D) WorldTradeOrganization
Answer: C
Diff:2 PageRef:181
35) Whatdoesparoleeandex-condisenfranchisementreferto?
A) Beingdeniedtherighttovote.
B) Beingdeniedtherighttoownproperty.
C) Beingdeniedtherighttopracticeonesreligion.
D) Beingdeniedtherighttowork.
Answer: A
Diff:3 PageRef:182
6.2 FillintheBlank
1) Breakingasocialrule,orrefusingtofollowone,iscalled________.
A) Sassy B) Criminal C) Deviance D) Stigma
Answer: C
Diff:1 PageRef:154
Skill: Knowledge
77
2) Whenlawmakersconsideradeviantactbadenoughtowarrant________sanctionsitbecomes
acrime.
A) Formal B) Informal C) Overloaded D) Private
Answer: A
Diff:3 PageRef:154
3) ________areroutine,usuallyunspokenconventionsofbehavior.
A) Mores B) Laws C) Taboos D) Folkways
Answer: D
Diff:1 PageRef:155
Skill: Knowledge
4) Aprohibitionviewedasessentialtothewell-beingofhumanity,suchasincest,isa________.
A) Taboo B) Law C) Mores D) Folkway
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:156
Skill: Application
5) ________isanattributethatchangesyoufromawholeandusualpersontoataintedand
discountedone.
A) Strain B) Stigma C) Soil D) Stigmata
Answer: B
Diff:2 PageRef:156
Skill: Knowledge
6) Toactlikea________istoexaggeratethedifferencesbetweenthestigmatizedandthe
dominantgroup.
A) Minstrel B) Jester C) Clown D) Fool
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:156
7) A________isagroupthatevolveswithinadominantculture,alwaysmoreorlesshiddenand
closedtooutsiders.
A) Sideculture B) Midculture C) Subculture D) Underculture
Answer: C
Diff:1 PageRef:157
Skill: Knowledge
8) EdwinH.Sutherlandstheoryof________suggeststhatdevianceisamatterofrewardsand
punishments.
A) Criminalcode B) Differentialassociation
C) Devianceequation D) Controltheory
Answer: B
Diff:1 PageRef:160
Skill: Knowledge
78
9) Hirschiarguedthatpeopleare________andtheydecidedwhetherornottoengageinanact
byweighingthepotentialoutcome.
A) Analytical B) Irrational C) Calculating D) Rational
Answer: D
Diff:3 PageRef:161
10) WhenAbbieisdecidingwhetherornottoengageindevianceshehasweighedoutthe
cost-benefitanalysistoseeifthepunishmentofbreakingherparentsrulesisworthit.
Abbiesdecision-makingprocesstoengageindevianceisanexampleof________.
A) Demandtheory B) Differentialassociation
C) Controltheory D) Labelingtheory
Answer: C
Diff:3 PageRef:161
Skill: Application
11) ________controlsarefamily,socialinstitutions,andauthorityfigureswhoinfluenceusinto
obeyingsocialrules.
A) Inner B) Behavioral C) Outer D) Autonomous
Answer: C
Diff:1 PageRef:161
Skill: Knowledge
12) ________controlsareinternalizedsocialization,religiousprinciples,theself-conceptofoneself
asagoodperson.
A) Inner B) Secondary C) Outer D) Primary
Answer: A
Diff:1 PageRef:161
Skill: Knowledge
13) Forsomethingtobedeviantitmustbe________asdeviantbyapowerfulgroup.
A) Labeled B) Targeted C) Legislated D) Processed
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:162
14) ________devianceprovokeslittlereactionandthereforehaslittleeffectonapersons
self-concept.
A) Primary B) Initial C) Secondary D) Beginning
Answer: A
Diff:1 PageRef:162
Skill: Knowledge
15) Whenapersonacquiresadeviantidentitythisispartof________deviance.
A) Primary B) Later C) Secondary D) On-going
Answer: C
Diff:1 PageRef:162
Skill: Knowledge
79
16) Whenasocietypromotescertaingoalsbutprovidesunequalmeanstoobtainthem,theresult
is________,aconflictbetweenacceptedsocialnormsandsocialreality.
A) Alienation B) Anomie C) Disconnect D) Discontinuity
Answer: B
Diff:3 PageRef:164
Skill: Knowledge
17) ________isthetheoristwhodevelopedstraintheory.
A) KarlMarx B) EmileDurkheim
C) EdwinSutherland D) RobertK.Merton
Answer: D
Diff:2 PageRef:164
Skill: Knowledge
18) ________theoryholdsthatpeoplewhohavemanyopportunitiestocommitcrimewillbe
morelikelytothanthosewithouttheseopportunities.
A) Control B) Fortune
C) Opportunity D) Differentialassociation
Answer: C
Diff:2 PageRef:166
Skill: Knowledge
19) ________crimeincludesoffenseslikeburglaryandmotorvehicletheft;thereisnoforceor
threatofforceagainstthevictims.
A) Organizational B) Violent
C) White-collar D) Property
Answer: D
Diff:1 PageRef:168
Skill: Knowledge
20) ________crimesarethoselikecreditcardfraudwherethecriminalusesafakeorstolencredit
cardtobuythingsforhimself/herselforforresale.
A) Corporate B) Property
C) Consumer D) Organizational
Answer: C
Diff:1 PageRef:168
Skill: Knowledge
21) ________usestheInternetandWorldWideWebtocommitcrime.
A) Cybercrime B) Propertycrime
C) White-collarcrime D) Cybernetics
Answer: A
Diff:1 PageRef:170
Skill: Knowledge
22) A________crimeiscommittedbasedonmotivationofbiasagainstrace,ethnicity,religion,
sexualorientation,ordisabilitystatus.
A) Rage B) Anger C) Hate D) Livid
Answer: C
Diff:1 PageRef:170
Skill: Knowledge
80
23) ________stillcommitmoreviolentcrimesandpropertycrimesthanwomen.
A) Elderlypersons B) Men
C) Children D) Themiddle-aged
Answer: B
24) ________areover-representedinthearrestrates,convictionrates,andtheprisonpopulation.
A) Blacks B) Whites
C) Asians D) Middle-Easterners
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:174
25) ________istheconceptthatpeoplewhobreakrulesmustbepunished.
A) Deterrence B) Recidivism C) Rehabilitation D) Retribution
Answer: D
Diff:2 PageRef:179
6.3 TrueandFalse
1) Breakingasocialrule,orrefusingtofollowone,isdeviance.
Answer: TRUE
Diff:1 PageRef:154
Skill: Knowledge
2) Allsubculturesaredeviant.
Answer: FALSE
3) Durkheimarguedthatdeviancecanbegoodforasociety;itcancreatesocialcohesion.
Answer: TRUE
Diff:2 PageRef:160
4) Outersocialcontrolsareourfamily,socialinstitutions,andauthorityfigureswhoinfluenceus
intoobeyingsocialrules.
Answer: TRUE
Diff:1 PageRef:161
Skill: Knowledge
5) Opendoorstheoryisusedtoexplainhowsocialcontrolscansystematicallyweaken,and
minoractsofdeviancecanspiralintoseverecrimeandsocialdecay.
Answer: FALSE
Diff:1 PageRef:165
Skill: Knowledge
81
6) TheftatworkcostsU.S.employersnearly$20billionayear.
Answer: TRUE
Diff:2 PageRef:168
7) Biasonraceseemstobethelargestmotivatingfactorinhatecrimes.
Answer: TRUE
Diff:2 PageRef:171
8) Lessthan30%ofallmurderswherecommittedwithahandgunintheUnitedStates.
Answer: FALSE
Diff:3 PageRef:172
9) Mostcriminalcasesareresolvedbypleabargainingorpleadingguiltytoalessercrime.
Answer: TRUE
Diff:2 PageRef:178
10) ThedeathpenaltyforadultoffendersisgenerallysupportedbytheAmericanpublic.
Answer: TRUE
Diff:2 PageRef:181
6.4 ShortAnswer
1) Howisdeviancedefined?
Answer: Devianceisdefinedasbreakingasocialruleorrefusingtofollowone.
Diff:1 PageRef:154
Skill: Knowledge
2) Whatisastigma?
Answer: Astigmameansanattributethatchangesyoufromawholeandusualpersontoa
taintedanddiscountedone.
Diff:2 PageRef:156
Skill: Knowledge
3) Whatisasubculture?
Answer: Asubcultureisagroupthatevolveswithinadominantculture,alwaysmoreorless
hiddenandclosedtooutsiders.
Diff:1 PageRef:157
Skill: Knowledge
4) Whydoesdeviance,accordingtoDurkheim,createsocialcohesion?
Answer: Deviancecreatessocialcohesionbecauseitaffirmsculturalnormsandvalues,clarifies
moralboundaries,heightensgroupsolidarity,andencouragessocialchange.
Diff:3 PageRef:160
Skill: Analysis
82
5) Whatdoeslabelingtheoryunderstanddeviancetobe?
Answer: Labelingtheoryunderstandsdeviancetobeaprocess,notacategoricaldifference
betweenthedeviantandthenondeviant.
Diff:2 PageRef:162
Skill: Evaluation
6) Howdoesthebrokenwindowstheoryexplainhowdeviancecanbecomeacrime?
Answer: Thebrokenwindowstheoryexplainsthatsocialcontrolscansystemicallyweaken,and
minoractsofdeviancecanspiralintoseverecrimeandsocialdecay.
Diff:2 PageRef:165
7) Whatisorganizationalcrime?
Answer: Awhite-collarcrimewhereillegalactionsarecommittedinaccordancewiththe
operativegoalsofanorganization.
Diff:1 PageRef:168
Skill: Knowledge
8) Whatiscybercrime?
Answer: CybercrimeiscrimethatiscommittedwiththeuseoftheInternetorWorldWideWeb.
Diff:2 PageRef:170
Skill: Knowledge
9) Whatisahatecrime?
Answer: Ahatecrimeisacriminalactcommittedbyanoffendermotivatedbybiasagainstrace,
ethnicity,religion,sexualorientation,ordisabilitystatus.
Diff:2 PageRef:170
Skill: Knowledge
10) Whatisthesplitimagethatthepolicehave?
Answer: Thesplitimagethatthepolicehaveisthatsomepeopleseeapoliceofficerasaperson
whowillkeepthemsafeandnotharmthem;ontheotherhand,othersseeapolice
officerasaterriblethreatwhomightarrestorkillthemforsimplybeingthere.
Diff:2 PageRef:178
83
6.5 Essay
1) Whatarethedifferenttypesofrulesthatprescribewhatisappropriatebehaviorinaculture?
Explainthedifferencesbetweentheserulesandexplaineachrule.
Answer: Therulesarefolkways,mores,andtaboos.Theyvarybyhowformalizedtheyare,how
centraltosociallife,andthetypesofsanctionsthatarethreatenedshouldyoubreak
them.Folkwaysareroutine,usuallyunspokenconventionsofbehavior.Breakinga
folkwaymaymakeothersinthegroupuncomfortableandviolatorsmaybelaughedat,
frownedon,orscolded.Moresarenormswithastrongmoralsignificance,viewedas
essentialtotheproperfunctioningofthegroup.Breakingmoresmakesothersinthe
groupupset,angry,orafraid,andtheyarelikelytoconsiderviolatorsbadorimmoral.
Thesearemostlikelytobemadelaws.Taboosareprohibitionsviewedasessentialto
thewell-beingofhumanity.Tobreakatabooisunthinkableandifoneviolatesataboo
theyreceivetheharshestsocialpunishment.
Skill: Synthesis
2) Whatisastigma?HowdidGoffmanproposethatpeoplewouldneutralizestigmaandsave
themselvesfromaspoiledidentity?Discusseachneutralizationtechniqueandofferan
exampleofeach.
Answer: Astigmameansanattributethatchangesyoufromawholeandusualpersontoa
taintedanddiscountedone.ThethreestrategiesGoffmanproposedwere:
minstrelization,normification,andmilitantchauvinism.Minstrelizationiswhenyou
havelittlepowerandexaggeratethedifferencesbetweenthestigmatizedandthe
dominantgroup.Normificationiswhenyouhaveasmallamountofpower(ormore)
andtrytominimizethedifferencebetweenthestigmatizedgroup.Militantchauvinism
iswhenyourgroupslevelofpowerandorganizationishighestandyoumaydecideto
againmaximizedifferenceswiththedominantgroup.
3) Howdoesdifferentialassociationtheoryunderstanddeviance?Whatdoesthistheoryhelpto
explaininrelationtohowapersoncanchoosetobedeviant?
Answer: Differentialassociationsuggeststhatdevianceisamatterofrewardsandpunishments.
Devianceoccurswhenanindividualreceivesmoreprestigeandlesspunishmentby
violatingnormsratherthanbyfollowingthem.Itexplainswhysomepeoplemight
choosetobedeviantbecausetheybelievetheyarereceivingmorerewardthan
punishment.Further,individualscanbecomedeviantbyassociatingwithpeopleor
joininggroupsthatarealreadydeviantandthereforeareinthepositiontoaward
deviantbehavior.
Skill: Evaluation
84
4) Howdoesstraintheoryexplaindeviance?Whatarepotentialreactionstothetensionthat
developsduetostrainwithinthistheory?Whataresomecriticismsofstraintheory?
Answer: Straintheorystatesthatwhenasocietypromotescertaingoalsbutprovidesunequal
meansofacquiringthem,theresultisanomie,aconflictbetweenacceptednormsand
socialreality.Thisresultsindevianceasameanstoachievethegoals.Potential
reactionsthatdevelop:conformists,innovators,ritualists,rebels,andretreatists
(studentsshouldexplaineach).Criticsofstraintheorypointoutthatnoteveryone
sharesthesamegoals,eveninthemosthomogeneoussociety.
Skill: Evaluation
5) Howiscrimeatworkunderstood?Whattypesofcrimearetherewithinthisarea?Please
defineeachyoumention.Whatismostcommonlytheoutcomeforhigh -profilecaseswithin
thisarea?
Answer: Crimeatworkisunderstoodaswhite-collar,atermcoinedbyEdwinSutherland.
Initiallyitwasunderstoodasatermforillegalactionsofacorporationorpeopleacting
onitsbehalf.Somewhite-collarcrimesareconsumercrimessuchascreditcardfraud,
wherethecriminalusesafakeorstolencreditcardtobuythingsforhim-orherselfor
forresale.Occupationalcrimeiswhenoneusestheirprofessionalpositiontoillegally
securesomethingofvalueforthemselvesorthecorporation.Organizationalcrimeis
illegalactionscommittedinaccordancewiththeoperativegoalsofanorganization.
Whenhigh-profilecasesaremadepublicthisisarareoccurrence,usuallymost
white-collarcrimesarenotmadepublicorareneverprosecuted.
6.6 OpenBook
1) UsingFigure6.3Guns:TheGlobalDeathToll,pleaseexplainwheretheUnitedStatesranks
incomparisontoallothercountries.Wheredoesitrankincomparisontootherindustrialized
countries?FormulateatleasttworeasonsastowhytheUnitedStatesmightberankingwhere
itis.
Answer: TheUnitedStatesranksinthemiddleofallothercountries.Itisthehighestofall
industrializednations,withalmostdoublethenumberofgun -relateddeathsasthe
next-rankedcountry.TheUnitedStatesrankingmaybeaffectedbyweakergunlaws
anddifficultypassinglawsthatstrengthenregulationsongunownership,suchas
backgroundchecks.
Skill: Synthesis
2) Table6.2showsthePercentagesofArresteesWhoWereBlack,2005.Pleaseuseoneofthe
theoriesofferedinthetexttodescribewhythereisahigherpercentageofBlacksinthearrest
rateswhencomparedwiththeoverallpercentageofBlacksinthegeneralU.S.population.Are
thereanyweaknesseswiththetheoryyouhavechosen?
Answer: Usingthestraintheory,itisamatterofsocialclass,notrace.MostBlacksarepoor,and
poorpeoplelivinginthemidstofaffluencearemorelikelytoperceivesocietyasunjust
andturntocrime.Aweaknessisthatthetheoryfailstotakeintoaccountthefactthat
evenwithinthelowerclasses,Blacksarestillmorelikelytobearrestedandsentenced
thenWhites.
85
3) LookingatFigure6.4CriminalOffendersbyAgeandGender,EnglandandWales,
1842-1844andFigure6.5HomicideRatesAgeandGender,Chicago,1965 -1990thefigures
havesimilaritiesinthehomicideratesbyageandgender.Whatarethesesimilarities?What
mightbethereasonfortheoutcomesnotedinthefiguresintermsofwhoismorelikelyto
commitahomicide,byageorgender?
Answer: Similaritiesarethatyoungermalesaremorelikelytocommithomicidesthanolder
malesandfemalesingeneral.Further,youngerfemalesaremorelikelythanolder
females.Areasonfortheyoungermalesmaybethatthereisacultureofmasculinity
present,whereyoungermalesareencouragedtoshowtheirmasculinitythroughactsof
violence.
Diff:2 PageRef:176-6.4and6.5
4) ExamineFigure6.6SelectedComparativeInternationalIncarcerationRates,2006.Whereis
theUnitedStatesincomparisontotheotherselectedcountries?Whatdoesthismean?Please
offeranexplanationastowhytheUnitedStatesfallswhereitdoeswhencompared,usethe
incarcerationgoalsthathavebeenproposedinthetext.
Answer: TheUnitedStatesfallslast,meaningithasthehighestincarcerationrateoftheselected
countries.TheUnitedStateshavingsuchahighincarcerationratemaybeduetoa
beliefinretributionthatpeoplewhobreakthelawdeservetobepunishedandthegoal
ofprotectionwhichstrivetotakecriminalsoffthestreetsotheyarenotabletocommit
furthercrimes.
Skill: Analysis
86
Chapter7 StratificationandSocialClass
7.1 MultipleChoice
1) Whichdefinitionbestdescribessocialstratification?
A) MostpeopleintheUnitedStatesbelievethatitexistsandisvisible.
B) Socialstratificationisarelicfromthemedievalperiodofhistory,whichhaslittlepartin
themodernpost-industrializedUnitedStates.
C) Itisthesystemofstructuredsocialinequalityandthestructureofmobilityinasociety.
D) Itisanunstructuredsystemthatpromotesequalitybetweenallpersonsregardlessof
positionorsocialstatusinthesociety.
Answer: C
Diff:1 PageRef:190
Skill: Knowledge
2) Insocietieswheresocialmobilityispossiblewhichofthefollowingismostaccurate?
A) Socialmobilityisonlypossibleforonetomovedownwardintoalowersociallocation
butitisnotpossibleforsomeonetomoveupasociallocation.
B) Mostpeopleremainatthesamesociallocationthroughouttheirlives.
C) Mostpeoplefindthemselvesatahighersociallocationattheendoftheirlivesthanwhat
theywereborninto.
D) Itishighlylikelythatifapersonsfatherisajanitorthathe/shewillbecomealeaderof
thecountry.
Answer: B
Diff:2 PageRef:190
3) Stevebelievesthatpeoplewhoworkhardwillrisetothetopandthosewhodontwillfallto
thebottom.Stevesbeliefisrepresentativeofwhatsystem?
A) Caste B) Egalitarianism
C) Meritocracy D) Oligarchy
Answer: C
Diff:1 PageRef:191
Skill: Application
4) WhichofthefollowingwouldNOT applytosocialstratification?
A) Itisaformofequalitythatallowsforthesocietytoproperlyfunction.
B) Itdividespeoplemorethanitactsasaunifyingforce.
C) Peopleonlyinfrequentlymoveupintherankings,allowingelitestomaintaincontrol.
D) Itallowsforelitestomaintaininequalityfortheirownpoliticalandeconomicadvantage.
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:191
87
5) Thesystemofsocialstratificationthatisfixedandpermanentwithoutanychanceofgetting
outisknownas?
A) Modernclass B) Feudal C) Caste D) Pastoral
Answer: C
Diff:1 PageRef:191
Skill: Knowledge
6) TheIndiancastesystemwastraditionallycomprisedofhowmanycastes?
A) 2 B) 3 C) 4 D) 5
Answer: C
7) Geoffisaserfinthefeudalsystem.WhoseestatedoesGeoffworkon?
A) Feudaldefensors B) Feudallords
C) Feudalpeasants D) Feudalmerchants
Answer: B
Diff:1 PageRef:192
Skill: Application
8) Whichofthefollowingwasincludedinthefeudalsystem?
A) Peasants
B) Somemerchants
C) Somefreemen
D) Lords
E) Alloftheabove
Answer: E
Diff:2 PageRef:192
Skill: Knowledge
9) Whichofthefollowingreasonsisacauseinthedeclineoffeudalism?
A) Societybegantoshiftfromtheruralmanortotheurbancenter.
B) Freemenbegantodisappearinthecities.
C) Thegrowthofatribalculturethatpromotedarejectionofurbanism.
D) TheabolishmentofthemonasteriesandcovenantsbytheCatholicChurchmakingit
impossibleforfeudallordstocareforalltheserfsontheirland.
Answer: A
Diff:3 PageRef:192
Skill: Evaluation
10) Whatisthemostmodernformofstratificationcalled?
A) Agrarian B) Caste C) Class D) Feudalism
Answer: C
Diff:2 PageRef:193
88
CHAPTER 7 STRATIFICATION AND SOCIAL CLASS
11) ChriswasborninHarlemintoaworking-classfamily;Chrisrecentlyreceivedtenureat
HarvardUniversity.ChrissabilitytochangesociallocationsintheUnitedStatesisan
A) Classhopping B) Ladderclimbing
C) Socialrungs D) Socialmobility
Answer: D
Diff:1 PageRef:193
Skill: Application
12) Whowasthefirstsocialscientisttomakeclassafoundationofhis/herentiretheory?
A) MaxWeber B) KarlMarx
C) EmileDurkheim D) AdamSmith
Answer: B
Diff:2 PageRef:194
Skill: Knowledge
13) Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthemodeofproduction?
A) Theorganizingprincipleinsocialequalitywherepeopleareabletoachievesocial
mobility.
B) Theabilityforasocietytodistributeresourcesthatareunnecessaryforsurvival.
C) Theprocessbywhichsocialinequalityisdismantledthroughpopulism.
D) Theorganizationofsocietytoproducewhatpeopleneedtosurvive.
Answer: D
Diff:2 PageRef:194
14) Allisonownsafactorywhereothersworkforher.ThefactoryAllisonownsisdemonstrative
ofwhatMarxianconcept?
A) Themedianofproduction B) Themeansofproduction
C) Themodeofproduction D) Thenominalproduction
Answer: C
Diff:3 PageRef:194
Skill: Application
15) Whichofthefollowingisthebestexample ofaproletariat?

A) Wagelaborers B) Factoryowners
C) Nobility D) Clergy
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:194
16) WhichofthefollowingisNOT oneofMaxWeberscomponentstosocialclass?

A) Power(political) B) Social(status)
C) Economic(classposition) D) Dominance(power)
Answer: D
Diff:2 PageRef:194
Skill: Application
89
17) Whatconceptisonessociallydefinedpositioninagroup;characterizedoftenbycertain
expectationsandrights?
A) Grade B) Party C) Power D) Status
Answer: D
Diff:1 PageRef:195
Skill: Knowledge
18) Johnisabletosethisownhours,doesnothavetopunchatimeclock,andhastheabilityto
decidewhathisworkschedulewillbelike.Johnhasanabilitytohavethisamountofcontrol
overhisworkingsituation.WhichoffollowingconceptbestdescribesJohnsability?
A) Dominance B) Primacy C) Power D) Policy
Answer: C
Diff:1 PageRef:195
19) HowmanysocioeconomicclassesdotodayssociologistsarguemayexistintheUnitedStates?
A) Onlytwo,therichandthepoor.
B) Fourstrictclassesasthetraditionalcastesystemdictates.
C) Fiveclassesthatdonotallowformovementbetweenthem.
D) Atleastsixormore,usuallydividedonthebasisofhouseholdincome.
Answer: D
Diff:2 PageRef:196
Skill: Knowledge
20) Whichsocialclasshasnoincomeandnoconnectiontothejobmarket?
A) Underclass B) Workingclass C) Middleclass D) Lowerclass
Answer: A
Diff:1 PageRef:198
Skill: Knowledge
21) WhichofthefollowingisNOT simplyidentifiedasanascribedstatusbutalsoasanachieved

status?
A) Age B) Gender C) Race D) Class
Answer: D
Diff:3 PageRef:201
Skill: Knowledge
22) WhichUnitedStatespresidentdeclaredawaronpoverty?
A) JohnKennedy B) LyndonJohnson
C) GeorgeW.Bush D) BillClinton
Answer: B
Diff:2 PageRef:203
90
23) WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaboutthepoorinAmerica?
A) Thepoorliveinbothruralandurbanareas.
B) TheelderlyaremorelikelytobepoorthananyothergroupofAmericans.
C) Childrenandwomenaremorelikelytobepoorthanmen.
D) Threeoutoffivepoorpeopleareworkingfull-time.
Answer: B
24) Womenheadone-halfofallpoorfamilies.Thisdemonstrateswhatconcept?
A) Feminizationofpoverty B) Feminizationofstatus
C) Feminizationofparty D) Feminizationofclass
Answer: A
Diff:1 PageRef:205
Skill: Application
25) Whichbestdescribesthecultureofpoverty?
A) Eventhoughpeoplehaveastrongworkethictheyareunabletogetahead.
B) Peopleareforcedbytheupperclassintopoverty.
C) Peoplearesocializedfromonegenerationtothenextintobelievingtheyhavenothingto
strivefor.
D) Povertyisnotaresultoflargersocialculturalfactorsbutofindividualfailures.
Answer: C
Diff:2 PageRef:206
26) Johngrewupinaworking-classfamily,butasacollegestudenthewenttoYaleandearned
hisMBA.JohnisnowaCEOofamajorcorporationandspendshissummersinthe
Hamptons.Johnandhisfatherarenolongerpartofthesamesocialclass,ashisfatherisstill
workingclass.WhatformofsocialmobilityisdemonstratedbythedifferencebetweenJohn
andhisfatherssocialclass?
A) Inner-generational B) Intergenerational
C) Monogenerational D) Intragenerational
Answer: B
Diff:2 PageRef:209
Skill: Application
27) Socialmobilitythatoccurswhenapersonwhoisworkingclassexperiencesmovementintothe
upperclassisknownas?
A) Socio-generational B) Intergenerational
C) Inner-generational D) Intragenerational
Answer: D
Diff:1 PageRef:209
Skill: Knowledge
91
28) WhichofthefollowingisNOTpartofsocialmobilityintheUnitedStates?
A) Socialmobilityisnotpossible,insteadoneisbornintoaparticularclassandwillremain
therenomatterwhattheydo.
B) Socialmobilitycanbeeitherupwardordownward.
C) Socialmobilitycanbeinter- orintragenerational.
D) Socialmobilityexistsandlargelytakesplacewithingroups,notbetweenthem.
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:209
Skill: Knowledge
29) Whatisthedefinitionofglobalinequality?
A) Itisthesystematicdifferenceswithoutregardtowealthandpoweramongcountries.
B) Itisthesystematicdifferencesinwealthandpoweramongcountries.
C) Itisthesystematicdifferencesinwealthandpowerwithinacountry.
D) Itisthenonsystematicdifferencesthatcanexistwithinacountrybasedonwealthand
power.
Answer: B
Diff:2 PageRef:212
Skill: Knowledge
30) Whichofthefollowingisanexampleofahighincomecountry?
A) Cuba B) Peru C) UnitedStates D) China
Answer: C
Diff:1 PageRef:213
Skill: Knowledge
31) WhichofthefollowingisNOTapartofthemodernizationtheory?
A) Anationspovertyislargelyduetotheculturalfailingsofdevelopedindustrialized
nations.
B) PoorcountriesneedtogiveuptheirbackwardwayoflifeandadoptmodernWestern
values.
C) Anationspovertyislargelyduetotheculturalfailingsofitspeople.
D) Thetheoryfocusesontheconditionsnecessaryforalow-incomecountrytodevelop
economically.
Answer: A
Skill: Knowledge
32) Whatdostate-centeredtheoriesargueaboutgovernmentpolicies?
A) Governmentpoliciesdointerferewitheconomicdevelopmentbutcanstillplayakey
roleinbringingitabout.
B) Governmentpoliciesshouldnotbemanipulatedtoaltereconomicdevelopment.
C) Governmentpoliciesdonotinterferewitheconomicdevelopmentbutplayakeyrolein
bringingitabout.
D) Governmentpoliciescannotplayakeyroleinbringingabouteconomicdevelopment.
Answer: C
Diff:1 PageRef:215
92
33) Theprocessofexploitationthatmostextensivelyoccurredbetween1500and1900,when
England,Spain,France,andotherEuropeannationsattemptedtoexercisecontroloverthe
entireworld,isknownas?
A) Feudalism B) Feminism C) Communism D) Colonialism
Answer: D
34) Whichtheorydoesworldsystemtheorydrawmostfrom?
A) State-centeredtheory B) Dependencytheory
C) Integrationsystemstheory D) Cultureofpovertytheory
Answer: B
Diff:2 PageRef:216
35) Whichtheoryfocusesontheeconomyasaninternationalnetworkdominatedbycapitalism?
A) Cultureofpovertytheory B) Dependencytheory
C) Worldsystemstheory D) State-centeredtheory
Answer: C
Diff:2 PageRef:216
Skill: Knowledge
36) Whichofthefollowingbestdescribes corecountries?

A) Thesearethemostadvancedindustrialcountries,buttheydonottakethelionsshareof
profitsintheworldeconomicsystem.
B) Thesearetheleastadvancedindustrialcountries,andtheytakethelionsshareofprofits
intheworldeconomicsystem.
C) Thesearetheleastadvancedindustrialcountries,andtheydonottakethelionsshareof
profitsintheworldeconomicsystem.
D) Thesearethemostadvancedindustrialcountries,andtheytakethelionsshareofprofits
intheworldeconomicsystem.
Answer: D
Diff:2 PageRef:217
Skill: Knowledge
7.2 FillintheBlank
1) Thesystemofstructuredsocial________andthestructureofsocial________inasocietyis
calledsocialstratification.
A) Parity;Mobility B) Inequality;Permanence
C) Mobility;Equality D) Inequality;Mobility
Answer: D
Diff:3 PageRef:190
Skill: Knowledge
2) ________referstoasystembasedonabilityinwhichthosewhoareatthetopearneditwhile
thoseatthebottomdidnot.
A) Democracy B) Meritocracy C) Hierocracy D) Geniocracy
Answer: B
Diff:2 PageRef:191
93
3) A________systemisfixedandpermanent;youareassignedapositionatbirthandyouwill
nothavesocialmobilitytoleaveit.
A) Class B) Feudal
C) Caste D) Absolutemonarchy
Answer: C
Diff:1 PageRef:191
Skill: Knowledge
4) InmedievalEurope,peasantsandserfsworkedtheestatesbelongingtoagroupof________.
A) Feudallords B) Cityshopkeepers
C) Brahmin D) Feudalabbas
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:192
5) Classsystemspromotethe________amountofsocialmobility.
A) Least B) Moststable C) Leaststable D) Greatest
Answer: D
Diff:2 PageRef:193
6) ________istheorganizationofsocietytoproducewhatpeopleneedtosurvive.
A) Medianofproduction B) Modeofproduction
C) Meansofproduction D) Methodofproduction
Answer: B
Diff:1 PageRef:194
Skill: Knowledge
7) AccordingtoMarx,ithasalwaysbeenthecasethatsomepeopleownthe________.
A) Medianofproduction B) Modeofproduction
C) Meansofproduction D) Methodofproduction
Answer: C
Diff:2 PageRef:194
Skill: Knowledge
8) Upperclasscapitalistsareknownas________inMarxstheory.
A) Brahmin B) Bourgeoisie
Answer: B
Diff:1 PageRef:194
Skill: Knowledge
9) AccordingtoKarlMarx,________arethelowerclasseswhoreceivenoshareinprofitsearned
bytheirlabor.
A) Brahmin B) Bourgeoisie
Answer: C
Diff:1 PageRef:194
Skill: Knowledge
94
10) MaxWeberarguedthatthecomponentstosocialclasswere:________,social,andpolitical.
A) Familial B) Economic C) Education D) Network
Answer: B
Diff:2 PageRef:194
Skill: Knowledge
11) ________isdefinedastheabilitytodowhatyouwanttodo.
A) Status B) Economics C) Power D) Prestige
Answer: C
Diff:1 PageRef:195
Skill: Knowledge
12) Apersonwhoisfromanolderestablishedwealthyfamily,bornintomassivefortunesthat
theirancestorsamassedduringtheindustrialboomofthe19thcentury,wouldbeamemberof
the________.
A) Upperupperclass B) Lowerupperclass
C) Uppermiddleclass D) Middleclass
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:196
Skill: Application
13) ________wouldbestdescribepeoplewhohaveahouseholdincomeofbetween$20,000to
$40,000andtendtobeblue-collarworkers.
A) Uppermiddleclass B) Middlemiddleclass
C) Workingclass D) Lowerclass
Answer: C
Diff:2 PageRef:197
Skill: Knowledge
14) Thesocialclassthathasnoincomeandnoconnectiontothejobmarketisknownasthe
________.
A) Middleclass B) Workingclass C) Lowerclass D) Underclass
Answer: D
Diff:1 PageRef:198
Skill: Knowledge
15) Astatusthatisfixedatbirthiscalledan________status.
A) Achieved B) Ascribed C) Unofficial D) Official
Answer: B
Diff:2 PageRef:201
Skill: Knowledge
16) The________istheestimatedminimumincomerequiredtopayforfood,shelter,andclothing.
A) Povertyline B) Incomegap C) Povertywall D) Incomeline
Answer: A
Diff:1 PageRef:203
Skill: Knowledge
95
17) ________isthesociologicaltermthatisusedfortheconfluenceoffactorsthathasmade
womenadisproportionatenumberofthepoor.
A) Feminizationofsocialworth B) Feminizationofinequality
C) Feminizationofpoverty D) Feminizationofclass
Answer: C
Diff:2 PageRef:205
Skill: Knowledge
18) Sambelievesthatpeoplearepoorbecausetheyaresocializedintopovertyandareresignedto
alifeofpoverty.Samsbeliefillustratesthe________theoryonwhypeoplearepoor.
A) Cultureofwealthdivision B) Cultureofinequality
C) Cultureofimpoverishedsocialization D) Cultureofpoverty
Answer: D
Diff:3 PageRef:206
Skill: Application
19) Povertyleadstoreduced________,limitingtheopportunitiesthepoorhaveinsecuring
everythingfromjobautonomytohealthcare.
A) Lifecycles B) Equalitycycles
C) Lifechances D) Equalitychances
Answer: C
Diff:2 PageRef:207
20) Thenumberoftheworldspoorhasbeen________overthepast20years.
A) Increasing B) Declining
C) Remainingthesame D) Noneoftheabove
Answer: B
Diff:1 PageRef:208
21) ________socialmobilityhappenswhenapersonmovesfromworkingclasstolowerclass.
A) Intragenerational B) Intergenerational
C) Nongenerational D) Inner-generational
Answer: A
Diff:1 PageRef:209
Skill: Knowledge
22) ________isthesystematicdifferencesinwealthandpoweramongcountries.
A) Globalequality B) Globalequity
C) Globalinequality D) Globalparity
Answer: C
Diff:1 PageRef:212
Skill: Knowledge
23) TheUnitedStatesillustratesa________incomecountry.
A) High B) Low C) Middle D) Under
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:213
Skill: Application
96
24) ________developedthemodernizationtheory,ahighlyinfluentialmarkettheory.
A) ImmanuelWallerstein B) OscarLewis
C) W.W.Rostow D) KarlMarx
Answer: C
Diff:2 PageRef:214
25) Inworldsystemstheory,the________isanintermediatezonethataresemi -industrialized,

middle-incomecountries.
A) Semicore B) Periphery C) Core D) Semiperiphery
Answer: D
Diff:1 PageRef:217
Skill: Knowledge
7.3 TrueorFalse
1) Socialstratificationisanon-structuredsystemthatdoesnotincludeastructureforsocial
inequality.
Answer: FALSE
Diff:3 PageRef:190
Skill: Knowledge
2) Socialstratificationcanincludebeliefsystems,withpeoplewhoholdcertainbeliefsgiven
morebenefitsandrewardswithinthesociety.
Answer: TRUE
Diff:3 PageRef:190
3) InmodernIndiathereisstillastrongbeliefinthetraditionalcastesysteminruralareas,
despiteaprohibitiononthesystembythegovernment.
Answer: TRUE
Diff:2 PageRef:192
Skill: Knowledge
4) Inthefeudalsystemapeasantsonlyavenuetosocialadvancementwastoenteraconventora
monastery.
Answer: TRUE
Diff:1 PageRef:192
Skill: Knowledge
5) Poweristheabilitytodowhatyouwanttodo.
Answer: TRUE
Diff:1 PageRef:195
Skill: Knowledge
6) Thepovertylinedoesnottakeintoaccountthingsasidefromfood,shelter,andclothesthat
areequallynecessary,likechildcare,healthcare,andtransportation.
Answer: TRUE
Diff:2 PageRef:203
Skill: Knowledge
97
7) ElderlyAmericansaremorelikelythanothersinsocietytobepoor.
Answer: FALSE
Diff:1 PageRef:205
Skill: Knowledge
8) Forwomenofcolorandtheirchildren,povertyislessofaconcern.
Answer: FALSE
Diff:1 PageRef:205
Skill: Knowledge
9) Withinthecultureofpovertymodelitisarguedthatchildrenaresocializedtobelievethat
theyhavenothingtostrivefor.
Answer: TRUE
Diff:1 PageRef:206
10) Modernizationtheorycontendsthatanationspovertyislargelybasedonitspeoplelackinga
workethicthatstressesthriftandhardwork.
Answer: TRUE
Diff:2 PageRef:214
7.4 ShortAnswer
1) Whatissocialstratification?
Answer: Socialstratificationisasystemofstructuredsocialinequalityandthestructureof
mobilityinasociety.
Diff:2 PageRef:190
2) Whatisameritocracy?
Answer: Ameritocracyisasocialstratificationsystemwherethemostmeritoriouswillriseto
thetop,andthosewhoarelesssowillsinktothebottom.Itisabeliefthatholdsthat
thosewhoruledeservetorulebecausetheymeritit.
Diff:2 PageRef:191
Skill: Knowledge
3) Whatisthemodernformofstratificationknownasclassbasedon?
Answer: Classisbasedoneconomicposition,apersonsoccupation,income,orpossessions.
Diff:3 PageRef:193
4) Whatisthebourgeoisie?
Answer: Thebourgeoisiewereupper-classcapitalistswho,duringKarlMarxslife,ownedthe
meansofproduction.
Diff:3 PageRef:194
Skill: Knowledge
98
5) WhatthreedimensionsdidWeberbasehisstratificationtheoryon?
Answer: ThethreedimensionsthatWeberstheoryofstratificationisbasedonare:class,status,
andparty(political).
Diff:2 PageRef:194
6) AccordingtoWeber,whatrelationshipisstatusbasedon?
Answer: Statusisbasedontherelationshipyouhavetoconsumption.
Diff:3 PageRef:195
Skill: Knowledge
7) Whyisthelowerclassalsocalledtheworkingpoor?
Answer: Thelowerclassisalsocalledtheworkingpoortoavoidsocialstigma.
Diff:1 PageRef:198
8) Whatfinancialsupportdoestheunderclassreceive?
Answer: Theunderclasshasnoincomeandnoconnectiontothejobmarket.Majorsupport
comesfromwelfareandfoodstamps.
Diff:2 PageRef:198
Skill: Knowledge
9) Whyisthetermfeminizationofpovertyappliedtotheincreasingnumbersofpoorpeoplein
theUnitedStates?
Answer: Thetermfeminizationofpovertyisappliedbecausewomenmakeupthelargest
portionoftheincreasingnumbersofpoorpeopleintheUnitedStates.
Diff:3 PageRef:205
Skill: Application
10) Whatisintergenerationalmobility?Inwhatdirectioncanthemobilityoccur?
Answer: Intergenerationalmobilityoccurswhenyouhavemovedintoadifferentclassthanyour
parents.Themobilitycanbeinadownwardoranupwarddirection,placingyouina
lowerclassthanyourparentsorahigherclass.
Diff:1 PageRef:209
7.5 Essay
1) ExplaineachofthethreedimensionsofMaxWeberstheoryonstratification.
Answer: ThethreedimensionsofWeberstheoryonstratificationare:class,status,andpower(or
party).Classisbasedsimplyonyourrelationshiptoproduction,whatyoudofora
livingandwhatyouearn.Statusisbasedonyourrelationshiptoconsumption;itisthe
socialprestigeofwhatotherpeoplethinkofyouandyourlifestyle.Poweristheability
todowhatyouwanttodo.Itallowsforyoutohaveacertainamountofcontrolover
yourlife.
99
2) MollieOshanskydevelopedthepovertylineorpovertythreshold.Whatisthispovertyline
basedonandwhyisitcriticizedasbeinginsufficient?
Answer: Thepovertylineisanestimatedminimumincomerequiredtopayforfood,shelter,and
clothing.Anyonewhofallsbelowthisestimatedincomeiscategorizedaspoor.The
povertylineiscriticizedasbeinginsufficientforseveralreasons.Itscalculationsaretoo
low,giventhatshelterandclothingcostmorethanfood,andthepovertylineassumes
foodwillcostmorethaneitherofthose.Itdoesnttakeintoaccountsignificant
differencesincostoflivinginvariousregionsoftheUnitedStates.Forexample,thecost
oflivinginamajorcitylikeNewYorkishigherthanOmaha,Nebraska,whereitis
lower.Itdoesntincludeotherexpensesthatarepartofdailylifesuchaschildcare,
medicalcareandtransportation.
Diff:2 PageRef:203
Skill: Evaluation
3) BrieflydescribewhoispoorinAmericaincomparisontothestereotypesofthepoor.
Answer: TherealityofthepoorinAmericaisthatthepoorcomefromallethnicbackgrounds,
theylivethroughouttheUnitedStates,andhighpercentagesofpoorpeopleliveinthe
ruralsouth.Thepoordowork;infact,threeoutoffiveworkfull-timebutarestillpoor.
Womenandchildrenaremorelikelytobepoorthanmen,andthepovertyrateamong
female-headedhouseholdsissixtimesthatofmarried-couplefamilies.Further,the
elderlyarelesslikelythanotherstobepoorinAmericabutaremorelikelyto
experienceagreaterburdenofpovertyduetoillness,medicalexpenses,isolation,and
lackofsocialsupport.
4) Whatisthecultureofpoverty?
Answer: ThecultureofpovertyisatheorythatwasdevelopedbyOscarLewis.Thistheoryholds
thatpovertyisnotaresultofindividualinadequaciesbutoflargersocialandcultural
factors.Lewispositedthatpoorchildrenaresocializedintoalifestyleofpoverty,where
theyaretaughtthattheyhavenothingtostrivefor,andthatthereisnopointtoworkto
bettertheircurrentlivingconditions.Asadultsthesechildrengrowuptosimplyaccept
alifeofpovertyandwillraisetheirchildrentodothesame.Povertyinthistheoryis
transmittedfromonegenerationtothenext.
Diff:1 PageRef:206
Skill: Knowledge
5) AccordingtoWallerstein,worldsystemtheoryiscomposedoffourinterrelatedelements.
Pleasebrieflydescribetheseelements.
Answer: Thefourinterrelatedelementsinworldsystemtheoryare(1)aglobalmarketofgoods
andlabor;(2)thedivisionofthepopulationintodifferenteconomicclasses,based
looselyontheMarxiandivisionofownersandworkers;(3)aninternationalsystemof
formalandinformalpoliticalrelationsamongthemostpowerfulcountries,who
competeorcooperatewitheachothertoshapetheworldeconomy;and(4)thedivision
ofcountriesintothreebroadeconomiczonesknownasthecore,periphery,and
semiperiphery,withthewealthierzonesexploitingthepoorerones.
Skill: Knowledge
100
7.6 OpenBook
1) ExamineFigure7.1HouseholdIncomeintheUnitedStates.Explainwhattheconceptsof
stratificationandclassareandhowtheyarerepresentedinthefigure.
Answer: ThesocialstratificationsystemintheUnitedStates,wherepeoplearedividedintoranks
withsomerankedhigherorlowerthanothers.Withinthissystemtherankpeopleshare
withothersiscalledclass;classisbasedonincome,power,andprestige.Thefigureis
dividedupintodifferenthouseholdincomes,withasmallerpercentageofhousehold
incomeshavingmorewealthandmostlikelypossessingahighersocialclassandbeing
higherinthestratificationsystem,whileasonegoesdownthefigurethereisadecrease
inonessocialclassandthepersonswiththesehouseholdincomesbeinglowerinthe
socialstratificationsystem.
Skill: Analysis
2) AfteranalyzingFigure7.3TheDreamGap,firstdefinewhatthedreamlineisandthen
explainthedifferencesinthethreeincomesofferedovertime.Whatdoesthedifference
betweenthedreamlineandtheothertwolinessuggestabouttheAmericandream?
Answer: Thedreamlineisano-frillsversionoftheAmericandreamforanurbanorsuburban
familyoffour.ThedreamlineincludesthefourHswhichare:housing(owninga
single-familyhome),high-qualitychildcare,fullhealthcoverage,andhighereducation
(enoughsavingstomakesurebothchildrencanattendapublic,four -yearcollegeor
university).Thedreamlinein1973wasonlyslightlyhigher,bylessthan$2,000,than
theactualearnedincomeofadual-incomefamilyatminimumwageandwaslessthan
$4000higherthantheestimatedpovertyline.However,overthelastthirtyyearsthe
gaphasbecomeincreasinglargerwiththe2003dreamlinebeingmorethan$26,000
overtheactualearnedincomeofadual-incomefamilyatminimumwageandalmost
$30,000morethanwhatthepovertylineestimatesafamilywouldneedtosurviveinthe
UnitedStates.ThisincreasinggapbetweenwhatpeopleneedforabasicAmerican
dreamandtherealitytheylivemeansthattheAmericandreamissimplyoutofreach
formanyAmericanfamilies.
Skill: Analysis
3) Figure7.5TheWorldbyIncomeshowsthedifferencesbetweencountriesbasedoneconomic
andsocialindicatorsfromtheWorldBank.Explainwhysomecountriesaregivenalower
rankingthanothers.
Answer: CountriesgivenalowerrankinghavealowgrossdomesticproductGDP(lowincome
countriesaccountforabout2%oftheworldsGDP).Theyareseentohavealower
qualityofworkbecausetheyarenotindustrializedandusemuscleoranimalpowerto
completetheworktheydo.Lower-rankingcountrieshavealowerlifeexpectancyof
around50yearsofageandtheirinfantmortalityrateishigher.Theliteracyratein
lower-rankedcountriesisverylowandthepercentageofchildren10 -14yearsofageis
alsohighleadingtoareducededucationoutcomeforthecountries.TheWorldBank
alsoclassifiesqualityoflifebasedonbirthratewithpoorercountrieshavingahigher
birthrate,agreaterdisparityinthedistributionofwealthbetweentherichandthe
poor,andalargerindicationofgenderinequalitypresentwithlimitedopportunitiesfor
women.
Skill: Evaluation
101
Chapter8 RaceandEthnicity
8.1 MultipleChoice
1) Whichofthefollowingstatementsis mostaccurate inrelationshiptorace?
A) Racedependsonanassumptionofbiologicaldistinction.
B) Raceisnotasociallyconstructedbelief;itisinsteadageneticreality.
C) Racedependsonanassumptionofaculturaldistinction.
D) Racedoesnotimpedeapersonssocialstandinginpost -industrializednations.
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:224
Skill: Evaluation
2) IfapersonidentifiesasanItalian-Americantheyhaveidentifiedthemselvesintermsofwhat
concept?
A) Race B) Domestickinship
C) Politicalaffiliation D) Ethnicity
Answer: D
Diff:3 PageRef:224
Skill: Application
3) Tosociologists,theproblemswithconceptualizingraceasabiologicaldistinctiondo NOT
includewhichofthefollowing?
A) Thereisnogooddefinitionofwhatraceexactlyis.
B) Theracialcategoryofcolorisnotclear-cutbecauseweareabletoperceivecolorin
thousandsofgradients,understandingthedifferencesbothwithinandbetweengroups.
C) Racehasbeenaconstantthathascontinuallybeenbasedonbiologicalandphysical
characteristicsthathaveallowedforthedividebetweensocialgroupstobemaintained.
D) Thatracehasnotbeenaconstant;whatisnowdefinedbyskincolororanother
biologicalcharacteristicwasoncedefinedintermsofculturaltraits,liketheFrenchrace
wholivedinFranceandspokeFrench.
Answer: C
Diff:3 PageRef:225
Skill: Evaluation
4) TheattempttooutlawinterracialrelationshipsintheUnitedStateswasbasedonwhatbelief?
A) Thatthemixingoftheraceswasconsidereddeviant.
B) Thatchildrenofmixed-raceunionswouldbeintellectuallysuperiortosingle-race
children.
C) Thatchildrenofmixed-raceunionswouldbemoremoralandworktobettersociety,
makingitharderforthosewhowereofsingle-raceheritage.
D) Thatthemixingoftheraceswastooprogressiveforsocietyandneededtowaitfora
moremodernera.
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:226
Skill: Knowledge
102
CHAPTER 8 RACE AND ETHNICITY
5) Foraracialethnicgrouptobeclassifiedasaminoritywhichofthefollowingcharacteristics
mustbepresent?
A) Identifiability,inthatminoritygroupmembersshare(orareassumedtoshare)physical
orculturaltraitsthatdistinguishthemfromthedominantgroup.
B) Differentialpower,meaningtheremustbesignificantdifferencesinaccesstoeconomic,
social,andpoliticalresources.
C) Solidarityandgroupawareness,inthatthereismembershiptoadefinablecategoryof
peoplepresent.
D) Ascribedstatusbecausemembershiptothegroupissomethingthatyouarebornwith
anditisnotvoluntary.
E) Alloftheabove
Answer: E
Diff:2 PageRef:228
6) Whatissolidaritydefinedas?
A) Membershipthatyouarebornwith,somethingthatisnotvoluntary.
B) Theawarenessofmembershipinadefinablecategoryofpeople,thatdefinesanusand
them.
C) Sharing(orassumedtoshare)physicalorculturaltraitsthatdistinguishagroup
fromthedominantgroup.
D) Significantdifferenceswithregardtoaccesstoeconomic,social,andpoliticalresources.
Answer: B
Diff:1 PageRef:228
Skill: Knowledge
7) Whichofthefollowingismostaccurate inrelationtoamajoritygroup?
A) Agroupwhosemembersexperienceprivilegebutareunabletoaccesspowerbecauseof
theirgroupmembership.
B) Agroupwhosemembersdonotexperienceprivilegeandaccesstopowerbecauseof
theirgroupmembership.
C) Agroupwhosemembersdonotexperienceprivilegebutdohaveaccesstopower
becauseoftheirgroupmembership.
D) Agroupwhosemembersexperienceprivilegeandaccesstopowerbecauseoftheir
groupmembership.
Answer: D
Skill: Evaluation
8) StaceysfamilyisofPolishdescent;however,StaceywasforbiddentospeakPolishinthe
homeandonlyspokeEnglishandshewastaughttoembraceAmericanculturaltraditions
overPolishones.StaceywouldbeknownmoreasAmericanthanPolishandherlackofa
Polishidentityillustrateswhatconcept?
A) Stereotyping B) Acculturation
C) Assimilation D) Pluralism
Answer: C
Skill: Application
103
9) Whenapersonmakesageneralizationaboutanentiregroupthatisoversimplifiedand
exaggerated,he/shehasrelieduponwhattoformthisgeneralization?
A) Astereotype B) Astigma
C) Aconscript D) Noneoftheabove
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:231
10) Refusingtoassociatewithmembersofagroupmerelybasedontheconceptofraceisknown
aswhatformofracism?
A) Covert B) Overt C) Hidden D) Public
Answer: B
Diff:2 PageRef:234
11) WhichofthefollowingisNOTanexampleofdiscrimination?
A) Awhiteemployerhiringawhitepersonoveramorequalifiedblackpersonbecausethe
employerdoesnottrusttheblackworkethic.
B) AteachergradingAsianstudentsharderthanotherracialorethnicgroupsbecausethe
teacherbelievesthatAsiansaresmarterthannon-Asians.
C) Afemaleclerkwaitingonablackcouplewhowasfirstinthestore,insteadofwaitingon
aHispaniccouplewhoenteredthestoresecond.
D) AstoreclerkfollowingayoungmaleLatinothroughoutthestoreandaccusinghimof
stealingbecausehelookssuspicious.
Answer: C
Skill: Application
12) Whichsociologistdividedprejudiceanddiscriminationintofourcategories:all -weather

bigots,fair-weatherbigots,fair-weatherliberals,all-weatherliberals?
A) W.E.B.Dubois B) RobertMerton
C) EmileDurkheim D) TalcottParsons
Answer: B
Diff:1 PageRef:235
Skill: Knowledge
13) Whichofthefollowingdemonstratesacharacteristicofall-weatherliberals?
A) Willtellaracistjokeonlywhentheyaresuretheywillreceiveapositivereaction.
B) Willnottellaracistjokenorrespondfavorablytoone.
C) Willnottellaracistjokebutmaylaughatonetoavoidembarrassmentorstartingan
argument.
D) Willtellaracistjokeeveniftheyknowthepeoplearoundthemwilldisapprove.
Answer: B
Diff:1 PageRef:235
Skill: Application
104
14) Whichoffollowingismostaccurateaboutinstitutionaldiscrimination?
A) Itisnotparticularlysubtlebutishighlypervasive.
B) Itisparticularlysubtlebutisnotpervasive.
C) Itisparticularlysubtleandishighlypervasive.
D) Itisparticularlysubtleandpervasivebutisnotdeeplyembeddedininstitutionslike
education.
Answer: C
Diff:1 PageRef:236
Skill: Evaluation
15) WhatyeardidtheFairHousingActbandiscriminationinhousing?
A) 1957 B) 1968 C) 1973 D) 1982
Answer: B
Diff:2 PageRef:236
Skill: Knowledge
16) Segregationisbestexpressedbywhichofthefollowing?
A) ThepracticeofphysicallysharingamealbetweenaLatinopersonandan
African-Americanperson.
B) Depictingracialandethnicgroupsinavarietyofentertainmentroles,showcasingthe
variedrolesinlifethatmemberswithinthesegroupsexperience.
C) Thatdividedschooldistrictsreceiveequalresourcesandthesameeducational
experience.
D) Havingseparatedrinkingfountainsandwashroomsthatarelabeledwhitesonlyor
blacksonly.
Answer: D
Skill: Application
17) WhatSupremeCourtcaseconcludedthatseparatebutequalwasneveractuallyequal?
A) Plessyv.Ferguson
B) Brownv.BoardofEducation,TopekaKansas
C) DredScottv.Sanford
D) BoardofEducationofOklahomaCityv.Dowell
Answer: B
Diff:2 PageRef:237
Skill: Knowledge
105
18) Howisintegrationdefined?
A) Thepsychologicalinterminglingoftheracesorganizedasaconcertedlegalandsocial
efforttobringequalaccessandracialequalitythroughracialmixingininstitutionsand
communities.
B) Thephysicalseparationoftheracesorganizedasaconcertedlegalandsocialeffortto
bringequalaccessandracialequalitythroughracialdivisionininstitutionsand
communities.
C) Thephysicalinterminglingoftheracesorganizedasaconcertedlegalandsocialeffortto
bringequalaccessandracialequalitythroughracialmixingininstitutionsand
communities.
D) Thenonphysicalinterminglingoftheracesorganizedlooselythroughminimalsocial
efforttobringequalaccessandracialequalitythroughracialmixingininstitutionsand
communities.
Answer: C
Diff:1 PageRef:237
Skill: Knowledge
19) WhatwasthesysteminSouthAfricawheretherewasmandatedsegregationpresentknown
as?
A) Integration B) Miscegenation
C) Defacto D) Apartheid
Answer: D
Diff:1 PageRef:237
Skill: Knowledge
20) WhichofthefollowingisNOT areasoncitedforthecontinuationofAffirmativeAction?

A) Minoritieswhoperformabovetheirmajoritycounterpartsineducationandthework
forcefacealackofresourcescreatingbarriersforthemfromadvancement.
B) Minoritieshaveachievedanequalfootinginsocietythatremovestheinstitutional
discriminationthatonceexisted.
C) Minoritiesfacediscriminationineducationpracticesthatmaydisadvantagetheminthe
applicationprocessforcollegeoruniversity.
D) Minoritiesdofacediscriminationinhiringpractices.
Answer: B
Skill: Analysis
21) WhichoftheseiscitedasapossiblenegativeoutcomefromAffirmativeAction?
A) Minoritymenaregivenequalaccesstopromotionsintheworkforceastheirmajority
counterparts.
B) Minoritywomenareabletoreceiveequalfootingintheworkforcetotheirmajority
counterparts.
C) Minoritymenandwomensometimesreceivetheroleofatokenandarenotrespected
regardlessoftheirabilitytodothejob.
D) Educationalandworkplaceenvironmentshavebecomemorediverse,increasing
understandingofracialandethnicgroups.
Answer: C
Diff:3 PageRef:238
Skill: Analysis
106
22) TheKnow-NothingPartywasformedin1849topromoteanti-Catholicandanti-immigrant
legislation.TheKnow-NothingPartyillustrateswhattypeofgroup?
A) Enemycombatantgroup B) Hategroup
C) Divisivenationgroup D) Ardorgroup
Answer: B
Skill: Application
23) WhichofthefollowingwouldNOT beanexampleofahategroup?

A) SouthernPovertyLawCenter B) KuKluxKlan
C) AryanNation D) Know-NothingParty
Answer: A
Skill: Application
24) Whatdoesprimordialtheorysuggest?
A) Thattheinnatedifferencesbetweenpeoplearenotasimportantaspolitical,social,and
economicprocesses.
B) Thattheconflictthatin-groupsfaceisaresultoftheirinteriorconflict.
C) Thatconflictexistsbetweenin-groupsandout-groups.
D) Thatwepreferpeoplethatarenotlikeus,weseekthosewhoaredifferent.
Answer: C
Diff:2 PageRef:240
Skill: Knowledge
25) Whatdoesconflicttheorysuggestthatprejudiceisusedfor?
A) Asatoolbytheelitetomaintainsocialpower
B) Amechanismoftheworkingclasstodivideandconquer
C) Asatoolbytheunderclasstogainsocialpower
D) Noneoftheabove
Answer: A
Diff:1 PageRef:240
Skill: Knowledge
26) WhatdoesNOTillustrateanexampleofascapegoat?
A) MexicanimmigrantswhoarebeingblamedfortakingAmericanjobsfromgood
AmericanswhoarenowoutofjobsbecauseofMexicans.
B) ApowerfulCEOwhohasagreatdealofsocialsupportwithlittleattentionpaidtohis
critics.
C) JewsinNaziGermanybeingblamedforalleconomicandpoliticaldifficultiesthat
Germanyfaced.
D) Mothersasawholebeingblamedforanysocialillthataffectssociety,includinga
weakenedeconomybecausetheyarenotinthehome.
Answer: B
Diff:2 PageRef:240
Skill: Application
107
27) Howisthematrixofdominationdefined?
A) Aninterlockingsystemofcontrolinwhicheachtypeofinequalityreinforcestheothers,
sothattheimpactofonecannotbefullyunderstoodwithoutalsoconsideringtheothers.
B) Asystemofcontrolwhereequalityisreinforced,allowingforanunderstandingofsocial
differences.
C) Aninterlockingsystemofcontrolthatisbasedononeformofinequalityoverpowering
allothersallowingforthisprimarysourceofinequalitytobeunderstoodalone.
D) Asystemofcontrolwhereinequalityisessentialbutthereisanabilitytounderstand
eachtypeofinequalityseparately.
Answer: A
Skill: Knowledge
28) Whatbestdescribesaself-fulfillingprophecy?
A) Wechallengestereotypesbylookingbeyondthesurfaceofaperson.
B) Weseewhatwewanttosee,whatfulfillsourexpectationsandconfirmsstereotypes.
C) Wedonotseewhatweexpecttosee,insteadallowingstereotypestobechallenged.
D) Weseewhatwewanttosee,butwedonotallowforourexpectationstobefulfilledor
confirmationofstereotypestooccur.
Answer: B
Diff:1 PageRef:241
Skill: Knowledge
29) Accordingtothetext,whichofthefollowingwould NOT beawaytoovercomeprejudice?

A) Havingstrongrolemodelsthatcontradictstereotypes
B) Peopleofdifferentgroupsworkingtogethertowardacommongoal
C) Bysimplyhavecontactwithpeoplewhoaredifferent
D) Decreasinginstitutionalformsofdiscriminationthatmakeinequalityseemnormaland
natural
Answer: C
Diff:2 PageRef:242
30) Whatbestdescribesanethnicgroup?
A) Agroupthatsharescommonbiologicaloriginsandculturalbeliefsbutnotahistory
B) Agroupthatsharesphysicalandbiologicaldistinctions
C) Agroupthatsharesacommonphysicallocationandlanguagebutnotaculturalheritage
D) Agroupthatsharesacommonancestry,history,orculture
Answer: D
Diff:1 PageRef:242
Skill: Knowledge
108
31) WhichofthefollowingreasonswouldonecitetoindicatethatNativeAmericansareworseoff
intermsofsocialsupportandacceptanceintheUnitedStatesthanotherminorities?
A) HigherpovertyrateforNativeAmericansthananyotherethnicgroup
B) HigherrateofalcoholismforNativeAmericansthanwhiteandHispanics,inspiteof
havingalowerpercentageofcurrentdrinkers
C) LowerlifeexpectancyforNativeAmericansthanthenationasawhole
D) Lowernationalaverageofhighschoolgraduationandcollegeattendanceratesfor
NativeAmericans
E) Alloftheabove
Answer: E
Diff:3 PageRef:244
32) Whatisthefastest-growingminoritygroupintheUnitedStates?
A) Germans B) Africans C) Irish D) Hispanics
Answer: D
Diff:3 PageRef:245
Skill: Knowledge
33) Whichethnicgroupisoftendepictedasamodelminority?
A) Native-Americans B) Asian-Americans
C) African-Americans D) Hispanic-Americans
Answer: B
Diff:1 PageRef:248
Skill: Knowledge
34) WhatphraseisoftenpromotedasasignofAmericanacceptanceofdifference,lackof
prejudice,andtheabilitytobringtogetherallculturaldifferenceswithinasingularAmerican
culture?
A) Thehalfandhalf B) Theemptykettle
C) Thechunkystew D) Themeltingpot
Answer: D
Diff:1 PageRef:251
Skill: Knowledge
35) WhichofthefollowingdoesNOTdescribetheprocessofassimilation?
A) Maintaininglong-heldculturaltraditionsattheexpenseofsocialacceptance.
B) Adoptingthelanguageofthedominantcultureandnolongerspeakingthelanguageof
oneshomeland.
C) Abandoninglong-heldculturaltraditionsandembracingthedominantculture.
D) Leavingbehindtraitsofculturethatwouldmakeoneappeardifferent.
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:251
Skill: Knowledge
109
8.2 FillintheBlank
1) ________isoftenusedtodefinethebiologicaldistinctionthatisusedtorateandorganize
socialgroups.
A) Ethnicity B) Tribalidentification
C) Race D) Nationalism
Answer: C
Diff:1 PageRef:224
Skill: Knowledge
2) ________referstotheassumptionofculturaldifferencestorateandorganizesocialgroups.
A) Race B) Ethnicity
C) Nationalism D) Tribalidentification
Answer: B
Diff:1 PageRef:224
Skill: Knowledge
3) A________groupisonewhosemembershavelesspowerandaccesstoresourcesthanother
groupsinsociety.
A) Majority B) Modal C) Median D) Minority
Answer: D
Diff:1 PageRef:228
Skill: Knowledge
4) Identifiabilityisusedtodescribetheideathatminoritygroupsshare(orareassumedtoshare)
________or________traitsthatdistinguishthemfromthedominantgroup.
A) Physical;economic B) Economic;cultural
C) Cultural;physical D) Educational;physical
Answer: C
Diff:1 PageRef:228
Skill: Knowledge
5) IntheUnitedStates,scientistsdevelopedtheoriesof________thatarguedthereshouldbe
programsandlawstobreedasuperiorrace,onebelievedtobesuperiortothemany
immigrantsthatwerecomingintotheUnitedStates.
A) Racialized B) Eugenics C) Genocide D) Hereditary
Answer: B
Diff:2 PageRef:230
6) SamuelthoughtLeewasgoingtobeabaddriverbasedona________thatSamuelholds
againstAsian-Americandrivers.
A) Prejudice B) Objectism C) Typecasting D) Stigma
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:231
Skill: Application
110
7) ________aregeneralizationsaboutagroupwhichareoversimplifiedandexaggerated,failing
toacknowledgeindividualdifferenceswithinagroup.
A) Pluralisms B) Stereotypes
C) Particularisms D) Miscegenations
Answer: B
Diff:1 PageRef:231
Skill: Knowledge
8) Racismcanbeeither________or________.
A) Covert;overt B) Subtle;covert
C) Overt;manifest D) Overt;subtle
Answer: D
Diff:2 PageRef:234
9) ________occurswhenprejudiceandstereotypesareacteduponandmostoftenaffectthe
groupinquestionnegatively.
A) Discrimination B) Egalitarianism
C) Favoritism D) Impartiality
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:234
Skill: Knowledge
10) Apersonwhoisprejudicedagainstsomeminoritygroups,butdoesnotdiscriminatewhen
theremaybenegativeconsequences,couldbecalleda(n)________.
A) All-weatherbigot B) Fair-weatherbigot
C) All-weatherliberal D) Fair-weatherliberal
Answer: B
Diff:1 PageRef:235
Skill: Knowledge
11) AccordingtoRobertMerton,theAmericanidealofa(n)________wouldnotbeprejudicedand
wouldnotdiscriminate.
A) All-weatherbigot B) Fair-weatherbigot
C) All-weatherliberal D) Fair-weatherliberal
Answer: C
Diff:1 PageRef:235
Skill: Knowledge
12) ________discriminationisthemostsubtleandpervasivetypeofdiscrimination,deeply
embeddedinplacesliketheeducationalsystem,businessworld,orhealthcare.
A) Individual B) Interactional C) Particular D) Institutional
Answer: D
Diff:2 PageRef:236
111
13) Segregationorthe________betweenthewhitemajorityandtheminoritygroups(especially
AfricanAmericans)waslawintheUnitedStates.
A) Emotionalseparation B) Physicalseparation
C) Psychologicalseparation D) Psychosomaticseparation
Answer: B
Diff:2 PageRef:236
14) In________,theSupremeCourtruledthatseparatebutequalaccommodationsforblacks
andwhiteswerenotdiscriminatory.
A) Plessyv.Ferguson
B) Brownv.BoardofEducation,TopekaKansas
C) DredScottv.Sanford
D) BoardofEducationofOklahomaCityv.Dowell
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:237
Skill: Knowledge
15) ________bestdescribesthesystemofsegregationwhereinferiorityisinstitutionalizedand
legal;SouthAfricaisafamousexample.
A) Separatebutequal B) Isolationism
C) Seclusionary D) Apartheid
Answer: D
Diff:1 PageRef:237
Skill: Knowledge
16) Programsthatattempttoassurethatminoritiesgetfairtreatmentinemploymentapplications
wouldbeillustrativeof________.
A) AffirmativeMovement B) AffirmativeAction
C) Apartheid D) Aquotasystem
Answer: B
Diff:3 PageRef:237
Skill: Application
17) AhmadisthesingleMiddle-Easternpersonwithinhisworkdepartment;oftenhefeelslikehe
isa________.
A) Symbol B) Icon C) Token D) Emblem
Answer: C
Diff:1 PageRef:238
Skill: Application
18) Accordingtofrustration-aggressiontheory,peopleare________andwhentheycantreach
thesetheybecomefrustratedandangry.
A) Objectdirected B) Goaldirected
C) Ambitiondirected D) Articledirected
Answer: B
Diff:2 PageRef:240
112
19) Theinterlockingsystemofcontrolinwhicheachtypeofinequalityreinforcestheothers,so
thattheimpactofonecannotbefullyunderstoodwithoutalsoconsideringtheothers,is
referredtobyPatriciaHillCollinsasa________.
A) Templateofdomination B) Matrixofoppression
C) Templateofoppression D) Matrixofdomination
Answer: D
20) ________iswhenapersonseeswhatshe/heexpectstoseeanddoesnotseewhatshe/he
doesntexpecttosee.
A) Pre-existenceprophecy B) Self-fulfillingarticle
C) Self-fulfillingprophecy D) Prophecyadherence
Answer: C
Diff:1 PageRef:241
Skill: Knowledge
21) Ethnicgroupsaredefinedassharingacommonancestry,history,and________.
A) Assetattainment B) Politicalaffiliation
C) Eyecolor D) Culture
Answer: D
Diff:2 PageRef:242
Skill: Knowledge
22) TheUnitedStatesisoftencalleda________.
A) Nationofnatives B) Nationofimmigrants
C) Nationoftribes D) Nationoftheindigenous
Answer: B
Diff:1 PageRef:243
Skill: Knowledge
23) Prejudiceanddiscriminationagainst________hasincreasedintheUnitedStatesoverthelast
decade,especiallyafterthe9/11terroristattacks.
A) MiddleEasterners B) Arabs
C) Muslims D) Alloftheabove
Answer: D
Diff:2 PageRef:249
Skill: Knowledge
24) Whentwogroupscomeintocontactandtheminorityabandonstheirtraditionalcultureto
embracethedominantculture,theminoritygrouphas________.
A) Resisted B) Assimilated C) Acculturated D) Segregated
Answer: B
Diff:1 PageRef:251
113
25) Sheilasbeliefin________hashermaintainthatdifferentgroupsinsocietycantreateachother
withrespectandnotdiscriminateevenifminoritygroupsmaintaintheirowncultural
distinctiveness.
A) Pluralism B) Assimilation
C) Segregation D) Solidarity
Answer: A
Diff:3 PageRef:252
Skill: Application
8.3 TrueorFalse
1) Racedependsonanassumptionofinherentculturaldistinctionsthatallowforgroupstobe
categorizedorrated.
Answer: FALSE
Diff:1 PageRef:224
Skill: Knowledge
2) Sociologistsunderstandracenotasabiologicaldistinctionbutasasocialconstructionbased
ontheassumptionthatthereisabiologicaldistinctionbetweengroups.
Answer: TRUE
Diff:2 PageRef:225
3) LawsthatsupportedanoutlawonmiscegenationwerenotremovedfromtheUnitedStates
until1967.
Answer: TRUE
Diff:3 PageRef:226
4) Aminoritygroupsuchasaraceorethnicityisdefinedstrictlybybeinganumericalminority.
Answer: FALSE
Diff:3 PageRef:228
Skill: Knowledge
5) MajoritygroupsintheUnitedStatesreceiveacertainsocialprivilegefromtheirmajority
groupmembershipthatallowsforthemtohaveaccesstopower.
Answer: TRUE
6) Eugenicsmovementsarebasedonthebeliefthatcertaingroupsshouldbeeliminatedfrom
societyastheyareinferior.
Answer: TRUE
Diff:1 PageRef:230
Skill: Knowledge
7) Prejudicedescribesasetofbeliefsandattitudesthatcausespeopletonegativelyprejudge
peoplebasedontheirsociallocation.
Answer: TRUE
Diff:1 PageRef:231
Skill: Knowledge
114
8) Affirmativeactionprogramsaremeanttohelpunqualifiedminoritiesmoveupintopositions
ofpowerovermajoritygroupmembers.
Answer: FALSE
Diff:1 PageRef:237
Skill: Knowledge
9) Scapegoatsaresingledoutbecausetheyareaweak,convenient,andsociallyapprovedtarget.
Answer: TRUE
Diff:2 PageRef:240
Skill: Application
10) IntheUnitedStatesitcouldbearguedthattheconceptofthemeltingpothasbeenusedto
assimilategroupsintoabandoningtheirculturaltraditioninordertocreateasingle,savory
Americanizedsouporculture.
Answer: TRUE
Diff:3 PageRef:251
Skill: Evaluation
8.4 ShortAnswer
1) Whatisraceasasocialcategory?
Answer: Raceisapoorly-definedsocialcategorythatdependsontheassumptionofbiological
distinctiontorateandorganizesocialgroups.
Skill: Knowledge
2) Howisastereotypedefined?
Answer: Astereotypeisageneralizationaboutagroupofpeoplethatisoversimplifiedand
exaggerated;itfailstoacknowledgeindividualdifferenceswithinagroup.
Diff:3 PageRef:231
Skill: Knowledge
3) Whatisracism?
Answer: Racismisaparticularlypowerfulformofprejudicethatincludesnotonlyabeliefin
generalstereotypesbutalsoabeliefthatonerace(usuallydefinedaswhite)is
inherentlysuperiortotheothers.
Diff:1 PageRef:234
Skill: Knowledge
4) Whatisintegration?
Answer: Integrationisthephysicalinterminglingofdifferentgroups,mostnotablyracialand
ethnicgroupsthatwerepreviouslyseparated.
Diff:3 PageRef:237
Skill: Knowledge
5) Whyisthetermtokenappliedtocertainminoritygroupmembers?
Answer: Thetermisappliedbecausethememberisseenasarepresentativeoftheminority
grouphe/shebelongstoratherthanasanindividualperson.
Diff:3 PageRef:238
Skill: Application
115
6) Whatisascapegoat?
Answer: Ascapegoatisaconvenient,weak,andsociallyapprovedtargetonwhichtoblame
economicorsociallossorinsecurity.
Diff:1 PageRef:240
Skill: Knowledge
7) Whatdoesprimordialtheorysuggest?
Answer: Primordialtheorysuggeststhatindividualshaveaninnatepreferenceforpeoplein
theirowngroupsandthatconflictthusoccursbetweenin-groupsandout-groups.
Diff:3 PageRef:240
Skill: Knowledge
8) Howisanethnicgroupdefined?
Answer: Anethnicgroupisdefinedasagroupsetapartfromothergroupsbylanguageand
culturaltraditions.Ethnicgroupsshareacommonancestry,history,orculture.
Diff:3 PageRef:242
Skill: Knowledge
9) Whatisgenocide?
Answer: Genocideistheplanned,systematicdestructionofaracial,political,orethnicgroup.
Diff:1 PageRef:250
Skill: Knowledge
10) Whatispluralism?
Answer: Pluralismmaintainsthatdifferentgroupsinastablesocietycantreateachotherwith
mutualrespectandthatminorityculturescanmaintaintheirowndistinctivenessand
stillparticipateinthegreatersocietywithoutdiscrimination.
Diff:3 PageRef:252
Skill: Knowledge
8.5 Essay
1) Howdoessociologyunderstandraceandethnicity?
Answer: Raceandethnicityaresociallyconstructedconcepts.Raceisbasedonanassumptionof
abiologicaldistinctionwhileethnicityisbasedonanassumptionofinherentcultural
differences.Bothareusedtorateandorganizesocialgroupsinsociety.Sociologists
understandthatresourcesareoftenallocatedinsocietyonthebasisofraceorethnicity.
Thispracticeleadstounequaltreatment,power,privilege,income,andprestigethatis
dependentonwhatraceorethnicityoneisseenasbeingpartof.
Skill: Knowledge
116
2) Brieflycomparethedifferencesthatexistbetweenmajorityandminoritygroupswithinthe
UnitedStates.
Answer: Themajoritygroupisagroupwhosemembersexperienceprivilegeandaccesstopower
becauseoftheirgroupmembership.IntheUnitedStates,onebecomespartofthe
majoritygroupifoneiswhite,particularlyifoneisawhitemale.Whitemaleshavethe
mostaccesstopowerbyextensionoftheprivilegetheyexperiencesimplybybeing
whitemales;whitefemaleswouldbeasecondinthisbasedontheirstatusaswhite.
However,thosewhofalloutsideofthissocialnormwouldbepartofaminoritygroup
basedonraceand/orethnicity.Minoritygroups,agroupwhichoneisbornintoandhas
adistinguishableidentity,haslesspowerandaccesstoresourcesthanothergroupsin
societybecauseoftheirmembershipasaminority.Thisresultsinalimitedamountof
opportunitiesforsomepeoplesolelybasedonraceorethnicityandanincreased
amountofopportunitiesforthoseinthemajoritygroup.MinoritygroupsintheUnited
StatesincludeAfrican-Americans,Native-Americans,Hispanic-Americans
(Latin-Americans),Middle-EasternAmericansandotherswhoareidentifiedasbeing
outsidethemajoritygroup.
Skill: Synthesis
3) Compareovertandsubtleracismandofferexamplesofeachinyourcomparison.
Answer: Overtracismisasystematicprejudiceappliedtomembersofagroupinclearand
manifestways.Overtracismwouldbepresentinhatespeech,opendiscrimination
againstjobapplicants,andanoutrightrefusaltoassociatewithmembersfromthis
group.Overtracismdoesnothideitselfbutisopeninitsapproach.Subtleracismis
systematicprejudiceappliedtomembersofagroupinquietorevenunconsciousways.
Here,someonemaynotbeawareoftheirprejudice;theymaybesimplyusingasetof
mentalcategoriesthathavebeenunconsciouslyinternalizedaboutagroupbasedon
stereotypes.Itcanincludesimplyshiftingoneshandbagwhenpassingablackman
withoutbeingawarethatonehasdoneit.
Diff:3 PageRef:234
Skill: Synthesis
4) Explainwhatinstitutionaldiscriminationisandofferreasonswhyitisdifficulttocorrect?
Answer: Institutionaldiscriminationisthemostsubtleandpervasivetypeofdiscrimination,
deeplyembeddedininstitutionslikeeducation,business,healthcare,criminaljustice,
andthemassmedia.Itisverydifficulttocorrectbecausethepromotionof
discriminatorypracticesandtraditionshavesuchalonghistoryofbeingutilizedthat
theyjustseemtomakesense.Therefore,peopleacceptthemonthebasisthattheyare
whatworksandwhathasalwaysbeendonewithlittlequestioningoftheinherent
inequalitytheypromote.Minoritygroupsinthissystembecomethevictimsof
systematicoppression,evenwhenonlyafewpeople,ornoneatall,aretryingto
deliberatelydiscriminateagainstthem.
Diff:2 PageRef:236
Skill: Analysis
117
5) Whatisassimilation?Offerareasonwhyanethnicgroupwouldcompletethisprocess.
Answer: Assimilationoccurswhentwogroupscomeintocontactwitheachother;theminority
groupabandonstheirtraditionalculturetoembracethedominantculture.Thisprocess
isoftencompletedbyethnicgroupsinorderforthemtogainacceptancebythe
dominantgroup.Theacceptanceanethnicgroupreceivesbyassimilatingcantranslate
intoentranceintotheworkforce,abilitytointermarrymembersofthedominantgroup,
andtheopportunitytomoveupinsocialstatus.
8.6 OpenBook
1) ExamineTable8.1MultiracialIdentificationbyRace.Whatdoesthissuggestabouttheviews
onmiscegenation?Whathasthechangesociallyandlegallybeeninrelationtothisconcept?
Offerareasonforthepercentageofrelationshipsthatexistbetweenwhitesandblacks.Please
remembertodefinemiscegenationinyourresponse.
Answer: MiscegenationwashowpeoplelabeledinterracialromanticcouplesintheUnited
States.Thebeliefwasthattheserelationshipsweresociallydeviantandshouldbe
illegal.ThemajorityofstatesintheUnitedStatesbannedinterracialmarriageuntil1967.
However,asthefigureindicatesthatwhiletherehasbeenanincreaseinsocial
acceptanceandnolegalbarriertointerracialcouples,therestillisaloweroccurrenceof
romanticrelationshipsbetweenwhiteandblackpersons.Thislowerrateof
relationshipsmaybeduetotheongoingsocialproblemofracismandthereisalarger
stigmaonwhiteandblackrelationships.Thisismostlikelyaholdoverfromtheolder
socialviewsthatmadetheserelationshipsillegalforfearoftherelationshipscreating
inferiorchildren;nowthefearmaybethatthechildrenwouldnotbesociallyaccepted
eventhoughtheyarenotinherentlyinferiortotheirpeers.
Skill: Analysis
2) UsingTable8.2DiscreditedPseudo-ScientificRacialCategories,pleaseexplainhowwegot
whitepeople.
Answer: Thepurposeofdividingpeopleintothesecategorieswastocreateanorderbywhich
peoplewererankedandthosewhowerelabeledTeutonicpeople(fromEngland,
Germany,andScandinavia)weredefinedaswhite.Theirculturalbeliefsandpractices
becameastandardforunderstandingwhatitmeanttobewhite.Whereaspeoplefrom
otherpartsofEuropeandtheworldwerenotbelievedtobewhite.Inthelate19th
centurythisracialclassificationandthediscoverythatEuropehadinferiorand
superiorracesleadtofirstasocialmovementbasedoneugenics.Thismovementwould
promoteascienceofbreedingwhichwouldincreasethegoodstockoftheexisting
TeutonicorwhitepeopleintheUnitedStatesanddecreasethebadstockwhichexisted
inrecentimmigrantgroups.However,graduallysomegroupsbecamelabeledas
white.ThesegroupsincludedtheIrish,Italians,EuropeanJews,andsomeother
Europeanethnicgroups.Thesegroupswereprobablydeemedwhitebecausethey
assimilatedtothedominantcultureoftheUnitedStatesandtheychosetobewhite.In
theUnitedStates,thestandardforwhiteistoactliketheirnative-bornProtestant
whites,whowereseenasbeingwhite.
Skill: Evaluation
118
3) Figure8.2OffensesbyBiasMotivation,2005showsdifferencesinoffensesbybias
motivation.Pleasedescribewhattheoffensesrepresent(whattypeofcrime)?Whatarethe
ratesforeachmotivator?Also,offerareasonforthelargestbiasmotivatorthatislisted.
Answer: Theoffenseslistedinthefigurearerepresentativeofhatecrimes,wheremembershipin
aparticularminoritygroupisusedasareasontomakeaminoritypersonavictimof
crime.Thefigureshowsthedifferencesinrateswith56%ofthecrimesmotivatedbya
racialbias,15.7%byareligiousbias,14%bysexualorientation,13.7%byethnicor
nationaloriginbias,and0.6%againstdisability.Thesedifferencesappeartoindicate
thatraceisthemost-oftencitedreasonforahatecrime;thisispossiblybecausehate
groupswhotargetracialminoritiesarestillinexistenceintheUnitedStates,promoting
violenceasatooltoexpresstheirracistbeliefs.Itmayalsobethatindividualswhoare
notpartofhategroupsbutinternalizeunderlyingracistbeliefsthatexistintheUnited
Statesactviolentlyasameansofexpressingthem.
Skill: Evaluation
119
Chapter9 SexandGender
9.1 MultipleChoice
1) Whichofthefollowingstatementsismostaccuratetotheconceptofgender?
A) Genderissolelyrelatedtoapersonsbiologicalmakeup.
B) Genderreferstotheculturalmeaningsofmasculinityandfemininity.
C) Genderisnotdistinguishablefromsex.
D) Gendercreatesasystemwhereequalityiseasilyattainableforwomen.
Answer: B
Diff:2 PageRef:258
Skill: Evaluation
2) Whichofthefollowingillustrateshowgendercanvary?
A) Gendertendstoremainconstantovertime,withvariationmostlyrelatedtotypesof
clothingmenandwomenwear.
B) Genderdefinitionswithinasocietyareunlikelytohavemuchvariationunliketwo
differentsocietieswhencomparedtoeachother.
C) Gendermaybedifferentforamanorawomanatage20thanatage40orage70;life
experiencesimpactgender.
D) Gendervariationislimitedtoindustrialsocietieswhichhaveseenmanychangesinmale
andfemaleroles.
Answer: C
Diff:3 PageRef:259
Skill: Application
3) Sociologistsareawarethatotheridentities,likeclassorrace,affectonesgenderidentity
causinganintersectionoftheseidentities.Thisrealizationcausesthesesociologiststospeakof
genderidentitiesasplural:masculinitiesandfemininities.Whichstatementismostaccurate
whendiscussingthepluralterm?
A) Therecognitionofthepluralallowsforustoseehowconflictsbetweendifferentgroups,
i.e.,class,arealsoabletobecommunicatedingenderterms.
B) Thepluralallowsforustounderstandthatthereislittledifferencebetweengroups.
C) Thepluralcreatesanunderstandingofthehomogeneitybothwithintra-genderand
inter-gendergroups.
D) Thattherearelargelysmalldifferenceswithingroups,forexample,womenaremostly
alikeotherwomen.
Answer: A
Diff:3 PageRef:259
Skill: Evaluation
120
CHAPTER 9 SEX AND GENDER
4) Sociologiststodaytendtostudytheintersections,orintersectionality,ofidentity.Whichofthe
followingidentitieswouldbestudiedwithgender?
A) Class
B) Race
C) Age
D) Region
E) Alloftheabove
Answer: E
Diff:2 PageRef:259
5) Whatisthenamegiventosocialorderinwhichmenholdpoweroverwomen?
A) Patriarchy B) Egalitarian
C) Radicalmasculine D) Patrilineal
Answer: A
Diff:1 PageRef:259
Skill: Knowledge
6) Whenmalesandfemalesdevelopeddifferentreproductivestrategiestoensurethatthey
reproducethemselves,thisiscalled?
A) Evolutionarydisguise B) Evolutionaryimperative
C) Environmentaladjustment D) Reproductivestratification
Answer: B
Diff:1 PageRef:260
Skill: Knowledge
7) Whichschoolofthoughtwouldapplytofemalesbeingconsiderednaturallymonogamous
whilemalesarenotbecausetheymustspreadtheirseed?
A) Evolutionaryadjustments B) Sociologicalimperative
C) Evolutionaryimperative D) Socio-biologicalselections
Answer: C
Diff:2 PageRef:260
Skill: Application
8) SecondarysexcharacteristicsdoNOT includewhichofthefollowing?
A) Changingofaboysvoice B) Breastdevelopmentingirls
C) Developmentoftheovaries D) Boysgrowingfacialhair
Answer: C
Diff:2 PageRef:262
Skill: Application
9) FrederichEngelsbelievedwhatcontributedtomaledominationandhelpedshapeallmodern
politicalinstitutions?
A) Communalproperty B) Groupmarriages
C) Privateproperty D) Genderequality
Answer: C
Diff:2 PageRef:264
121
10) Whowasthephilosopherthatobservedthatthemodernsocietycreatednuclearfamiliesasa
solutiontotransferprivatepropertyinanorderlymanner?
A) FrederichEngels B) EmileDurkheim
C) MargaretMead D) MarvinHarris
Answer: A
Diff:1 PageRef:264
Skill: Knowledge
11) Cross-culturalresearchhasallowedforresearcherstoexperiencethedifferentwaysgenderis
understoodinothercultures.WhatisoneexampleofchallengingourWesterngenderbeliefs
thatcouldbefoundinthisresearch?
A) Someculturesappeartohavemorethantwogenders;someliketheNavahoappearto
havethree.
B) Mendonotshareinpregnancyorchildbirthinothercultures,somenintheUnited
Statesshouldnolongerassisttheirwives.
C) Femalesindevelopingnationshavemorepowerandstatusthantheirmalecounterparts.
D) Genderritualskeepstrictboundariesinallothercultures,makingtheWestappearto
lackanygendernorms.
Answer: A
12) Gendersocializationisdefinedas
A) Themale-femaledistinctionasanorganizingprincipleoflife.
B) Theprocessbywhichmalesandfemalesaretaughttheappropriatebehaviors,attitudes,
andtraitsfortheirbiologicalsex.
C) Theprocessbywhichmalesandfemalesaregivenabiologicalidentity.
D) Thesocialprocessoflearningegalitarianismandhowtoapplyittogenderinequality.
Answer: B
Diff:1 PageRef:266
Skill: Knowledge
13) Whichofthefollowingdemonstratesanon-traditionalapproachtogendersocialization?
A) Paintingagirlsnurseryroompink B) Givingaboyatoysolider
C) Givingaboyababydolltocuddle D) Givingagirlababydolltocuddle
Answer: C
Diff:1 PageRef:266
Skill: Application
14) WhatwasNOTanareaofsignificantandconsistentgenderdifferencesaccordingtoMaccoby
andJacklinssurveyofmorethan1,600empiricalstudies?
A) Girlshavesomewhathigherverbalability.
B) Boyshavesomewhatlowervisualandspatialability.
C) Boysdosomewhatbetteronmathematicaltests.
D) Boysweresignificantlymoreaggressivethangirls.
Answer: B
Diff:1 PageRef:267
Skill: Knowledge
122
15) Shannonisan8-year-oldgirlwholikestoclimbtrees,playbaseball,andhangoutwiththe
littleboysinherclass.Shannonfindsthatsheisacceptedbytheboysthatsheplayswith.
Wouldaboybeasacceptedifhewantedtoplaywiththegirlsandplaydollsorhouse?
A) Yes,hewouldbeasacceptedbecausetodaynoonecaresaboutgender.
B) No,hewouldprobablynotbeacceptedbythegirlsbuttheboyswouldstillthinkhewas
amanlykid.
C) No,hewouldprobablynotbeacceptedbyeitherthegirlsortheboysandcouldbea
calledasissy.
D) Yes,hewouldprobablybeacceptedbythegirlswithnoproblemandtheotherboys
wouldsoonwanttojoinhimwiththegirls.
Answer: C
Diff:3 PageRef:267
Skill: Application
16) TraditionalgenderrolesintheUnitedStatesarebestexpressed bywhichofthefollowing?

A) Thebeliefthatmenshouldprovidemonetarysupportwhilewomenshouldprovide
caringandnurturinginthefamily
B) Thatbothmenandwomenshouldworkoutsideofthehomeandequallyshare
C) Theconceptthatmenshouldprovidecaringandnurturingastheirprimaryroleinthe
familywhilewomenprovidemonetarysupport
D) Thatwomenshouldworkfromhomeforpaidworktoprovidefortheentirefamilyand
maintaintheprimarycare-givingforthefamily
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:268
Skill: Application
17) Whichofthefollowingbestdescribes agenderedinstitution?

A) Genderedinstitutionsarepartofourprivatelifeinthehomebutnotpartofourpublic
life.
B) Genderispartofeveryaspectoflifeincludingtheinstitutionsandorganizationswe
create.
C) Thegenderedinstitutionsareclearlydefinedandonecanchooseifhe/shewantstoenter
one.
D) Genderedinstitutionsaremadeofonlythepositionsweoccupybutdonotdemandwe
actacertainwayinthosepositions.
Answer: B
Diff:2 PageRef:268
Skill: Knowledge
18) WhichofthefollowingisNOT acontributingfactortogenderinequalityforwomeninthe

developingworld?
A) Womenhavehigherratesofliteracythanmen,enablingthemtoutilizetheirskillsinthe
marketplace.
B) Womendonothaveaccesstocriticalresourcessuchaslandandinheritance.
C) Womenareunderservedforhealthcareandnutritionalneeds.
D) Womendonothaveequalparticipationindecision-makinginthehomeand
community.
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:269
123
19) Whichofthesefactorsisareasonthatminoritywomenaremoreburdenedbygender
inequality?
A) Minoritywomenaremorelikelytobeinprofessionalpositionsandburdenedwith
decision-makingability.
B) Minoritywomenareabletoutilizetheirworkbenefitsmoreoftenthanwhitewomen
makingwhitewomenlesslikelytoassociatewithminoritywomen.
C) Racialequalityislikelytopushminoritywomenintohigherstressjobs.
D) Minoritywomenholdthelowest-paying,least-rewardingjobs,oftenwithoutbenefits.
Answer: D
Diff:3 PageRef:270
Skill: Analysis
20) Whichcountryranksnumber17ontheWorldEconomicForummeasureofglobalgender
equality?
A) Japan B) Australia C) Italy D) UnitedStates
Answer: D
Diff:1 PageRef:272
Skill: Knowledge
21) Whatarewomenwhoaresuccessfulintheworkplacethoughtas?
A) Lessthanrealwomen B) Morethanrealwomen
C) Nodifferentthananyoneelse D) Morethanaman
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:272
Skill: Knowledge
22) KarenworksasapreschoolinstructorwhileherhusbandDanworksasaconstruction
manager.Whatconceptdoesthisillustrate?
A) Sexdivision B) Genderdivision
C) Sexsegregation D) Sexpolarization
Answer: C
Diff:2 PageRef:273
Skill: Application
23) Whensalariesdropasfemaleparticipationincreasesthisrevealswhat?
A) Theintrinsicpropertiesoftheposition
B) Theextrinsicpropertiesoftheposition
C) Theexistenceofsexsegregation
D) Theexistenceofthenon-duallabormarket
Answer: C
Diff:2 PageRef:273
Skill: Analysis
24) Howisthegenderwagegapdefined?
A) Thegapbetweenwagesforwomenandotherwomen
B) Thepre-industrialdivisionofcompensationformen
C) Thegapbetweenwagesforwomenandmen
D) Thepost-industrialdivisionofcompensationforwomen
Answer: C
Diff:1 PageRef:274
Skill: Knowledge
124
25) Whatmusthappenforsalariestodropinanoccupation?
A) Havemorewomenentertheoccupation
B) Havemoremenentertheoccupation
C) Givemoremenpromotions
D) Hirefewerwomen
Answer: A
Diff:1 PageRef:274
Skill: Knowledge
26) WhatdoesNOTdescribethewagegap?
A) IthasbeenfairlyconsistentevenfromBiblicaltimesuntiltoday.
B) Womenmake30%morethanmen.
C) Womenswagesarestilllessthanmensbuthaverisenslightlyinrecentyears.
D) Thegapismagnifiedatthemanagementlevelintheworkplace.
Answer: B
Diff:2 PageRef:274
Skill: Knowledge
27) TimandElizabethbothinterviewforthesamepositionintheircorporation,Elizabethismore
qualifiedbutTimistheonewhoishired.Whatdoesthisdemonstrate?
A) Glassescalator B) Glasswalls
C) Glassceiling D) Glassstairs
Answer: C
Diff:1 PageRef:275
Skill: Application
28) Whatformofsexualharassmentoccurswhenasupervisoruseshis/herpositiontoelicitsexual
activityfromasubordinatethroughthreatorpromotion?
A) Quidproquo B) Hostile
C) Nonhostile D) Quidadorientum
Answer: A
Diff:1 PageRef:276
Skill: Knowledge
29) Janeworksinafactoryonthefloorandhasbeenrepeatedlyteasedbyhermalecoworkersand
madetofeelthreatened.WhatformofsexualharassmentisJaneexperiencingatherjob?
A) Non-hostile B) Quidproquo
C) Hostile D) Emasculating
Answer: C
Diff:2 PageRef:276
Skill: Application
30) Whocoinedthetermsecondshift?
A) KatherineRowell B) ChristineWilliams
C) LauraWilliamson D) ArlieHochschild
Answer: D
Diff:1 PageRef:276
Skill: Knowledge
125
31) Whatbestdescribesthefeminizationoflove?
A) Womenhavebecometheexpertsinfriendshipandlove.
B) Emasculatedmaleshavebecometheexpertsinfriendshipandlove.
C) Psychologistsnowcontrolthesocialunderstandingoflove.
D) Loveismarketedtowardyounggirlsandnotyoungboys.
Answer: A
Diff:1 PageRef:278
Skill: Knowledge
32) WhatwasaprimarypurposeoftheNationalWomansSuffrageAssociation?
A) Togainentranceintotheprivatesphereforwomen
B) Togainentranceintomeso-culturesphereforwomen
C) Togainentranceintothepublicsphereforwomen
D) Togainentranceintotheethnically-dominatedprofessionsofthe19thcentury
Answer: C
Diff:1 PageRef:280
33) Whichformoffeminismfollowsaclassicalpoliticaltheoryandfocusesontheindividual
womansrights?
A) Multiculturalfeminism B) Liberalfeminism
C) Radicalfeminism D) Eco-feminism
Answer: B
Diff:1 PageRef:281
34) Maryisafeministwhocampaignstoendprostitution,pornography,rape,andviolence
againstwomensbodies.Maryarguesthatpornographyisthetheory,rapeisthepractice.
WhichformoffeminismbestillustratesMarysbeliefs?
A) Radicalfeminism B) Liberalfeminism
C) Sex-positivefeminism D) Multiculturalfeminism
Answer: A
Diff:1 PageRef:282
Skill: Application
35) WhichofthefollowingdoesNOT describemulticulturalfeminism?

A) Itemphasizesthehistoricalcontextofracialandclass-basedinequalities.
B) Itarguesthattheexperiencesofbeingapeopleofcolorcannotberemovedfromthe
experienceofgender.
C) Allwomenregardlessoftheirraceorclassfacethesameoppressionaswomen.
D) Theintersectionsofidentityshouldbeexploredaseachformofinequalityshapesand
modifiestheother.
Answer: C
Diff:2 PageRef:282
Skill: Knowledge
126
9.2 FillintheBlank
1) Themeaningthatsocietiesgivetothefactofbiologicaldifferencesisknownas________.
A) Gender B) Sex
C) Feminization D) Patriarchalidentities
Answer: A
Diff:1 PageRef:258
Skill: Knowledge
2) ________referstoourunderstandingofourselvesasmaleorfemale,whatwethinkitmeans
tobemaleorfemale.
A) Sexreference B) Genderidentity
C) Genderimage D) Sexsocialization
Answer: B
Diff:2 PageRef:259
3) Theruleofthefathersistheliteraltranslationof________.
A) Patriology B) Matriarchy C) Matriology D) Patriarchy
Answer: D
Diff:1 PageRef:259
Skill: Knowledge
4) Testosteroneisa________andmalestendtohavehigherlevelsthanfemales.
A) Sexhormone B) Non-androgen
C) Sexlipid D) Sexdescriptive
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:262
5) Theprimarysexcharacteristicsdevelopinthe________duringfetaldevelopment.
A) Newborn B) Ovum C) Embryo D) Viablefetus
Answer: C
Diff:2 PageRef:262
Skill: Knowledge
6) ________canincreaseinproductionasaresultofaggressivebehavior.
A) Estrogen B) Non-androgens
C) Testosterone D) Progesterone
Answer: C
Diff:1 PageRef:262
Skill: Application
7) ________wrotethelandmarkbook SexandTemperamentinThreePrimitiveSocieties(1935).
A) MargaretMead B) MargaretSanger
C) FrederichEngels D) RuthHubbard
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:263
Skill: Knowledge
127
8) Teachingboystoplaywithtrucksandgirlstoplaywithdollsillustrates________.
A) Genderidentity B) Sexidentity
C) Sexsocialization D) Gendersocialization
Answer: D
Diff:2 PageRef:266
Skill: Application
9) ________meansweconstructourgenderidentitiesallthroughourlives,usingthecultural
materialswefindaroundus.
A) Naturalmanipulationofgender B) Socialconstructionofgender
C) Socialconstructionofsex D) Naturalmanipulationofsex
Answer: B
Diff:1 PageRef:268
Skill: Knowledge
10) Psychologistsusetheterm________todefinethebundleoftraits,attitudes,andbehaviorsthat
areassociatedwithbiologicalmalesandfemales.
A) Genderroles B) Gendernorms
C) Genderacts D) Genderperformances
Answer: A
Diff:1 PageRef:268
Skill: Knowledge
11) Sociologistsbelievethatboththe________andindividualaspectsofgenderarebasesfor
genderinequality.
A) Associative B) Particular C) Institutional D) Distinctive
Answer: C
Diff:2 PageRef:269
Skill: Knowledge
12) ________describesthephenomenonofwomenbeingover-representativeamongtheworlds
poor.
A) Thepinkpoor B) Thefeminizationofpoverty
C) Thefeminizationofprofessions D) Thesecondshift
Answer: B
Diff:1 PageRef:270
Skill: Knowledge
13) Inthe2005WorldEconomicForumranking,theUnitedStatesranked________overall.
A) 17 B) 1 C) 7 D) 34
Answer: A
Diff:1 PageRef:272
Skill: Knowledge
14) Femalesdominateoccupationsindentalhygienewhilemalesdominateoccupationsin
firefighting;thisisanillustrationof________.
A) Feminizationofcaregiving B) Femininities
C) Genderdivide D) Sexsegregation
Answer: D
Diff:3 PageRef:273
Skill: Application
128
15) Womenwhoworkfull-timeearnapproximately________whatmenearn.
A) 40% B) 50% C) 60% D) 70%
Answer: D
Diff:1 PageRef:274
Skill: Knowledge
16) Womenoftenhita________intheworkforcethatpreventsthemfrombeingpromotedevenif
qualified.
A) Glasswall B) Glassceiling C) Glassescalator D) Glassdoor
Answer: B
Diff:2 PageRef:275
17) Theprocessofmenbeingpromotedmorerapidlywithinfemale-dominatedoccupationswas
referredtobyChristineWilliamsasa________.
A) Glassceiling B) Glassstaircase
C) Glassescalator D) Glasslift
Answer: C
Diff:2 PageRef:275
18) ________createsanunequalworkenvironmentbysinglingoutwomenfordifferenttreatment.
A) Genderequality B) Sexualharassment
C) Sexscripting D) Genderformalization
Answer: B
Diff:1 PageRef:276
Skill: Synthesis
19) Sarahs________happensaftershehasalreadyputinafulldayspaidworkoutofthehome
andmustcomehometocompletethemajorityofthehouseworkandchildcare.
A) Secondshift B) Swingshift C) Doubletime D) Overtime
Answer: A
Diff:3 PageRef:276
Skill: Application
20) NorthAmericanwomenspendonaverage________moretimedoingchoresthanmendo.
A) 50% B) 60% C) 70% D) 80%
Answer: B
Diff:1 PageRef:276
Skill: Knowledge
21) The________happensinalltheotherlessonswearelearninginschoolthatrelatetowhatit
meanstobeamanorawoman.
A) Glasscurriculum B) Transparentcurriculum
C) Feminizationofeducation D) Hiddencurriculum
Answer: D
Diff:1 PageRef:277
Skill: Knowledge
129
22) Womenareseenasloveexperts,causingsociologistFrancescaCanciantospeakofthe
________.
A) Feminizationofsex B) Feminizationoflove
C) Feminizationofintimacy D) Feminizationoffriendship
Answer: B
Diff:2 PageRef:278
23) Feminismrestsontwoprinciples:one________observationandone________stand.
A) Empirical;amoral B) Empirical;moral
C) Intuitive;moral D) Intuitive;pragmatic
Answer: B
Diff:2 PageRef:281
24) The________Amendmentofthe1970sisanexampleofaliberalfeministpoliticalagenda.
A) EqualWomensMovement B) AbortionRepeal
C) EqualRights D) TitleV
Answer: C
Diff:2 PageRef:281
Skill: Knowledge
25) Radicalfeminismbelievesinequalitystemsfrom________.
A) Patriarchy B) Patriology
C) Masculinities D) Matriarchy
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:282
Skill: Knowledge
9.3 TrueorFalse
1) Genderdescribesthebiologicaldifferencesbetweenmalesandfemales.
Answer: FALSE
Diff:1 PageRef:258
Skill: Knowledge
2) Allsocietieshavesomeamountofgenderinequality,inwhichmendominatewomen.
Answer: TRUE
Diff:2 PageRef:259
Skill: Knowledge
3) Someevolutionaryphysiologistsclaimthatduetodifferencesinreproductivestrategiesmen
aremorenurturing,passive,anddesirealong-termcommitmentfromwomen.
Answer: FALSE
Diff:3 PageRef:260
Skill: Knowledge
4) Sociologistsexplainthatnatureisoflittleimportancetounderstandingwhoweareaspeople.
Answer: FALSE
Diff:3 PageRef:262
130
5) GenderisNOTlearnedthroughsocialization;itissomethingwearebornwithandis
unchangeable.
Answer: FALSE
Diff:2 PageRef:266
6) Genderidentitiesarebothvoluntaryandcoerced.
Answer: TRUE
Diff:1 PageRef:268
Skill: Knowledge
7) TheU.S.genderwagegapcostsAmericasdual-incomefamilies$200billionayear.
Answer: TRUE
Diff:1 PageRef:269
Skill: Knowledge
8) Hostileenvironmentisatypeofsexualharassmentthatisfairlyeasytoproveinacourtof
law.
Answer: FALSE
Diff:2 PageRef:276
Skill: Knowledge
9) Researchindicatesthatmenhavecontinuedtodomorehouseworkthanwomensincethe
1980s.
Answer: FALSE
Diff:1 PageRef:276
Skill: Knowledge
10) Acommoncriticismofradicalfeminismisthatitreliesheavilyonblanketstatements.
Answer: TRUE
Diff:3 PageRef:282
Skill: Evaluation
9.4 ShortAnswer
1) Whatisthedifferencebetweensexandgender?
Answer: Sexreferstothebiologyofmalenessandfemaleness:ourchromosomal,chemical,
anatomicalorganization.Genderreferstothemeaningthatsocietiesgivetothefactof
biologicaldifference.
Diff:2 PageRef:258
Skill: Analysis
2) Whendoprimaryandsecondarysexcharacteristicsdevelop?
Answer: Primarysexcharacteristicsdevelopintheembryoduringfetaldevelopment.Secondary
sexcharacteristicsdevelopduringpuberty.
Diff:3 PageRef:262
Skill: Knowledge
131
3) Whatdoescross-culturalresearchdemonstrateabouttheculturalprescriptionsofmasculinity
andfemininity?
Answer: Cross-culturalresearchdemonstratesthattheseprescriptionsarenotnatureornurture
butareboth.
Diff:3 PageRef:263
Skill: Application
4) Whatisgendersocialization?
Answer: Gendersocializationistheprocessbywhichmalesandfemalesaretaughtthe
appropriatebehaviors,attitudes,andtraitsfortheirbiologicalsex.
Diff:1 PageRef:266
Skill: Knowledge
5) Whatisthesocialconstructionofgender?
Answer: Thesocialconstructionofgendermeansthatweconstructourgenderidentitiesall
throughourlives,usingtheculturalmaterialswefindaroundus.
Diff:1 PageRef:268
Skill: Knowledge
6) Whatisthewagegap?Howconsistenthasitbeen?
Answer: Thewagegapiswherewomenearnlessthanmen.Ithasbeenremarkablyconsistent;
frombiblicaltimesuntiltodaywomenhaveearnedlessthantheirmalecounterparts.
Diff:3 PageRef:274
Skill: Knowledge
7) Whatistheglassceiling?
Answer: Itisanartificialbarrierthatpreventsqualifiedindividualsfromadvancingupward
withintheirorganizationintomanagementpositions.
Diff:1 PageRef:275
Skill: Knowledge
8) Whyisthetermsecondshiftappliedtoworkingwomen?
Answer: Itisappliedtoworkingwomenbecausewomenwhoworkoutsidethehomearestill
doingthegreatestmajorityofhouseworkwhentheygethome.
Diff:2 PageRef:276
Skill: Application
9) Whatisliberalfeminism?
Answer: Liberalfeminismisoneofthreemainbranchesoffeminism;itfollowsaclassicalliberal
politicaltheoryandfocusesontheindividualwomansrightsandopportunities.
Diff:1 PageRef:281
Skill: Knowledge
10) Whatdoesmulticulturalfeminismargueabouttheexperienceaspeopleofcolorinrelationto
gender?
Answer: Multiculturalfeminismarguesthattheexperienceaspeopleofcolorcannotbeextracted
fromtheexperienceaswomenandtreatedseparately;insteaditispartofthe
experience.
Diff:3 PageRef:282
Skill: Knowledge
132
9.5 Essay
1) Brieflydiscussthefourcrucialwaysgendervaries?
Answer: First,gendervariesfromculturetoculture.Thismeansthatwhatisacceptablefora
manorwomanintheUnitedStatesmaynotbeinanotherculturalenvironment.
Second,definitionsofgenderchangeovertimeandaresubjecttothecultureofthe
time.Third,definitionsofgendercanvarywithinasocietyaswellasfromoutside.
Thesevariationscanbeimpactedby(butnotlimitedto)race,religion,class,region,age,
andsexuality.Finally,thefourthwaygendervariesisoverthelifecourse.Asmenand
womenagetherearechangesinhowoneviewsgenderanditsmeaninginoneslife.
Diff:2 PageRef:259
2) Explainwhatthegenderrolemodelisandwhydomanysociologistscriticizethismodel?
Answer: Thegenderrolemodelisablueprintofwhattodo,think,want,andlooklikeasamale
orfemaleinordertobesuccessful.Itisusedtodefineallthetraits,attitudes,and
behaviorsassociatedwithbiologicalmalesandfemales.Theproblemwiththismodel
formanysociologistsisthatitoversimplifiesthecomplexityofgender.First,itassumes
thatthetwosexrolesareindependentandequal,whilesociologistsunderstandthatthe
twosexrolesreferenceeachother.Second,theyarenotequalinsocialvalue.Instead,
thetraitsassociatedwithmasculinityaremorehighlyvaluedthanthoseassociatedwith
femininity.Thetermrolealsooversimplifiesthecomplexityofgender.
Diff:2 PageRef:268
3) HowisgenderinequalitypresentintheworkforceoftheUnitedStates?
Answer: TherearemanywaysgenderinequalityispresentintheworkforceoftheUnitedStates.
Oneisthewagegap;womenearnonly70%ofwhatmenearn.Anotherissex
segregationintheworkforce,withmenandwomensegregatedintojobsthatfitthe
socialconstructionoftheirgender,creatingmale-andfemale-dominatedoccupations.
Anexampleofthisisthatnursingisafemale-dominatedoccupationwhilefirefighting
isamale-dominatedoccupation.Thereisalsotheglassceiling,anartificialbarrier
thatpreventsaqualifiedfemaleworkerfromadvancementintopositionsof
managementandpower.Anapplicationofthisintheworkforceiswhenafemale
lawyerispassedoverforpartnereventhoughsheisqualifiedforitwhilealess
qualifiedmanismadepartnerinthelawfirm.Theglassescalatoriswhenmenenter
traditionallyfemale-dominatedoccupationsandrideanescalatoruptopromotionsin
administrativepositionsmorerapidlythantheirfemalecoworkers.Anapplicationof
thisintheworkforceiswhenamanworksasanurseandisquicklypromotedtobeing
anurseadministrator,almostasiffast-trackedintothepositionbyhissuperiors.
Finally,thereexiststhefeminizationoftheprofessionswheresalariesdeclineasfemale
participationincreases.Allofthesehelptocreateasystemofgenderinequalityinthe
workforceoftheUnitedStates.
Skill: Evaluation
133
4) Whatissexualharassmentanddescribethedifferenttypes?
Answer: Sexualharassmentisaformofgenderdiscriminationintheworkplace,wherethereis
anunequalworkenvironmentnormallysinglingoutwomenfordifferenttreatment.
Therearetwotypesofsexualharassment:quidproquoharassmentandhostile
environment.Quidproquoharassmentiswhenasupervisoruseshis/herpositionto
gainsexualactivityfromasubordinatebythreat,usuallyjobloss,orbyofferinga
reward,likeapromotion.Hostileenvironmentiswhenapersonfeelsthreatenedor
unsafebecauseofconstantteasingorthreateningfromcoworkers.
Diff:1 PageRef:276
Skill: Knowledge
5) Comparethethreemajorstrandsoffeminismthatarepresentedinyourtextandtheareasof
particularinterestforeach.
Answer: Thethreemajorstrandsoffeminismareliberal,radicalandmulticulturalfeminism.
Liberalfeminismfollowsaclassicalpoliticaltheoryandfocusesontheindividual
womansrightsandopportunities.Liberalfeministshaveworkedforthecausesofequal
wages,comparableworth,andreproductivechoice.Radicalfeministsbelievethat
womenarenotjustdiscriminatedagainsteconomicallyandpolitically;theyarealso
oppressedandsubordinatedbymen,directly,personally,andmostoftenthrough
sexualrelations.Radicalfeministshaveworkedtowardthecausesofending
prostitution,pornography,rape,andviolenceagainstwomen.Multiculturalfeminism
arguesthattheexperienceasapeopleofcolorcannotbeextractedfromtheexperience
aswomenandtreatedseparately;insteaditisapartofthelifeexperience.Multicultural
feministsemphasizethehistoricalcontextofracialandclass-basedexperiencesand
havebeeninstrumentalinexploringtheintersectionsofgender,class,race,age,
ethnic,andsexualdimensionsofinequality.
Skill: Analysis
9.6 OpenBook
1) ExamineFigure9.1TheStateofWomenandofferanexplanationforwhysomecountriesare
givenaloworbottomrankfromtheGenderDevelopmentIndex,2000.
Answer: Whilediscriminationagainstwomenisaglobalproblemitappearsmorefundamental
andpervasiveindevelopingcountries.Thisisbecausewomenaredisproportionately
representedamongtheworldspoorandoftenaredeniedaccesstocriticalresources,
suchascredit,land,andinheritance.Womenalsoareunderservedorlackaccessto
healthcare,nutritionalneeds,education,andsupportservices.Theyhavealimited
amountofparticipationindecision-makinginthehomeandinthecommunity.
Overall,genderinequalityappearstoimpactwomeninpoorernationsmorethan
womeninwealthiernationsresultinginalowerorbottomrankforthesecountries.
Skill: Analysis
134
2) Table9.1TheMostMale-andFemale-DominatedOccupationsshowsdifferencesinseveral
occupationsbywhethertheyaremale-orfemale-dominated.Reviewthistableandofferan
assessmentforthereasonthattheseoccupationaldifferencesexist.Additionally,whatisthe
impactofhavingtheseoccupationaldifferences?
Answer: Amajorreasonfortheoccupationaldifferencesisthatthereissexsegregationinthe
workforce.Societyexpectsmenandwomentoworkinoccupationsthatareconsidered
appropriatefortheirgender.Menareexpectedtobeinphysicallydemandingor
analyticalpositionswhilewomenareexpectedtobeincaregivingandmoresocial
positions.Theimpactofthissexsegregationintheworkforceisthatgenderinequality
issustained.Thisresultsinonejobbeingseenasmoreappropriateforwomenthanfor
menandviceversa.Sexsegregationmaskstheunderlyingsexdiscriminationthat
exists.Inturn,male-dominatedpositionsearnmoreincomethanfemale-dominated
positions.
Skill: Evaluation
3) AfteranalyzingFigure9.4TheWageGapbyGenderandRaceexplainwhatishappeningto
womensincomelevelsacrossracialethniccategoriesincomparisontotheirmale
counterparts,particularlythewhitemalesearnings.Offeranexplanationwhythisoccurring.
Answer: Acrossallracialethniccategories,womensincomesappeartobeincreasingin
comparisontothepercentageearnedofmensincomes.Whitewomenappeartomake
justover70%ofwhitemensearnings,whileblackwomenmakejustunder70%,and
Hispanicwomenmakeunder60%ofthatofwhitemen.Overall,womensincome
earningshaveappearedtoincreaseincomparisontoallmensearnings,withminority
menshowingadecreaseinthepercentageearnedwhencomparedtowhitemen.The
primaryexplanationfortheincreaseinthepercentageofincomethatwomenacrossall
racialethniccategoriesisthatmenswageshavebeenfallingfasterthanwomens.
Skill: Analysis
135
Chapter10 AgeandSexuality
10.1 MultipleChoice
1) Whatistheagedeterminedbyapersonsactualdateofbirthreferredtoas?
A) Functionalage B) Chronologicalage
C) Gerontologicalage D) Spannedage
Answer: B
Diff:1 PageRef:288
Skill: Knowledge
2) Asetofobservablecharacteristicsandattributesusedtocategorizepeopleindifferentage
cohortsarecalled?
A) Actualage B) Chronologicalage
C) Spannedage D) Functionalage
Answer: D
Diff:1 PageRef:288
Skill: Knowledge
3) Whatarethedistinctivevalues,pursuits,andpastimesthatareculturallyprescribedforeach
agecohortreferredtoas?
A) Agerules B) Ageregulations
C) Agenorms D) Agetaboos
Answer: C
Diff:1 PageRef:288
Skill: Knowledge
4) Howislifeexpectancydefined?
A) Theaveragenumberofyearsthatapersonborninacertainyearcouldexpecttolive.
B) Theminimumnumberofyearsthatapersonborninacertainyearcouldexpecttolive.
C) Themaximumnumberofyearsthatapersonborninacertainyearcouldexpecttolive.
D) Theaveragenumberofdaysthatapersonborninacertainyearcouldexpecttolive.
Answer: A
Diff:3 PageRef:288
Skill: Knowledge
5) WhichofthefollowingwouldNOTbeapossiblereasonfortheincreaseinthelifeexpectancy
fortheUnitedStates?
A) Decreasingaffluence B) Increasingaccesstohealthcare
C) Betternutrition D) Advancesinsanitation
Answer: A
Diff:3 PageRef:288
Skill: Evaluation
136
CHAPTER 10 AGE AND SEXUALITY
6) Kimistakingcareofherelderlymotherandthreeyoungchildren.WhatisKimscaregiving
anexampleof?
A) Sandwichgeneration B) Sandwichcohort
C) Subgroup D) Middlegeneration
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:291
Skill: Application
7) WhenBobseparatedfromhiswife,boughtanewconvertible,andbegantogooutclubbing,
allhisfriendsthoughthewasexperiencingwhatconcept?
A) Re-evaluation B) Midlifecrisis
C) Agingmeltdown D) Confirmationbias
Answer: B
Diff:2 PageRef:292
Skill: Application
8) Theincreaseinthepercentageofthepopulationthatiselderlyisoftencalledwhat?
A) GrayingofAmerica B) BrowningofAmerica
C) Top-HeavyAmerica D) Golden-ageAmerica
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:292
Skill: Knowledge
9) Whatisdifferentialtreatmentbasedonageknownas?
A) Geriaphobia B) Ableism C) Ageism D) Adultism
Answer: C
Diff:1 PageRef:296
Skill: Knowledge
10) Whatistrueofretirement?
A) Everyoneadjustswelltoretirement.
B) Itisamarkofsocialstatus.
C) Peoplearelesslikelytocontinuetoworktodaythaninthepastduringretirement.
D) 79%ofbabyboomersplantoretireearly,enjoyingtheirgoldenyears.
Answer: B
Diff:2 PageRef:297
11) Whatbestdescribesthetermsexuality?
A) Identitiesweconstructthatarenotbasedonsexualconductbutthought.
B) Identitiesweconstructthatareonlybasedonourgender.
C) Identitiesweconstructthatareonlybasedonourbiologicalmakeup.
D) Identitiesweconstructthatareoftenbasedonoursexualconduct.
Answer: D
Diff:1 PageRef:301
Skill: Knowledge
137
12) Whatisasetofideasandpracticesthatanswerbasicquestionsaboutsexcalled?
A) Sexualplays B) Sexualscripts C) Sexualguilds D) Sexualstories
Answer: B
Diff:1 PageRef:301
Skill: Knowledge
13) WhatistrueaboutheightandweightstandardsforAmericans?
A) Theyarethetallestpeopleonaverage.
B) Itisnotcommonthata9- to11-year-oldwouldbeonadiet.
C) Thereisadecreasinggapbetweentheembodiedhavesandhavenots.
D) Overtime,MissAmericahasremainedthesameheightbuthasgottenfarthinner.
Answer: D
Diff:3 PageRef:303
14) Bethhasbeendiagnosedwithchronicandextremestarvationdietingandobsessiveexercise;
whattypeofeatingdisorderdoesBethhave?
A) Bingeovereating B) Anorexianervosa
C) Over-eating D) Bulimia
Answer: B
Diff:2 PageRef:304
Skill: Application
15) Whatdoesbulimiausuallyinvolve?
A) Bingingonly B) Bingingandpurging
C) Purgingonly D) Chronicstarvation
Answer: B
Diff:1 PageRef:304
Skill: Knowledge
16) Whenamanexperiencesabeliefthatheistoosmallandinsufficientlymuscularitiscalled?
A) Weakmansyndrome B) Bodymorphia
C) Muscledysmorphia D) Strongman
Answer: C
Diff:1 PageRef:305
Skill: Knowledge
17) CooperbelievesthatheshouldlooklikeaGreekgodwithlargemuscles,thickblackhair,and
aperfectchin.WhatphrasebestfitsCoopersbelief,accordingtoHarrisonPope?
A) Adoniscomplex B) Poseidensyndrome
C) Zeusfantasy D) Hadeslove
Answer: A
Diff:3 PageRef:305
Skill: Application
138
18) Whatbestdescribestransgenderism?
A) Anarrowconceptthatdescribespeoplewhoseidentitiesaresynonymouswithbeing
gay.
B) Anumbrellatermthatdescribesavarietyofbehaviorsthatdepartfromnormative
genderidealsofmasculinityonly.
C) Atermthatdescribesavarietyofgroupswhoseidentitiesdepartfromnormativegender
idealsoffemininityonly.
D) Anumbrellatermthatdescribesavarietyofpeople,behaviors,andgroupswhose
identitiesdepartfromnormativegenderidealsofmasculinityorfemininity.
Answer: D
Diff:1 PageRef:306
Skill: Knowledge
19) WhenAlexwantedtoundergosexreassignmentsurgeryhefirsthadtobediagnosedbya
medicalprofessionalforwhat?
A) Transvestitism B) Homosexuality
C) Transsexualism D) Bisexuality
Answer: C
Diff:2 PageRef:307
Skill: Application
20) Whatismostaccurateaboutdesire?
A) Itcanbeafunctionofsocialclass.
B) Itisonlyinstinctive.
C) Wesensepheromonesandthatiswhatdesireis.
D) Itisgeneticanduncontrollable.
Answer: A
Diff:3 PageRef:307
Skill: Evaluation
21) WhatisNOTasexualidentityororientationlistedinyourtext?
A) Hermasexual B) Bisexual C) Asexual D) Homosexual
Answer: A
22) Whatissexualbehaviorbetweenpeopleofdifferentgendersknownas?
A) Bisexuality B) Heterosexuality
C) Homosexuality D) Hermasexuality
Answer: B
Diff:1 PageRef:311
Skill: Knowledge
23) Whatissexualdesiresorbehaviorswithmembersofonesowngenderreferredtoas?
A) Heterosexuality B) Asexuality
C) Bisexuality D) Homosexuality
Answer: D
Diff:1 PageRef:311
Skill: Knowledge
139
24) Whenapersonhasanidentitythatisorientedaroundattractiontobothmenandwomen,this
iscalled?
A) Asexuality B) Heterosexuality
C) Bisexuality D) Homosexuality
Answer: C
Diff:1 PageRef:312
Skill: Knowledge
25) Stevehasnosexualdesireforanyone,regardlessofgender.WhatisStevessexualidentity
knownas?
A) Heterosexuality B) Celibacy
C) Bisexuality D) Asexuality
Answer: D
Diff:2 PageRef:313
Skill: Application
26) Whatdosociologistsbelieveaboutsexualorientation?
A) Itisonlybiologicallybased.
B) Itdoesnotactuallyexistbutduetoevolutionwestillactasifitdoes.
C) Itisbothbiologicallybasedandsociallyconstructed.
D) Itisonlysociallyconstructed.
Answer: C
Diff:2 PageRef:313
27) Whatdoesthemasculinizationofsexreferto?
A) Sexismorelikelytobeboughtbywomenthanmen.
B) Menssexualityisbecomingmorelikethetraditionalmodelforwomen.
C) Womenssexualityisbecomingmorelikemens.
D) Thatmenaremorelikelytobringloveintotheirsexualbehaviorthanwomen.
Answer: C
Diff:1 PageRef:315
Skill: Knowledge
28) Whatishookingup?
A) Acquaintancesthatmeetregularlyforsexbutrarelyifeverassociateotherwise.
B) Itisfriendswhodonotcaretobecomeromanticpartners,butmayhavesexasjustone
activitytheyenjoydoingtogether.
C) Marriedpeoplewhoenjoysharingpartnerswithothermarriedcouplesforsexual
encountersthatmayonlyhappenononeoccasion.
D) Itisasexualencounterthatmayormaynotincludesexualintercourse,usuallyoccurring
ononlyoneoccasionbetweentwopeoplewhoarestrangersorbriefacquaintances.
Answer: D
Diff:1 PageRef:315
Skill: Knowledge
140
29) Whatdomanyabstinencecampaignsencourageyoungpeopletomake?
A) Purityallegiance B) Whitecommitment
C) Virginitypledge D) Nonmaritalvow
Answer: C
Diff:2 PageRef:316
30) Whataremorethanhalfthesexualassaultsoncollegecampuses?
A) Daterape B) Spousalrape
C) Predatoryrape D) Statutoryrape
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:317
31) Whatishomophobia?
A) Asociallyapproveddislikeofstraightmenandwomen,basedonthepresumptionthey
arelessopenmindedthantheirhomosexualcounterparts.
B) Asociallyapprovedlikeofgaymenandlesbians,basedontheassumptiontheyare
moreartisticthanstraightpeople.
C) Asociallyapproveddislikeofgaymenandlesbians,basedonthepresumptiontheyare
inferiortostraightpeople.
D) Asociallyapprovedlikeofgaymenandlesbians,basedonthepresumptiontheyare
superiortostraightpeople.
Answer: C
Diff:1 PageRef:319
Skill: Knowledge
32) Whatistheinstitutionally-basedinequalitythatmayderivefromhomophobia?
A) Asexism B) Homosexism C) Bisexism D) Heterosexism
Answer: D
Diff:1 PageRef:319
Skill: Knowledge
33) Whatissextourism?
A) Travelingforthepurposeofsexconsumption.
B) Havingsexwithyourspouseonvacation.
C) Travelingwhilehavingsex,i.e.,MileHighClub.
D) Havingsexwithanyonewhileonvacation.
Answer: A
Diff:1 PageRef:320
Skill: Knowledge
34) Whoarethecommoditiesinsextourism?
A) Wealthymenandwomen B) Middleclassmen
C) Poormenandwomen D) Middleclasswomen
Answer: C
Diff:1 PageRef:321
141
35) WhatformofsexeducationisheavilypromotedbythefederalgovernmentintheUnited
States?
A) Abstinenceonlyforunmarriedpersons
B) Contraceptivesexforallpeople
C) Contraceptivesexforonlyunmarriedpersons
D) Abstinenceonlyformarriedpeoplewishingtoavoidpregnancy
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:322
36) Whatisanobjectionthetextnotesthatreligiouspersonsmighthavetocertaintypesofbirth
control?
A) Itreinforcesasystemofpatriarchy,makingwomenresponsibleforthemajorityoffamily
planningchoicesandtheoutcomeofpregnancy.
B) Buyingitgivesmoneytogreedycorporations.
C) Itcanpollutetheenvironmentandsomehormonesmaybesecretedintodrinkingwater.
D) Somebirthcontrolmethodsmaypreventimplantationofahumanembryo,essentially
endingahumanlife.
Answer: D
Diff:2 PageRef:322
10.2 FillintheBlank
1) Anagecohortisagroupofpeoplewhoarebornwithinaspecificperiodoftimeandtherefore
areassumedtoshareboth________and________characteristics.
A) Functional;normative B) Chronological;functional
C) Chronological;normative D) Functional;social
Answer: B
Diff:3 PageRef:288
Skill: Knowledge
2) ________isthetraditionaltermforthesociologicalstudyofaging.
A) Genetics B) Gerontology
C) Geriatrics D) Geochronology
Answer: B
Diff:1 PageRef:288
Skill: Knowledge
3) Allsocietieshavealwaysdividedthe________intostages,seasons,oragegroups.
A) Lifemeasure B) Lifeadvance C) Lifespan D) Lifeduration
Answer: C
Diff:1 PageRef:288
Skill: Knowledge
142
4) ________istheaveragenumberofyearsthatapersonborninacertainyearcouldexpectto
live.
A) Lifespan B) Lifecourse
C) Lifedivision D) Lifeexpectancy
Answer: D
Diff:1 PageRef:288
Skill: Knowledge
5) Whenapersonisbetween75-85yearsofagehe/sheisconsidered________age.
A) youngold B) oldold C) frailold D) oldestold
Answer: B
Diff:2 PageRef:289
Skill: Knowledge
6) Janetistakingcareofheragingmotherandheryoungchildren;sheisamemberofthe
________.
A) Middlewomanculture B) Sandwichgeneration
C) In-betweengeneration D) Sandwichculture
Answer: B
Diff:2 PageRef:291
Skill: Application
7) Theideaofthe________wasembracedbyalargesegmentofmainstreamAmericanculture
andisoftenemployedtoexplainerraticbehavioratthisstageoflifesuchasdivorcingfora
youngerspouse.
A) Middle-agebreakdown B) Midlifecrisis
C) Agingout D) Confirmationbias
Answer: B
Diff:2 PageRef:292
8) ThebirthrateintheUnitedStateshasbeen________whilethelifeexpectancyhasbeen
________.
A) Down;up B) Steady;down C) Up;down D) Down;steady
Answer: A
9) ________isdifferentialtreatmentbasedonage.
A) Ageism B) Geriatrism C) Geriophobia D) Ableism
Answer: A
Diff:1 PageRef:296
Skill: Knowledge
10) ________referstotheidentitiesweconstructthatareoftenbasedonoursexualconduct.
A) Sexuality B) Gender C) Objectification D) Socialization
Answer: A
Diff:1 PageRef:301
Skill: Knowledge
143
11) ________isasetofideasandpracticesthathelpapersonanswerbasicquestionsaboutsex.
A) Sexualmanual B) Sexualroster
C) Sexualscript D) Sexualcheatsheet
Answer: C
Diff:1 PageRef:301
Skill: Knowledge
12) Learningourculturessexualscriptsispartof________.
A) Sexualdemonization B) Sexualactivation
C) Sexualmodification D) Sexualsocialization
Answer: D
Diff:1 PageRef:301
Skill: Knowledge
13) ________involveschronicanddangerousstarvationdietingandobsessiveexercise.
A) Adoniscomplex B) Bulimia
C) Anorexianervosa D) Opheliacomplex
Answer: C
Diff:1 PageRef:304
Skill: Knowledge
14) Lisahasbeendiagnosedwith________.Herbehaviorinvolvesbingingandpurging.
A) Diabulimia B) Anorexianervosa
C) Orthorexia D) Bulimia
Answer: D
Diff:3 PageRef:304
Skill: Application
15) Menwhoexperiencefeelingasthoughtheyaretoosmallorinsufficientlymuscularmayhave
________.
A) Adonisdysmorphia B) Musclecomplex
C) Muscledysmorphia D) Troycomplex
Answer: C
Diff:2 PageRef:305
16) Muscledysmorphiahasalsobeencalled________becauseoftheideathatamalemustlook
likeaGreekgod.
A) Adoniscomplex B) Zeuscomplex
C) Cronuscomplex D) Atlascomplex
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:305
17) ________isanumbrellatermthatdescribesavarietyofpeople,behaviors,andgroupswhose
identitiesdepartfromnormativegenderidealsofmasculinityorfemininity.
A) Andogendered B) Bigendered
C) Transgendered D) Ungendered
Answer: C
Diff:1 PageRef:306
Skill: Knowledge
144
18) Sexual________isorganizedbythegenderoftheperson(orpersons)towhomweare
sexuallyattracted.
A) Naming B) Identity C) Performance D) Script
Answer: B
Diff:1 PageRef:309
Skill: Knowledge
19) ________isNOTasexualorientationrecognizedbysociologists.
A) Heterosexuality B) Hermasexuality
C) Asexuality D) Homosexuality
Answer: B
Skill: Knowledge
20) ________coversaone-timeoccasionbetweentwopeoplewhomaybestrangersorbrief
acquaintancesthatcaninvolvearangeofbehaviors,fromkissingtosexualintercourse.
A) Hookingup B) Sexbuddies
C) Doingthedeed D) Shackingup
Answer: A
Diff:1 PageRef:316
Skill: Knowledge
21) ________isaformofviolentsexualassault.
A) Rape B) Spousalsex
C) Manslaughter D) Consensualoralsex
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:317
22) Alexsociallydisapprovesofgaymenandlesbianwomenonthebasisthathebelievesboth
groupstobeinferiortostraightpeople.Alexisexhibiting________.
A) Geronphobia B) Pedaphobia C) Homophobia D) Heterophobia
Answer: C
Diff:2 PageRef:319
Skill: Application
23) Theglobalizationofprostitutioncan,insomeaspects,berepresentedin________.
A) Sextravels B) Sexplays C) Sexbrokering D) Sextourism
Answer: D
Diff:2 PageRef:320
Skill: Knowledge
24) Anexampleof________wouldbewhenyoungboysandgirlsareabductedorluredinto
beingvirtualsexslaves.
A) Sextraveling B) Sextrafficking C) Sexselling D) Sexstealing
Answer: B
Diff:3 PageRef:321
145
25) Peoplewhohaveadequate________havelowerratesofabortion,sexuallytransmitted
infections,andpregnancyrates.
A) Virginitypledges B) Sexualexperiences
C) Sexeducation D) Genderknowledge
Answer: C
Diff:3 PageRef:321
10.3 TrueorFalse
1) Functionalageisbasedonwhenapersonsbirthdateoccurs.
Answer: FALSE
Diff:1 PageRef:288
Skill: Application
2) Inmostsocieties,transitionsfromonestageoflifetoanotherarenotmarkedwithany
importance.
Answer: FALSE
Diff:2 PageRef:289
3) TheU.S.birthratehasbeendecreasingandlifeexpectancyhasbeenincreasing.
Answer: TRUE
Skill: Knowledge
4) Mostrichcountrieshaveveryhighbirthrateswithaglobalboominyouthoccurring.
Answer: FALSE
Diff:2 PageRef:293
5) Sexualityvariesenormouslyfromoneculturetothenext.
Answer: FALSE
6) Almosthalfof9-to11-year-oldgirlsareondiets.
Answer: TRUE
Diff:2 PageRef:303
Skill: Knowledge
7) Nearly5%ofAmericansaremorbidlyobese.
Answer: TRUE
Diff:2 PageRef:303
Skill: Knowledge
8) Same-sexactivityistreatedthesamefromculturetoculture.
Answer: FALSE
Diff:2 PageRef:309
146
9) Oncollegecampusesmorethanhalfofallsexualassaultstaketheformofdaterape.
Answer: TRUE
Diff:3 PageRef:317
Skill: Knowledge
10) Manypeoplehavereligiousorethicalobjectionstocertaintypesofbirthcontrolthatprevent
implantationofafertilizedeggtotheuterinewall.
Answer: FALSE
Diff:2 PageRef:322
10.4 ShortAnswer
1) Whatisfunctionalage?
Answer: Functionalageisasetofobservablecharacteristicsandattributesthatareusedto
categorizepeopleintodifferentagecohorts.
Diff:1 PageRef:288
Skill: Knowledge
2) Whatareagenorms?
Answer: Agenormsaredistinctiveculturalvalues,pursuits,andpastimesthatareculturally
prescribedforeachagecohort.
Diff:1 PageRef:288
Skill: Knowledge
3) Whatisgerontology?
Answer: Gerontologyisthesociologicalstudyofaging.
Diff:1 PageRef:288
Skill: Knowledge
4) Whattwofactorshaveleadtotheincreaseinthepopulationthatiselderlyandthegradual
grayingofAmerica?
Answer: Thetwofactorsareadecliningbirthrateandanincreasinglifeexpectancy.
Skill: Analysis
5) Whatarefourwaysthatsexualitycanvary?
Answer: Sexualitycanvaryfromoneculturetoanother,overtimeperiods,amongdifferent
groupswithinsociety,andsexualbehaviorscanalsochangeoverthecourseofones
life.
Diff:3 PageRef:302
6) Whatisanorexianervosa?
Answer: Aneatingdisorderthatinvolveschronicanddangerousstarvationandobsessive
exercising;personssufferingwiththisoftenseethemselvesasbeingoverweighteven
whentheyareunderweight.
Diff:1 PageRef:304
Skill: Knowledge
147
7) Whatdoestheconcepttransgenderismencompass?
Answer: Theconceptisanumbrellatermthatencompassesavarietyofpeople,behaviors,and
groupswhoseidentitiesdepartfromnormativegenderidealsofmasculinityor
femininity.
Diff:2 PageRef:306
8) Whatisasexualidentity?
Answer: Asexualidentityreferstoanidentitythatisorganizedbythegenderofthepersonor
personstowhomyouaresexuallyattractedto.
Diff:1 PageRef:309
Skill: Knowledge
9) Whatishookingup?
Answer: Hookingupisadeliberatelyvagueblanketterm;onesetofresearchersdefinesitasa
sexualencounterwhichmayormaynotincludesexualintercourse,usuallyoccurring
ononlyoneoccasionbetweentwopeoplewhoarestrangersorbriefacquaintances.
Diff:2 PageRef:316
Skill: Knowledge
10) Howissextourismsimilartootherglobalindustries?
Answer: Sextourismissimilartootherglobalindustriesinthatwell-organizedgroupsdirectthe
flowoftheconsumer(wealthymen)tothecommodities(poormenandwomen).
Skill: Analysis
10.5 Essay
1) Explainhowsociologistsviewage.Whatistheviewonyoungandoldinoursociety?
Answer: Sociologistsviewageasbothachronologicalnumber(youare22yearsold)butalsoas
asocialconstruction.Agesbringswithitdifferentexpectationssociallyandageisa
basisforinequalityinourculture.Withincreasedlifeexpectancyandchangesinthe
waychildrenareviewed,thelifestagesweenterintohavechangedbothinstructure
andmeaning.
2) Whatissexuality?Whatdoweuseinunderstandingoursexuality?Howisitsocially
constructed?
Answer: Sexualityreferstotheidentitiesweconstructthatareoftenbasedonoursexual
conduct.Weunderstandsexualitythroughsexscripts(ideasandpracticesaboutbasic
questionsonsex)andoursexualsocialization.Fourwaysexistinhowsexualitycanbe
seenassociallyconstructed:culturally,overtime,amongdifferentgroupsinsociety,
andoverthecourseofoneslife.
148
3) Howisbeautydefined?IncludeinyourdiscussionhowitisdefinedintheUnitedStatesand
definitionsofpossibletermsappliedtoproblemsthatmayariseinbodyimage.
Answer: Beautyisdefinednarrowly.Itcanvarybytime,culture,andwhichgroupisdefiningit.
Usuallythedefinitionsareunrealistic,andintheUnitedStates,thedefinitionishighly
unrealistic,leadingtoanincreaseineatingdisordersandgeneraldissatisfactionabout
thebodyamongwomenandmen.However,atthesametime,Americansaremore
obesethanever.(Studentsshouldincludeatleastoneofthefollowingdefinitions:
obesity,anorexianervosa,bulimia,muscledysmorphiaandAdoniscomplex).
Skill: Evaluation
4) Discussheterosexismandhowcommunitiesaroseinresponse.Whatisthenatureofthese
communitiestoday?
Answer: Heterosexismistheinstitutionally-basedinequalitythatmayderivefromhomophobia.
Homophobiaistheattitudethatheterosexualsaresuperiortohomosexuals.Sexual
minoritycommunitiesaroseasawaytocombatthisandwhilethesecommunities
existedasearlyasthe19thcentury,itwasntuntilthe20thcenturythattherewasareal
movement.Gayrightscommunitiessprunguptohelpadvancethecauseofequalityfor
thosewithalternativesexualidentities.Overtime,thesegroupshaveseenadecline
inmembershipandsohavewholecommunitiesthatarededicatedtothiscause.This
declineisattributedtothegrowingacceptanceofvariousalternativesexualidentities
inmainstreamsociety.
5) Discusshowglobalizationmaycontributetoorreproducesexualinequality.Inyouranswer
besuretodiscusssextourism.
Answer: Globalizationallowsforpeoplefromwealthiercountriestotraveltopoorercountriesto
participateinsextourism.Sextourismistheglobalizationofprostitution,normally
usedbywealthymen.Thesementravelforthepurposeofpayingforsexwithsex
workers.Sexworkersareoftenabducted,keptagainsttheirwill,abused,andliveas
slaves.Thispracticerepresentsandreinforcestheinequalitythatexistsbetween
countriesandgenders.Somecountrieshavebecomedestinationsofchoice,suchas
Thailand,forsextourists.
Skill: Analysis
10.6 OpenBook
1) UsingFigure10.1LifeExpectancyatBirth,UnitedStateswhatisthenoticeabledifference
presented?Whataresomereasonsforthesedifferences?
Answer: Whitewomenhaveahigherlifeexpectancythatallothergroups.Overall,whiteshave
ahigherlifeexpectancythannonwhites,andwomenhaveahigherlifeexpectancythan
men.Reasonsforthiscouldbethataccesstohealthcareisbetterforwhitesthan
nonwhites,andforwomenitmaybethattheyarenotexposedtothesamehealthorlife
risksthatmenare.
Skill: Synthesis
149
2) ReviewingTable10.4U.S.Obesity:PercentbyRaceandClass.Whoismorelikelytobeobese
inrelationtothepovertylineandrace/ethnicity?
Answer: Thosebelowthepovertylineandracialethnicminoritiesaremorelikelytobeobese
thanthoseabovethepovertylineandinthemajority.
Skill: Analysis
3) Comparingthetwofigures,Figure10.6AMaleHomosexualityandFigure10.6BFemale
Homosexuality,whatisdemonstratedaboutthesocialconstructionofthetwo?
Answer: Whatisdemonstratedisthatmalehomosexualityreceivesmoresocialattentionthan
femalehomosexuality,withmoresocialconstructiongiventomaleswhoengagein
same-sexbehaviorthanfemales.
Diff:3 PageRef:310
Skill: Evaluation
4) ReviewingFigure10.8TrendsinHeterosexualExperienceamongTeenswhatistheoverall
trend?Whydoyoubelievethistrendhasoccurred?
Answer: Thetrendisshowntohaveincreasedoverallforbothmenandwomen;thismighthave
occurredduetosocialchangesinthelevelofacceptanceinnonmaritalsexualactivity
andsexualbehaviorslikehookingup.
Skill: Analysis
150
Chapter11 TheFamily
11.1 MultipleChoice
1) Whathasfamilybeenmostcommonlydefinedas?
A) Acomplexunitinsocietyconsistingoffourormoreparentsrearingtheirchildren.
B) Basicunitinsocietytraditionallyconsistingoftwoparentsrearingtheirchildrenandany
varioussocialunitsthatmaydifferbutareregardedasequivalent.
C) Basicunitinsocietytraditionallyconsistingoftwograndparentsrearingtheir
grandchildrenandanyvarioussocialunitsthatmaydifferbutareregardedas
equivalent.
D) Basicunitinsocietytraditionallyconsistingofasingleparentrearingchildren.
Answer: B
Diff:1 PageRef:328
Skill: Knowledge
2) Whatisakinshipsystem?
A) Culturalformthatlocatesindividualsintheculturebyreferencetotheirfamilies.
B) Unitofsocietythatlocatesindividualstotheiremployment.
C) Unitofsocietythatlocatesindividualstotheirfriends.
D) Culturalformthatlocatesindividualsintheculturebyreferenceoftheirsocialstatusin
theeconomy.
Answer: A
Diff:1 PageRef:328
Skill: Knowledge
3) WhatisNOTaformoftracingoneslineofdescent?
A) Bilineal B) Matrilineal C) Patrilineal D) Monolineal
Answer: D
Diff:2 PageRef:329
4) Whenafamilytracesitslineofdescentthroughthemothersside,whatisthiscalled?
A) Bilineal B) Matrilineal C) Patrilineal D) Monolineal
Answer: B
Diff:1 PageRef:329
Skill: Knowledge
5) Howdidsocietysolvetheproblemofknowingwholegitimateheirstofatherswere?
A) Marriage B) Cohabitation
C) Livingtogether D) Strawpoll
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:329
151
6) Accordingtothetext,whatinmanycasescanprovideaminihistoryofancestry?
A) Lastname B) Spousesfriendsnames
C) Nickname D) Nameofyourcredentials
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:329
7) WhatisthemostcommonformofmarriageintheUnitedStates?
A) Polygamy B) Polygyny C) Monogamy D) Polyandry
Answer: C
Diff:2 PageRef:329
8) Whatisthemostcommonformofpolygamy?
A) Polygyny B) Polyhomy C) Polyandry D) Polycimy
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:329
9) Whatformofmarriageappearedthe1960scountercultureandrarelylastedlong?
A) Tri B) Bi C) Poly D) Group
Answer: D
Diff:2 PageRef:330
10) Whatisthefamilyyoubelongtoasachildcalled?
A) Familyofprocreation B) Familyoforigin
C) Familyofrecreation D) Familyofgenesis
Answer: B
Diff:2 PageRef:330
Skill: Knowledge
11) Ifyoumarryorcohabitwitharomanticpartneryounowalsobelongtowhatfamilytype?
A) Familyofrecreation B) Familyoforigin
C) Familyofprocreation D) Familyofunion
Answer: C
Diff:2 PageRef:330
Skill: Application
12) Whatpurpose(s)dofamiliesserve?
A) Socializechildren B) Ensurelegitimacy
C) Regulatesexuality D) Alloftheabove
Answer: D
Diff:2 PageRef:331
Skill: Analysis
13) Whatwasthemostcommonformoffamilymodelinthepremodernera?
A) Nuclear B) Extended C) Blended D) Isolated
Answer: B
Diff:2 PageRef:332
152
CHAPTER 11 THE FAMILY
14) Whatbestdescribestheextendedfamily?
A) Familieslivingwiththeirfriends.
B) Twoparentsandchildrenlivingseparatelyfromtherestofthefamily.
C) Whenpeopleremarryandblendtheirpre-existingfamiliestogetherunderoneroof.
D) Wheretwoorthreegenerationsliveunderthesamerooforonthesamecompound.
Answer: D
Diff:1 PageRef:332
Skill: Knowledge
15) Whenindividualschoosetheirmarriagepartnersbasedonemotionaltiesandlovethisiswhat
formofmarriage?
A) Companionate B) Rescue C) Isolated D) Passionate
Answer: A
Diff:1 PageRef:332
Skill: Knowledge
16) Whatistrueaboutfamilies?
A) Theydonotvarybyraceorethnicity. B) Thedonotvarybytimeperiod.
C) Theydovarybyraceorethnicity. D) Theydonotvarybyculture.
Answer: C
Diff:2 PageRef:334
Skill: Evaluation
17) WhatamountofNativeAmericansmarryoutsidetheirethnicity?
A) 1/2 B) 1/3 C) 1/4 D) 1/5
Answer: B
Diff:3 PageRef:335
18) WhathaveAfrican-Americancommunitiesadoptedasasurvivalmechanism?
A) Fictivekinship B) Nuclearfamilies
C) Fictiveallegiances D) Hierarchicalmodels
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:336
19) WhatdoChineseandJapanesefamiliestendtobeintheirfamilymodel?
A) Isolated B) Democratic C) Communist D) Hierarchical
Answer: D
Diff:3 PageRef:336
20) WhichHispanicfamiliestendtobemoreegalitarian?
A) CubanandDominican B) ChicanoandDominican
C) ChicanoandPuertoRican D) CubanandPuertoRican
Answer: C
Diff:3 PageRef:337
153
21) Whendidthecustomofdatingarise?
A) 1620s B) 1720s C) 1820s D) 1920s
Answer: D
Diff:2 PageRef:338
Skill: Knowledge
22) Whatappearstobethepreferredmodeofsocialandsexualinteractiononcollegecampuses?
A) Dating B) Courtship C) Hookingup D) Betrothal
Answer: C
Diff:2 PageRef:339
23) Whatdoescohabitationreferto?
A) Unmarriedpersonsinaromanticrelationshiplivingtogetherinthesameresidence
B) Marriedpersonslivingtogetherinthesameresidence
C) Divorcedpersonslivingtogetherinthesameresidence
D) Remarriedpersonsblendingfamiliestogetherinthesameresidence
Answer: A
Diff:1 PageRef:341
Skill: Knowledge
24) Whatpercentageofmarriagesinthe1990sbeganwithcohabitation?
A) 20% B) 40% C) 60% D) 80%
Answer: C
Diff:3 PageRef:341
Skill: Knowledge
25) WhichofthefollowinghasNOT increasedwithregardtomarriageintheUnitedStates?

A) Singlehood B) Cohabitation
C) Teenagemarriage D) Delayedmarriage
Answer: C
26) WhatmightbeareasonbehindtheincreasesinnonmaritalchoicesintheUnitedStates?
A) Peoplearegettinghigherlevelsofeducationandthehigherthelevelofeducationthe
laterpeoplegetmarried.
B) Thereisawideracceptanceofpremaritalsex.
C) Changesinthecourtshipanddatingpractices.
D) Alloftheabove
Answer: D
Skill: Evaluation
27) Whatisthemoreprecisetermforsexunrelatedtomarriage?
A) Premarital B) Nonmarital C) Extra-marital D) Amarital
Answer: B
Diff:2 PageRef:343
154
28) WhichSupremeCourtcaseallowedforinterracialmarriageintheUnitedStatestobelegally
changed?
A) Brownv.BoardofEducation B) Lovingv.StateofVirginia
C) Plessyv.Ferguson D) Missouriv.Jenkins
Answer: B
Diff:2 PageRef:343
Skill: Knowledge
29) Whatistrueaboutthetypicalgayorlesbiancoupleasrecentresearchdemonstrates?
A) Theyresuburban. B) Theyrewelleducated.
C) Theyrelikelytohavechildren. D) Theyarenotlikelytobeegalitarian.
Answer: B
Diff:2 PageRef:344
30) Whichismostaccurateaboutgenderandparenting?
A) Morewomenstayathome,outofthepaidworkforce,thanmen.
B) Womenarenotprimarilyresponsibleforhousework.
C) Moremenstayathome,outofthepaidworkforce,thanwomen.
D) Fathersspendmoretimeinteractingwithchildrenthanmothers.
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:346
31) Whatismostaccurateaboutsingleparentfamilies?
A) Mostpregnanciesareplanned.
B) Mostchoosetobesinglebychoice.
C) Fathershaveaneasiertimechoosingtoparentalone.
D) Thereareincreasingnumbersofwomenchoosingtosingleparentviafertilityclinic
treatmentsandadoptions.
Answer: D
Diff:2 PageRef:347
Skill: Evaluation
32) Whenpeoplechoosenottohavechildrentheyare?
A) Infertile B) Child-free C) Fertile D) Child-bound
Answer: B
Diff:1 PageRef:349
Skill: Knowledge
33) WhichisNOTaccurateaboutdivorce?
A) Itdissolvesthefamily.
B) Itdissolvesthemarriage.
C) Therateshavefallenoverthelast25years.
D) Themoreeducationonehasthelesslikelyoneschancefordivorce.
Answer: A
155
34) Thenewly-marriedJoneseshavecalledafamilymeeting;theyarediscussingwiththeir
childrenfromtheirpreviousmarriagesthebestwaytoorganizetheirnewfamily.Whattype
offamilydotheJonesesnowhave?
A) Multigenerational B) Brady
C) Extended D) Blended
Answer: D
Diff:2 PageRef:352
Skill: Application
35) WhatisthesinglemajorcauseofinjurytowomenintheUnitedStates?
A) HIV B) BEI C) IPV D) TID
Answer: C
Diff:2 PageRef:353
36) Whenviolenceoccursbetweensiblingsitiscalled?
A) Multigenerational B) Intergenerational
C) Agenerational D) Intragenerational
Answer: D
Diff:1 PageRef:354
Skill: Knowledge
11.2 FillintheBlank
1) ________canrefertothoserelatedtoyouthroughblood,marriage,oradoption.
A) Friends B) Family C) Amigos D) Spouses
Answer: B
Diff:1 PageRef:328
Skill: Knowledge
2) Familiesarepartof________systems,culturalformsthatlocateindividualsintheircultureby
referencetotheirfamilies.
A) Kinship B) Friendship C) Familial D) Tree
Answer: A
Diff:1 PageRef:328
Skill: Knowledge
3) Elizabethsfamilytracestheirlineagethroughhermothersside;Elizabethsfamilyisusinga
________lineofdescent.
A) Patrilineal B) Trilineal C) Matrilineal D) Bilineal
Answer: C
Diff:2 PageRef:329
Skill: Application
4) ________istracinglineagethroughbothparents.
A) Bilineal B) Coupled-lineal
C) Duolineal D) Parental-lineal
Answer: A
Diff:1 PageRef:329
Skill: Knowledge
156
5) Afamilytreethathasthelineagetracedthroughthefatherssideisusinga________lineof
descent.
A) Matrilineal B) Palineal C) Patrilineal D) Bilineal
Answer: C
Diff:1 PageRef:329
Skill: Knowledge
6) Marriagecanensure________sothatmenknowwhatchildrentheyhaveproduced.
A) Qualitycontrol B) Illegitimacy
C) Exogamy D) Legitimacy
Answer: D
Diff:1 PageRef:329
Skill: Knowledge
7) ThemostcommonformofmarriageintheUnitedStatesis________.
A) Monogamy B) Polygyny C) Polyandry D) Same-sex
Answer: A
Diff:1 PageRef:329
8) Marriagebetweenthreepeopleis________.
A) Monogamy B) Bigamy C) Polygamy D) Trigamy
Answer: C
Diff:1 PageRef:329
Skill: Knowledge
9) Polygamywhereamanhasmultiplewivesis________.
A) Bigamy B) Polygyny C) Polyandry D) Paleogyny
Answer: B
Diff:1 PageRef:329
Skill: Knowledge
10) ________isforbiddeninalmosteverysociety;thismayhelptoensurelinesofsuccession.
A) Endogamy B) Homogamy C) Exogamy D) Heterogamy
Answer: C
Diff:2 PageRef:330
Skill: Knowledge
11) ________iswhentwoormoremenmarrytwoormorewomen.
A) Countermarriage B) Hippiemarriage
C) Communemarriage D) Groupmarriage
Answer: D
Diff:1 PageRef:330
Skill: Knowledge
12) Thefamilyyouarebornintoisyourfamilyof________.
A) Genesis B) Origin C) Procreation D) Beginning
Answer: B
Diff:1 PageRef:330
Skill: Knowledge
157
13) Afamilyof________istheoneyoubelongtoifyoumarryorcohabitwithapartner.
A) Procreation B) Origin C) Reproduction D) Recreation
Answer: A
Diff:1 PageRef:330
Skill: Knowledge
14) Whentwoorthreegenerationsliveunderthesamerooftheyarean________family.
A) Blended B) Modified C) Combined D) Extended
Answer: D
Diff:1 PageRef:332
Skill: Knowledge
15) JasonandJennachoosetomarrybasedonemotionaltiesandlove;theyhavea________
marriage.
A) Rescue B) Companionate
C) Operatic D) Cohesive-Individuated
Answer: B
Diff:2 PageRef:332
Skill: Application
16) ManyAfrican-Americancommunitieshaveadopteda________kinshipmodel.
A) Fictive B) Realistic C) Extended D) Modified
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:336
17) Inthe1930scollegemenandwomendid________aspartofmateselection.
A) Friendswithbenefits B) Ratinganddating
C) Hookingup D) Speeddating
Answer: B
Diff:2 PageRef:338
18) Oncampuses,________issolooseandindiscriminatethatitsconnectiontodatingandmating
islost.
A) Hookingup B) Makeoutsessions
C) Datingandrating D) Heavypetting
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:339
19) ________householdswithadultsofmorethanonegenerationsharingthesamedomestic
spaceincreasedfrom1990to2000.
A) Disengaged B) Blended
C) Multigenerational D) Rescue
Answer: C
Diff:2 PageRef:339
158
20) IntheUnitedStates________marriagehasbeenontheriseduetolongerperiodsof
independentliving,attendingschool,andeconomicchanges.
A) Delayed B) Extended C) Early D) Archaic
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:340
21) JessicaandPaularelivingtogetherinaromanticrelationshipbutarenotmarried.Theyare
practicing________.
A) Cohabitation B) Endogamy
C) Companionatemarriage D) Exogamy
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:341
Skill: Application
22) Sexnotrelatedtomarriageis________.
A) Cohabitative B) Illegal C) Invalid D) Nonmarital
Answer: D
Diff:1 PageRef:343
Skill: Knowledge
23) Thegreatestincreaseof________familieshasbeenamongAfrican-Americanfamilies.
A) Blended B) Two-parent C) Married D) Single-parent
Answer: D
Diff:2 PageRef:346
24) ________adoptioniswhenchildreninstatecareareadoptedwhenreunificationwiththeir
parentsisnotfeasible.
A) Private B) Open C) Fostercare D) Transracial
Answer: C
Diff:2 PageRef:348
Skill: Knowledge
25) Intragenerationalviolencereferstoviolencewithinthesamegeneration,thatis________
violence.
A) Father B) Sibling C) Mother D) Cousin
Answer: B
Diff:2 PageRef:354
Skill: Knowledge
11.3 TrueorFalse
1) ThemostcommonfamilyformmentionedintheBibleispolygyny.
Answer: TRUE
Diff:2 PageRef:329
159
2) Familieshavedevelopedandchangedenormouslyoverthecourseofhumanhistory.
Answer: TRUE
Diff:2 PageRef:331
3) Whenindividualsmarryformoneyitiscalledacompanionatemarriage.
Answer: FALSE
Diff:1 PageRef:332
Skill: Knowledge
4) ManyAfrican-Americancommunitieshaveadoptedtheconventionoffictivekinship.
Answer: TRUE
Diff:2 PageRef:336
5) Marriageisthemostcommonfoundationforfamilyformationintheworld.
Answer: TRUE
Diff:1 PageRef:339
Skill: Knowledge
6) Menaremorelikelythanwomentobesingle.
Answer: FALSE
Diff:1 PageRef:341
Skill: Knowledge
7) IntheUnitedStates,menandwomencouldbebarredfrominterracialmarriagepriorto1967.
Answer: TRUE
Diff:2 PageRef:343
8) Gayandlesbiancommittedcouplesaremorelikelytoownahomethanmarriedheterosexual
couples.
Answer: FALSE
Diff:2 PageRef:344
Skill: Knowledge
9) Mostsingleparentsaresingleparentsbychoice.
Answer: FALSE
Diff:1 PageRef:347
Skill: Knowledge
10) Inthemajorityofdivorcesawomansstandardoflivinggoesdownandmansgoesup.
Answer: TRUE
Diff:2 PageRef:351
160
11.4 ShortAnswer
1) Whatarekinshipsystems?
Answer: Kinshipsystemsareculturalformsthatlocateindividualsintheculturebyreferenceto
theirfamilies.
Diff:1 PageRef:328
Skill: Knowledge
2) Whatisthepurposeofmarriagetoregulateandensure?
Answer: Amarriageisarelationshipthatregulatessexualactivitytoensurelegitimacyof
childreninrelationtotheirfathers.
Diff:2 PageRef:329
3) Whatispolygyny?
Answer: Polygynyisaformofpolygamywhereonemanismarriedtomorethanonewoman
(hehastwoormorewives).
Diff:2 PageRef:329
Skill: Knowledge
4) Whatisagroupmarriageandwhomdothechildrenbelongto?
Answer: Agroupmarriageiswhentwoormoremenaremarryingtwoormorewomen,with
childrenborntoanyoneintheunionbelongingtoallpartnersequally.
Diff:2 PageRef:330
Skill: Knowledge
5) Whatisacompanionatemarriage?
Answer: Acompanionatemarriageiswhenindividualschoosetheirmarriagepartnersbasedon
emotionaltiesandlove.
Diff:1 PageRef:332
Skill: Knowledge
6) Whataremultigenerationalhouseholds?
Answer: Multigenerationalhouseholdsareadultsofmorethanonegenerationsharinga
household.
Diff:1 PageRef:339
Skill: Knowledge
7) Whatdoescohabitationreferto?
Answer: Cohabitationreferstounmarriedpeopleinaromanticrelationshiplivinginthesame
residence.
Diff:1 PageRef:341
Skill: Knowledge
8) Whatdoesnonmaritalsexreferto?
Answer: Nonmaritalsexreferstosexthatisnotrelatedtomarriage.
Diff:1 PageRef:343
Skill: Knowledge
161
9) Accordingtothetext,whatistheportraitthatrecentresearchallowsforasociologisttopaint
aboutthetypicallesbianorgaycouple?
Answer: Therecentresearchshowsthat:theyareurban,welleducated,lesslikelytohave
children,lesslikelytobehomeownersthanmarriedcouples,andtendtobemore
egalitarian.
Diff:3 PageRef:344
10) WhatdoesIPVrepresent?PleasedefineIPV.
Answer: IPVorintimatepartnerviolencerepresentsviolence,lethalornon-lethal,experienced
byaspouse,ex-spouse,orcohabitingpartner;byacurrentorex-boyfriendor
girlfriend.
Diff:2 PageRef:353
Skill: Knowledge
11.5 Essay
1) Discussthedifferentformsofmarriage.Whatdoesmarriageofferasociety?
Answer: Differentformsofmarriageinclude:monogamy,polygamy(bothpolygynyand
polyandry),andgroupmarriage.(Studentsshoulddefineeachofthese).Marriage
offerssocietyawaytoensurepeopleareresponsiblefortheirchildren,ensureshow
childrenwillgrowup,whopeoplemayhavesexwith,andhowtotracelegallineage.
2) Tracetheoriginsofthenuclearfamily.Remembertodefinewhatanuclearfamilyisinyour
answer.
Answer: Anuclearfamilyistwoparentswhoraisechildrenseparatefromtheirextendedfamily.
Theoriginsofthenuclearfamilycomefromsocial,political,andeconomicchanges.
Thenuclearfamilywashighlightedasapositiveandshowedthatimmigrantshad
assimilatedintothedominantculturewhichpushedthenuclearfamilyasthenorm.
Further,thenuclearfamilyarisesfromaviewincompanionatemarriageswherepeople
choosetheirpartnersbasedonemotionaltiesandlove.
3) Discusssomerecenttrendsinmarriage.Whyhavethesetrendsemerged?Pleasediscussat
leastthreetrendsinyouranswer.
Answer: Studentsshouldchoosefrom:delayedmarriage,stayingsingle,cohabitation,
nonmaritalchoices,biracialmarriage,andsame-sexmarriage.Reasonsforthesetrends
caninclude:increasededucation,equality,changesinsociety,andacceptanceofthese
practices.
Skill: Synthesis
162
4) Whatisadoptiveparenting?Howhasitchangedovertime?Discussafewdifferentways
peoplemaycompleteadoptionaswell.
Answer: Adoptiveparentingiswhenpeopleassumelegalparenthoodofnonbiologicalchildren
andalsoallelsethatparentingentails(emotional,social,economic).Adoptionhas
changedfromhelpingagirlintroubletohelpinglovingfamilieshavechildren.Types
ofadoptioncaninclude:fostercare,private,intercountry,andtransracial.Thenumber
ofadoptionshasdeclinedsharplysince1970,duetochangesinbirthcontroland
abortion.
Diff:2 PageRef:348
Skill: Knowledge
5) Discusstheconsequencesofdivorcewhenchildrenarepresent;explainwhatdivorceisand
remarriage.
Answer: Divorceisthelegaldissolutionofamarriage;thecouplemayornothavechildren.
Economically,womenexperiencedeclineinstandardoflivingafterdivorcewhilemen
experienceanincrease.Childrenarestillmorelikelytolivewiththemother.Children
arelikelytoviewfuturerelationshipswithfear,worryingthattheirownmarriagewill
endindivorce.Remarriagewhenchildrenareinvolvediscalledtheblendedfamily
andatleasthalfofallchildrenwillhaveadivorcedandremarriedparentbyage18.
11.6 OpenBook
1) InFigure11.1HouseholdsbyType,1970-2003whataretrendsthathavedevelopedover
time?
Answer: Trendspresentare:moresinglepersons,morenonfamilyhouseholds,lessmarried
coupleswithoutchildren,andlessmarriedcoupleswithchildren.Therearealsomore
otherfamilyhouseholdsin2003thanin1970.
Skill: Analysis
2) UsingTable11.1AgeatFirstMarriage,whattrendispresent?
Answer: Laterordelayedageoffirstmarriageinrichercountries.
Skill: Knowledge
3) Figure11.3AcceptanceofInterracialDatingdemonstrateswhataboutAmericanattitudes
towardinterracialdatingoverthelast20years?
Answer: Americanshavebecomemoreacceptingofinterracialdatingoverthelast20years.
MorepeoplemostlyorcompletelyagreeingwiththestatementIthinkitsallrightfor
BlacksandWhitestodateeachother.
Skill: Analysis
163
4) InFigure11.5MoreEducation,LessDivorcehowhasthetrendchangedinthecorrelationof
educationanddivorce?
Answer: Overall,highereducationcontinuestoresultinlowerdivorcerates;however,overthe
20yearsofdatapresented,thosewhohavecompletedadegreehavedecreasedtheir
overallratesofdivorceswhereasthosewhohavenotcompletedadegreehave
increasedtheiroveralldivorcerates.
Skill: Analysis
164
Chapter12 EconomyandWork
12.1 MultipleChoice
1) Whatbestdescribesaneconomy?
A) Regularexchangesofgoodsandservices.
B) Relationshipsthatpromoteconsumption.
C) Asetofinstitutionsandrelationshipsthatmanagesnaturalresources,manufactured
goods,andprofessionalservices.
D) Relationshipsthatpromoteproduction.
Answer: C
Diff:1 PageRef:362
Skill: Knowledge
2) Whataretheresources,goods,andservicescalled?
A) Capital B) Markets C) Economy D) Capitalist
Answer: A
Diff:1 PageRef:362
Skill: Knowledge
3) Whatisamarket?
A) Irregularexchangeofgoodsandservices
B) Regularconsumption
C) Irregularconsumption
D) Regularexchangeofgoodsandservices
Answer: D
Diff:1 PageRef:363
Skill: Knowledge
4) Whatistheeraofthemachinealsocalled?
A) Enlightenment B) IndustrialRevolution
C) ProtestantReformation D) AutonomousRevolution
Answer: B
Diff:2 PageRef:363
Skill: Knowledge
5) Whatdoesproductionfocuson?
A) Decidingamongthegoodsavailable
B) Stealinggoodsinthemarket
C) Gettinggoodsoutinthemarket
D) Commercializingthesacredintothemarket
Answer: C
Diff:1 PageRef:364
Skill: Knowledge
165
6) Whattermisappliedtotheprocessofdecidingamongthegoodsavailableinthemarket?
A) Production B) Consumption C) Labor D) Capital
Answer: B
Diff:1 PageRef:364
Skill: Knowledge
7) Whatismostaccurateaboutadvertisinginthemarketplace?
A) Itisanessentialpartofbusiness.
B) Itisanafterthought.
C) Itisnotverysuccessful.
D) Itisanonessentialtothebusinessworld.
Answer: A
Diff:3 PageRef:364
Skill: Evaluation
8) InwhicheconomicsectordotheG7currentlyhavealargerpercentageofpeopleworking?
A) Agriculture B) Manufacturing
C) Services D) Industry
Answer: C
Diff:3 PageRef:365
9) WhatisNOTasocialchangethatcharacterizesapostindustrialeconomy?
A) Rootlessness B) Manufacturing
C) Knowledgework D) Globalization
Answer: B
Diff:2 PageRef:366
10) Whatisaknowledgeeconomyconcernedwith?
A) Theactualconsumptionofthecommodity.
B) Theactualproductionofthecommodity.
C) Theideaofconsumption.
D) Theideaofcommodity,nottheactualproductionofthecommodity.
Answer: D
Diff:3 PageRef:366
11) Whatistheprocessofcontractingouttoanothercompanyworkthatwasoncedoneinternally
byyourcompanycalled?
A) Insourcing B) Metasourcing C) Outsourcing D) Mesosourcing
Answer: C
Diff:1 PageRef:367
Skill: Knowledge
12) WhenITcallcentersforcorporationsaremovedtoIndiathisisanexampleofwhat?
A) Outsourcing B) Metasourcing C) Insourcing D) Mesosourcing
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:367
Skill: Application
166
CHAPTER 12 ECONOMY AND WORK
13) WhatisNOTafundamentaleconomicquestionthatallsocietiesmustdealwith?
A) Production B) Equality C) Distribution D) Consumption
Answer: B
Diff:2 PageRef:369
14) Whatiscapitalism?
A) Anonprofit-orientedeconomicsystembasedontheprivateorcorporateownershipof
themeansofproductionanddistribution.
B) Aneconomicsystembasedonthecollectiveownershipofthemeansofproductionand
distribution.
C) Anonprofit-orientedeconomicsystembasedoncorporateownershipofthemeansof
production.
D) Aprofit-orientedeconomicsystembasedontheprivateorcorporateownershipofthe
meansofproductionanddistribution.
Answer: D
Diff:1 PageRef:369
Skill: Knowledge
15) WhatformofcapitalismdoestheU.S.economyincorporate?
A) Laissez-faire B) Welfare
C) State D) Elementsofalltheabove
Answer: D
Diff:3 PageRef:370
16) WhatisNOTaformofcapitalism?
A) Socialist B) Welfare C) State D) Laissez-faire
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:371
17) Whoarethebourgeoisie?
A) Clergy B) Owners C) Unemployed D) Workers
Answer: B
Diff:2 PageRef:371
Skill: Knowledge
18) Whoaretheproletariat?
A) Owners B) Clergy C) Workers D) Unemployed
Answer: C
Diff:2 PageRef:371
Skill: Knowledge
19) Whatissocialismtheexactoppositeof?
A) Statecapitalism B) Laissez-fairecapitalism
C) Sovereigncapitalism D) Welfarecapitalism
Answer: B
Diff:2 PageRef:371
167
20) Whatbestdescribessocialism?
A) Hascollectiveownershipandcentralplanning
B) Hascentralplanningandcollectivegoals
C) Hascentralplanning,collectiveownership,andcollectivegoals
D) Hascollectivegoalsandcollectiveownership
Answer: C
Diff:1 PageRef:371
Skill: Knowledge
21) Whatbestdescribescommunism?
A) Economicsystembasedoncollectiveownershipofthemeansofproductionandis
administeredcollectively,withoutapoliticalapparatustoensureequaldistribution.
B) Economicsystembasedoncollectiveownershipofthemeansofproductionandis
administeredprivately,withoutapoliticalapparatustoensureequaldistribution.
C) Economicsystembasedoncollectiveownershipofthemeansofproductionandis
administeredcollectively,withapoliticalapparatustoensureequaldistribution.
D) Economicsystembasedonprivateownershipofthemeansofproductionandis
administeredcollectively,withoutapoliticalapparatustoensureequaldistribution.
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:372
Skill: Knowledge
22) Whatdoesminimumwageprovide?
A) Afloorbelowwhichwagescannotgo.
B) Aceilingabovewhichwagescannotgo.
C) Awallbeyondwhichlateralpromotionsarenotpossible.
D) Afloorbelowwhichwagescango.
Answer: A
Diff:1 PageRef:373
23) WhichU.S.presidentoversawtheNewDeal?
A) LyndonJohnson B) FranklinRoosevelt
C) RichardNixon D) JohnKennedy
Answer: B
Diff:2 PageRef:373
Skill: Knowledge
24) Howisacorporationtreatedlegally?
A) Asagroup
B) Asacomplexorganizationbrokenintomorethantensections
C) Asasimpleorganizationbrokenintolessthanfivesections
D) Asanindividual
Answer: D
Diff:1 PageRef:374
Skill: Knowledge
168
25) Whenacorporationislargeandoperatesgloballyitiscalled?
A) Binational B) Multinational C) Trinational D) Uninational
Answer: B
Diff:1 PageRef:375
Skill: Knowledge
26) Walmartanditscompetitorsoftenwillgowhereveronearththeyneedtoinorderto
maximizeprofitsandpaythelowestinwages.Whatisthisanexampleof?
A) Racetothebottom B) Slidetotheside
C) Falltothefloor D) Racetothetop
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:376
Skill: Application
27) WhatistheHawthorneEffect?
A) Thatpeopleworkbetterandfasterwhentheyfeelvalued.
B) Peopleworkslowerwhentheyfeelvalued.
C) Peopleworkbetterandfasterwhentheyfeeldemeaned.
D) Peopledonotcareabouthowtheyarevaluedonlywhattheyarepaid.
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:378
Skill: Knowledge
28) Whenmanagementengagesinstrategiesmeanttogetworkerstoembraceasystemthat
exploitsthemthisiscalledwhat?
A) Fakeappeal B) Manufactureconsent
C) Deceivelaborers D) Produceagreement
Answer: B
Diff:1 PageRef:378
Skill: Knowledge
29) WhatisNOTawaymanagementmaytrytomanufactureconsent?
A) Price-ratepaysystem B) Internallabormarket
C) Universalhealthcare D) Collectivebargaining
Answer: C
30) Whattypeofworkisknowledge-based?
A) White-collar B) Black-collar C) Blue-collar D) Pink-collar
Answer: A
Diff:1 PageRef:379
Skill: Knowledge
31) Whatispink-collarworkoftenstigmatizedas?
A) Menswork B) Youthwork
C) Elderlywork D) Womenswork
Answer: D
Diff:1 PageRef:380
169
32) Whatcollarsdoesserviceworkwear?
A) Whiteandpurple B) Whiteandpink
C) Blueandpink D) Blueandwhite
Answer: C
Diff:2 PageRef:381
33) Timearnsalivingbydoinglandscapingaroundtown;heispaidunderthetable.Whattype
ofeconomyisTimparticipatingin?
A) Underground B) Hidden C) Outtasight D) Closeddoors
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:383
Skill: Application
34) Whatdoesstructuralunemploymentreferto?
A) Nonpermanentconditionsoftheeconomy
B) Morepermanentconditionsoftheeconomy
C) Changesindemandsforworkersbasedonclimateorseasonalcriteria
D) Responsetothenormalbusinesscyclesofexpansionandcontraction
Answer: B
Diff:1 PageRef:387
Skill: Knowledge
35) Whatisatoken?
A) Whenapersonishiredbasedonindividualtraitsnotbecauseshe/heisamemberofa
specificgroup.
B) Whenapersonishiredbasedonmerit.
C) Whenapersonisfiredbasedonmerit.
D) Whenapersonishiredasarepresentativeoftheirgroupratherthanasanindividual.
Answer: D
Diff:1 PageRef:388
Skill: Knowledge
12.2 FillintheBlank
1) ________isasetofinstitutionsandrelationshipsthatmanagesnaturalresources,
manufacturedgoods,andprofessionalservices.
A) Capital B) Economy C) Revolution D) Business
Answer: B
Diff:1 PageRef:362
Skill: Knowledge
2) Theresources,goods,andservicesinaneconomyarecalled________.
A) Capital B) Surplus C) Production D) Consumption
Answer: A
Diff:1 PageRef:362
Skill: Knowledge
170
3) ________areregularexchangesofgoodsandservices.
A) Productions B) Economies C) Capital D) Markets
Answer: D
Diff:1 PageRef:363
Skill: Knowledge
4) The________revolutionistheeraofthemachinethattransformedeconomies,politics,and
sociallifefirstinEurope.
A) Industrial B) Enlightened C) Modern D) Protestant
Answer: A
Diff:1 PageRef:363
Skill: Knowledge
5) ________economiesarebasedonfactoryproduction.
A) Modern B) Industrial C) Service D) Internet
Answer: B
Diff:1 PageRef:363
Skill: Knowledge
6) ________allowedforthegoodsandservicesoftheIndustrialRevolutiontobewithinreachfor
thevastmajorityofthepopulation.
A) Capital B) Consumption
C) Production D) Massproduction
Answer: D
Diff:2 PageRef:364
7) ________ishowtogetmoregoodsoutintheworld.
A) Capital B) Consumption C) Production D) Outsourcing
Answer: C
Diff:1 PageRef:364
Skill: Knowledge
8) Whenoneisdecidingamongthegoodsavailableoneistakingpartin________.
A) Consumption B) Production C) Capital D) Industry
Answer: A
Diff:1 PageRef:364
9) ________wascoinedbyThorsteinVeblentomarktheshiftfromtheProtestantethicdescribed
byMaxWebertothenewformofprestigebasedonaccumulatingasmanypossessionsas
possibleandshowingthemoff.
A) Wagelabor B) Falseconsciousness
C) Massproduction D) Conspicuousconsumption
Answer: D
Diff:2 PageRef:364
171
10) Threesocialchangescharacterize________economies:knowledgework,rootlessness,and
globalization.
A) Industrial B) Postindustrial C) Service D) Postservice
Answer: B
Diff:3 PageRef:366
11) A________economyislessorientedaroundtheactualproductionofacommodityandmore
concernedwiththeideaofthecommodity.
A) Rootless B) Knowledge C) Industrial D) Globalized
Answer: B
Diff:2 PageRef:366
Skill: Knowledge
12) Postindustrializedeconomiesarealsocalled________.
A) Global B) Local C) Universal D) Connected
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:367
13) Theeconomicsystemof________isprofit-orientedbasedontheprivateorcorporate
ownershipofthemeansofproductionanddistribution.
A) Communism B) Socialism C) Capitalism D) Welfare
Answer: C
Diff:2 PageRef:369
Skill: Knowledge
14) AdamSmiththeorizedaformofcapitalismknownas________capitalism.
A) Laissez-faire B) Welfare C) State D) Complete
Answer: A
Diff:3 PageRef:369
15) Statecapitalismrequires________touseaheavyhandinregulatingandconstrainingthe
marketplace.
A) Corporations B) Government
C) Smallbusinesses D) Privatecitizens
Answer: B
Diff:2 PageRef:370
16) ________offerscollectiveownership,collectivegoals,andcentralplanningasitseconomic
system.
A) Communism B) Welfarecapitalism
C) Laissez-fairecapitalism D) Socialism
Answer: D
Diff:2 PageRef:371
Skill: Knowledge
172
17) ________isaneconomicsystembasedoncollectiveownershipofthemeansofproductionand
isadministeredcollectively,withoutapoliticalapparatustoensureequaldistribution.
A) Communism B) Statecapitalism
C) Socialism D) Welfarecapitalism
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:372
Skill: Knowledge
18) ________providesafloorbelowwhichwagescannotgo.
A) Intermediatefunding B) Minimumwage
C) Minimumfunding D) Maximumwage
Answer: B
Diff:2 PageRef:373
Skill: Knowledge
19) The________isabusinessthatistreatedlegallyasanindividual.
A) Corporation B) Farm
C) CSA D) Knowledgemarket
Answer: A
Diff:1 PageRef:374
Skill: Knowledge
20) Large,globalcorporationsarecalled________.
A) Co-transnational B) Bilineal
C) Multinational D) Bilateral
Answer: C
Diff:1 PageRef:375
Skill: Knowledge
21) Whenworkerscometoembraceasystemthatexploitsthemandmanagementhasmanagedto
deviseit,thetermusedis________.
A) Falselyimprison B) Produceagreement
C) Trickthemasses D) Manufactureconsent
Answer: D
Diff:1 PageRef:378
Skill: Knowledge
22) Theinformaleconomyisalsocalledthe________economy.
A) Black B) Underground C) Blue D) Catacomb
Answer: B
Diff:2 PageRef:383
Skill: Knowledge
23) Householdlaboror________doesmakeasignificantimpactontheeconomy.
A) Wagelabor B) Informalcapital
C) Humancapital D) Humanwages
Answer: C
Diff:2 PageRef:384
Skill: Knowledge
173
24) Leroyfeelsasifheisa________orwassimplyhiredasarepresentativeofhisgrouprather
thanasanindividual.
A) Chip B) Token C) Sign D) Poster
Answer: B
Diff:2 PageRef:388
Skill: Application
25) Therealitythatmenearnmorethanwomeniscalleda________.
A) Paygap B) Wagebreak C) Paystop D) Wagedivide
Answer: A
12.3 TrueorFalse
1) Onewaythatanindustrialeconomydiffersfromanagriculturaloneisthatthereisa
separationofworkandhome.
Answer: TRUE
Diff:2 PageRef:364
2) TheU.S.economyincorporateselementsofallthreeformsofcapitalism:laissez -faire,state,
andwelfarecapitalism.
Answer: TRUE
Diff:2 PageRef:370
Skill: Knowledge
3) Communismrequiresstronggovernmentinterventionwhereaswithsocialismthegovernment
isabolished.
Answer: FALSE
Diff:3 PageRef:372
4) Thecorporationisabusinessthatisnottreatedlegallyasanindividual.
Answer: FALSE
Diff:1 PageRef:374
Skill: Knowledge
5) Theproductsofmultinationalcorporationsareoftencreatedinmanydifferentcountriesdue
tonetworksofofficesandmanufacturingplantsallaroundtheworld.
Answer: TRUE
Diff:2 PageRef:376
Skill: Application
6) Blue-collarisassociatedwithjobsinvolvedwithproductionratherthanknowledge.
Answer: TRUE
Diff:2 PageRef:380
174
7) Theinformaleconomyissynonymouswithunorganized.
Answer: FALSE
Diff:2 PageRef:383
Skill: Analysis
8) Duringthepastdecade,womenhavebeenleadinginsmallbusinessownership.
Answer: TRUE
Diff:1 PageRef:385
9) Ifapersonwhoislabeledatokenfails,itisseenasapersonalfailurebyothersnotas
representativeoftheirgroup.
Answer: FALSE
Diff:1 PageRef:388
10) TheUnitedStatesranksnumbereightamongwealthynationsinthepercentageofmothersin
thelaborforce.
Answer: TRUE
Diff:2 PageRef:392
Skill: Knowledge
12.4 ShortAnswer
1) Whatisthedefinitionofaneconomy?
Answer: Aneconomyisasetofinstitutionsandrelationshipsthatmanagesnaturalresources,
manufacturedgoods,andprofessionalservices.
Diff:1 PageRef:362
Skill: Knowledge
2) Whatarethefivewaysindustrialeconomiesdifferfromagriculturaleconomies?
Answer: Thefivedifferencesare:thatindustrialeconomieshadmachineswhichweremore
powerfulthanmanuallabor,centralizationofindustry,specializationofskills,wage
labor,andseparationofworkandhome.
Skill: Analysis
3) Whatdoesthetermconspicuousconsumptionmarkashiftin?
Answer: ItisatermcoinedbyThorsteinVeblenthatmarksashiftfromtheProtestantEthic
describedbyMaxWeber,wherepeoplewouldgainprestigefrombeingthriftyand
savingmoney,toanewformofprestigewherepeopleaccumulateasmanypossessions
aspossibleandshowthemoff.
Diff:3 PageRef:364
Skill: Evaluation
4) Whatisaknowledgeeconomyconcernedwith?
Answer: Aknowledgeeconomyisconcernedwiththeideaofthecommodity,itsmarketing,its
distribution,anditsrelationshiptodifferentgroupsofconsumers.
Diff:2 PageRef:366
175
5) Whatisoutsourcing?
Answer: Outsourcingisthecontractingouttoanothercompanyofworkthathadoncebeendone
internallybyyourcompany.
Diff:1 PageRef:367
Skill: Knowledge
6) Whatiscapitalism?
Answer: Itisaprofit-orientedeconomicsystembasedontheprivateorcorporateownershipof
themeansofproductionanddistribution.
Diff:1 PageRef:369
Skill: Knowledge
7) Whatissocialism?
Answer: Socialismisaneconomicsystemthatofferscollectiveownership,collectivegoals,and
centralplanning.
Diff:1 PageRef:371
Skill: Knowledge
8) Whatiscommunism?
Answer: Communismisaneconomicsystembasedoncollectiveownershipofthemeansof
productionandisadministeredcollectively,withoutapoliticalapparatustoensure
equaldistribution.
Diff:1 PageRef:372
Skill: Knowledge
9) Whatarepink-collarjobs?
Answer: Pink-collarjobsarethoseinwhichwomenprimarilywork,suchassecretaryor
waitstaff.
Diff:2 PageRef:380
Skill: Knowledge
10) Whatisthepaygap?
Answer: Thepaygapistheinequalityinthepaybetweenmenandwomen,wheremenearn
morethanwomen.
Skill: Knowledge
12.5 Essay
1) Compareindustrialandagriculturaleconomies.
Answer: Power:machinesaremorepowerfulintheindustrialeconomy,whileintheagricultural
economymostworkwasdonebyhumansoranimals.Centralization:workwasinthe
citywherepeoplecouldhaveaccesstobulkymachines.Specialization:insteadofeach
workercreatinganentireprojectfromstarttofinishaswhathappenedinan
agriculturaleconomy,anindustrialeconomyhadworkersonlydoasmallspecialized
portionofwork.Wagelabor:aroseintheindustrialeconomy.Separationofworkand
home:unliketheagriculturaleconomywhereworkandhomeintertwinedthe
industrialeconomyseparatedthemoutintotwodifferentworlds.
Skill: Synthesis
176
2) Explainwhatthethreesocialchangesarethatcharacterizepostindustrialeconomies.Give
examplesofallthreechanges.
Answer: Thesocialchangesare:knowledgework,rootlessness,andglobalization.(Students
shoulddefineeachandgiveanexampleofeachintodaysworld).
Skill: Application
3) Comparethedifferentformsofcapitalism;definecapitalisminyourresponse.Whatform
doestheUnitedStateshave?
Answer: Capitalismisaprofit-orientedeconomicsystembasedontheprivateorcorporate
ownershipofthemeansofproductionanddistribution.Laissez -fairecapitalismispure
capitalismwhereself-interestrules,thebottomlineismostimportant,andmarketsare
notregulated.Statecapitalismrequiresthatthegovernmentuseaheavyhandin
regulatingandconstrainingthemarketplace.Welfarecapitalismiswherethe
governmenthasmorecontroloverprivateinvestorsthanstatecapitalism.Thereare
moreextensivesocialprogramspresentaswell.TheUnitedStateshaselementsofall
threeforms.
Skill: Synthesis
4) Explainwhatamultinationalcorporationisandofferanexampleofamultinational
corporationaswell.Howarethesecorporationsaffectedbyglobalization?
Answer: Amultinationalcorporationisacorporationthatisnolongerclearlylocatedanywhere
butinavarietyoflocations.Peoplecanworkallacrosstheworldforonecompanyand
manycountriescancontributetohelpingmakeasingleproduct.Manyexamplesexist
ofthesecompanies:i.e.,NIKE,GM,McDonalds.Thecorporationsseeglobalizationas
awin-win;theymakemoreprofitsoveralleveniftheseprofitshurtthevarious
societiesthattheyexistin.Theyareabletohavealargelaborpool,paythemlessin
wages,andbypasslegalrestrictionsbygoingtocountrieswheresuchrestrictionsmight
notapply.
Skill: Application
5) Whatisunemployment?Aretheredifferentforms?Explaintheseformsandhowsocietycan
helptheunemployed.
Answer: Unemploymentiswhenpeoplearenotreceivingpaidincomeforwork.Thereare
differentforms:seasonal,cyclical,structural(studentsshoulddefineeach).Societycan
helpbyofferingshort-termcompensationtothosewhoareunemployedandperhaps
retrainingforthosewhoareunabletofindwork.
12.6 OpenBook
1) WhatdoesFigure12.1ChangeinEmploymentbyBroadEconomicSector,1960 -2004,offer
aboutchangesinemployment?
Answer: Jobsareshiftingtodaytotheservicessector,withdevelopedcountriesseeingfargreater
increasesinemploymentintheservices.
Skill: Analysis
177
2) WhatdoesFigure12.2WorldWealthLevelsshowishappeningbetweenrichandpoor
countries?
Answer: Thegapislargebetweenrichandpoorevenasglobalizationishappening.
Skill: Analysis
3) Whatmightcausethesizeofaninformaleconomytovary,asitdoesinFigure12.4Informal
EconomyasPercentageofGDP?
Answer: Otheroptionstoearnemploymentthatmeetsonesneeds,ashigher-incomenations
havealoweroverallpercentageoftheirGDPaspartoftheinformaleconomy.
Skill: Evaluation
4) WhatmightbecontributingtotheincreaseinracialdiversitythatisshowninTable12.1
IncreasingRacialDiversityintheU.S.LaborForce?
Answer: Upwardtrendsintheoverallpopulationmightbecontributingtotheincreaseinracial
diversity.
Skill: Evaluation
178
Chapter13 PoliticsandMedia
13.1 MultipleChoice
1) Whatistheartandscienceofgovernmentcalled?
A) Politics B) Lobbying
C) Voting D) Gerrymandering
Answer: A
Diff:1 PageRef:398
Skill: Knowledge
2) Whatbestdescribesgovernment?
A) Theadministrationoftheactionsoftheinhabitantsofstates.
B) Theorganizationofthethoughtsoftheinhabitantsofcommunities,societies,andstates.
C) Theorganizationandadministrationoftheactionsoftheinhabitantsofcommunities,
societies,andstates.
D) Theorganizationoftheactionsoftheinhabitantsofcommunities.
Answer: C
Diff:1 PageRef:398
Skill: Knowledge
3) Whatispowerthatisperceivedaslegitimatebyboththeholderofpowerandthosesubjectto
itcalled?
A) Domination B) Authority C) Suppression D) Oppression
Answer: B
Diff:1 PageRef:398
Skill: Knowledge
4) Whenpeoplederivetheirauthorityfromwhotheyare,asinadescendentofaking,andits
howitsalwaysbeendone,thisisanexampleofwhattypeofauthority?
A) Traditional B) Legal C) Charismatic D) Rational
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:399
Skill: Application
5) Whenpeopleobeybecauseofthepersonalcharacteristicsoftheleaderthisiscalled?
A) Traditionalauthority B) Legalauthority
C) Charismaticauthority D) Rationalauthority
Answer: C
Diff:1 PageRef:399
Skill: Knowledge
6) Whenaleaderistobeobeyedbecausetheyarevoicingasetofrationalderivedlawsthisis
whattypeofauthority?
A) Charismatic-legal B) Legal-rational
C) Rational-traditional D) Traditional-legal
Answer: B
Diff:1 PageRef:400
Skill: Knowledge
179
7) Howdoauthoritieslimitpower/knowledgeandtherebymaintaincontrol?
A) Hierarchicalobservation B) Normalizingjudgement
C) Examination D) Alloftheabove
Answer: D
Diff:2 PageRef:400
8) Whatisanoligarchy?
A) Ruleofanindividual B) Ruleofmasses
C) Ruleofasmallgroupofpeople D) Ruleofthepeople
Answer: C
Diff:1 PageRef:401
Skill: Knowledge
9) Whatisitcalledwhenapersonwhohasnohereditaryclaimtoruledoesrule?
A) Oligarchy B) Dictatorship C) Monarchy D) Democracy
Answer: B
Diff:1 PageRef:401
Skill: Knowledge
10) WhenHitleracquiredhispoweritwasthroughwhatmeans?
A) Illegitimate,heoverthrewthegovernment.
B) Legitimate,hewasappointedchancellor.
C) Confusing,sincetherewasnogovernmentinplace.
D) Illegal,heriggedthelocalelectionsbyusingtheGermanmob.
Answer: B
Diff:3 PageRef:402
Skill: Application
11) Whatismostaccurateabouthowtotalitariangovernmentsstart?
A) Theyallstartoffasdemocracies.
B) Theyallstartoffassocialist.
C) Theyallstartoffascommunist.
D) Theycanstartoffinanyformofgovernment.
Answer: D
Diff:2 PageRef:402
Skill: Evaluation
12) Whatbestdescribesademocracy?
A) Putslegislativedecision-makingintothehandsofthepoor.
B) Putslegislativedecision-makingintothehandsofallthepeople.
C) Putslegislativedecision-makingintothehandsofthemiddleclass.
D) Putslegislativedecision-makingintothehandsoftheimmigrants.
Answer: B
Diff:1 PageRef:402
Skill: Knowledge
180
CHAPTER 13 POLITICS AND MEDIA
13) Whatisapuredemocracyalsoknownas?
A) Participatorydemocracy B) Representativedemocracy
C) Ordereddemocracy D) Proportionaldemocracy
Answer: A
Diff:1 PageRef:403
Skill: Knowledge
14) Whattheorydevelopedbecausenation-statesweretoobigforparticipatorydemocracy?
A) Factiondemocracy B) Groupdemocracy
C) Representativedemocracy D) Brokerdemocracy
Answer: C
Diff:2 PageRef:403
15) Whatisvotingrightsforallcalled?
A) Nationalvotes B) Universalsuffrage
C) Globalrights D) Popularvoting
Answer: B
Diff:1 PageRef:403
Skill: Knowledge
16) Whatismostaccurateaboutcorruption?
A) Itcanoccurnomatterwhattypeofgovernmentisinplace.
B) Itismorelikelytooccurindemocracies.
C) ItislesslikelytooccurintheWesternpartoftheworld.
D) Itisonlypresentintotalitarianregimes.
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:404
Skill: Evaluation
17) WhatdidMaxWeberargueaboutbureaucraciesanddemocracy?
A) Bureaucraciesareinherentlygoodfordemocracy.
B) Bureaucraciesareneutraltodemocracy.
C) Bureaucraciesareinherentlyantagonistictodemocracy.
D) Bureaucraciesareinherentlypositiveinpromotingfreedomindemocracy.
Answer: C
Diff:3 PageRef:404
18) Whatformofgovernmenthaseachpartyreceiveaproportionofthelegislativeseats?
A) Coalitiongrouping B) Representativecoalition
C) Proportionalrepresentation D) Coalitionproportion
Answer: C
Diff:1 PageRef:405
Skill: Knowledge
19) WhatyeardidwomenacquiresuffrageintheUnitedStates?
A) 1820 B) 1880 C) 1920 D) 1940
Answer: C
Diff:2 PageRef:406
Skill: Knowledge
181
20) WhatarethetwomajorpartiesintheUnitedStatestoday?
A) Republicans;Libertarians B) Republicans;Democrats
C) Democrats;Libertarians D) Democrats;Greens
Answer: B
Diff:1 PageRef:407
21) WhoaremorelikelytobeDemocrats?
A) Uppermiddleclass B) Wealthy
C) Unionmembers D) White-collar
Answer: C
Diff:2 PageRef:408
22) Whichofthefollowingisanexampleofapromotionalgroup?
A) Greenpeace B) NOW
C) FocusontheFamily D) AFL-CIO
Answer: A
Diff:3 PageRef:409
Skill: Application
23) WhatbestdescribesaPAC?
A) Aninterestgroupthatexistsonlytoworktodefeatcandidatesbasedontheirstanceon
specificissues.
B) Aninterestgroupthatexistsonlytoinformpeopleaboutcandidatesbutdoesnotwork
toeitherelectordefeatcandidates.
C) Aninterestgroupthatexiststoworktoelectordefeatcandidatesbasedontheirstance
onspecificissues.
D) Aninterestgroupthatexistsonlytoworktoelectcandidatesbasedontheirstanceon
specificissues.
Answer: C
Diff:1 PageRef:410
Skill: Knowledge
24) Whatisacollectiveattempttofurtheracommoninterestorsecureagoalthroughaction
outsidethesphereofestablishedinstitutionsknownas?
A) Socialgroup B) Socialmovement
C) Socialsit-in D) Socialrevolution
Answer: B
Diff:1 PageRef:410
Skill: Knowledge
25) Whattermisbestdescribedbyhowmiseryissociallyexperiencedbyconstantlycomparing
yourselftoothers?
A) Absolutecomparison B) Relativedeprivation
C) Absolutedeprivation D) Relativecomparison
Answer: B
Diff:1 PageRef:412
182
26) WhatisNOTtrueaboutdemocraticsocietiesandterrorism?
A) Theyarenotparticularlyvulnerabletoterrorists.
B) Theyareparticularlyvulnerabletoterrorists.
C) Manyhavehadterroristattacksagainstthem.
D) Theyrejectterrorisminprinciple.
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:415
27) Whatisthebestdescriptionofmedia?
A) Waysweintimidateeachother
B) Wayswecommunicatewitheachother
C) Wayswenonverballyunderstandeachother
D) Wayswevisuallycomprehendeachother.
Answer: B
Diff:1 PageRef:417
Skill: Knowledge
28) Whichofthefollowingisanexampleofmassmedia?
A) Printingpress B) Internet
C) Television D) Alloftheabove
Answer: D
Diff:2 PageRef:417
Skill: Application
29) Whatisblogshortfor?
A) Datalog B) Itinerarylog C) Diaralog D) Weblog
Answer: D
Diff:1 PageRef:419
Skill: Knowledge
30) WhichisNOTanexampleofguymediagivenbythetext?
A) Religiousprogramming B) Gaming
C) Gambling D) Pornography
Answer: A
Diff:3 PageRef:422
31) Whatarecultureindustries?
A) Culturalproductsthatarenotofferedforconsumption.
B) Culturethatismerelyproducedbutneverconsumed.
C) Culturalproductsthatareofferedforconsumption.
D) Culturethatiseconomicallyunimportant.
Answer: C
Diff:2 PageRef:426
Skill: Knowledge
183
32) Thevarietyofmediabeingownedbyasmallerandsmallernumberofcompaniesisan
A) Culturalgroupings B) Mediaconsolidation
C) Mediagroupings D) Culturalconsolidation
Answer: B
Diff:2 PageRef:427
Skill: Application
33) WhichofthefollowingisNOT abroadgoalofmediaconsumption?

A) Irony B) Identity C) Surveillance D) Aesthetics
Answer: A
Skill: Knowledge
34) MikefindssignificantpersonalmeaningbybeingpartoftheKISSArmy.Hehasdressedup
asaKISSbandmemberonspecialoccasionsforfunandhasbroughthiskidstovariousevents
basedontheband.MikesallegiancetoKISSmakeshimwhatterm?
A) Fan B) Stalker C) Deadhead D) Trekkie
Answer: A
Diff:3 PageRef:431
Skill: Application
35) Whendescribinganenvironmentinwhichpeopleeverywherecouldmaketheirvoicesheard
tooneanotheritiscalledwhat?
A) Universalcommunity B) Popularnation
C) Fadcity D) Globalvillage
Answer: D
Diff:2 PageRef:432
Skill: Knowledge
36) Whichcountrysculturalimperialismhasbecomedominant?
A) Canada B) GreatBritain C) UnitedStates D) Mexico
Answer: C
Diff:2 PageRef:433
13.2 FillintheBlank
1) ________istheabilitytomakepeopledowhatyouwantthemtodo.
A) Force B) Coercion C) Power D) Deception
Answer: C
Diff:1 PageRef:398
Skill: Knowledge
2) ________ispowerthatisperceivedaslegitimate,byboththeholderofthepowerandthose
subjecttoit.
A) Force B) Coercion C) Domination D) Authority
Answer: D
Diff:1 PageRef:398
Skill: Knowledge
184
3) ________authorityisatypeofpowerinwhichpeopleobeybecauseofthepersonal
characteristicsoftheleader.
A) Traditional B) Charismatic C) Divine D) Rational
Answer: B
Diff:1 PageRef:399
Skill: Knowledge
4) Hitlerhada________typeofauthority.
A) Charismatic B) Traditional C) Rational D) Divine
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:400
Skill: Application
5) In________authority,leadersaretobeobeyed,notprimarilyasrepresentativesoftraditionor
becauseoftheirpersonalqualities.
A) Traditional B) Charismatic C) Legal-rational D) Divine
Answer: C
Diff:1 PageRef:400
Skill: Knowledge
6) Inan________politicalsystempowerisvestedinasinglepersonorsmallgroup.
A) Authoritarian B) Democracy C) Socialist D) Republic
Answer: A
Diff:1 PageRef:401
Skill: Knowledge
7) Rulebyasingleindividualisa________.
A) Patriarchy B) Monarchy C) Hierarchy D) Oligarchy
Answer: B
Diff:1 PageRef:401
Skill: Knowledge
8) ________iswhenpoliticalauthorityisextendedoverallotheraspectsofsociallife.
A) Democracy B) Totalitarianism
C) Socialism D) Liberalism
Answer: B
Diff:1 PageRef:402
Skill: Knowledge
9) Votingforalladults,menandwomen,isknownas________.
A) Globalrights B) Universalsuffrage
C) Popularvoting D) Universalrights
Answer: B
Diff:1 PageRef:403
Skill: Knowledge
185
10) ________occurswhenpeopleusetheirpoliticalinfluencestomakemoneyorexerciseillicit
power.
A) Mismanagement B) Deception
C) Corruption D) Legitimateauthority
Answer: C
11) Whennationsbecomelargerandmorecomplex,moreandmorelevelsbetweenthepeople
andthedecision-makingareformedanda________ispresent.
A) Bureaucracy B) Market C) Democracy D) Civilization
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:404
Skill: Knowledge
12) Ina________representationsystemeachpartyreceivesaproportionofthelegislativeseatand
wouldbemorelikelytogovernfromthecenterandbuildcoalitions.
A) Representative B) Proportional
C) Proxy D) Weighted
Answer: B
Diff:1 PageRef:405
Skill: Knowledge
13) ________groupspromotetheirinterestsamongstateandnationallegislatorsandoften
influencepublicopinion.
A) Ideas B) Values C) Involvement D) Interest
Answer: D
Skill: Knowledge
14) TheAFL-CIOandotherlaborgroupsareexamplesof________groups.
A) Prepared B) Promotional C) Protective D) Pressured
Answer: C
Diff:2 PageRef:409
Skill: Application
15) Lobbyinggroupsthatworktoelectordefeatcandidatesbasedontheirstanceonaspecific
issuearecalled________.
A) Politicalactioncommittees B) Nonpromotionalactiongroups
C) Protectivegroups D) Agenda-basedcommittees
Answer: A
Diff:1 PageRef:410
Skill: Knowledge
16) ________istheattempttooverthrowtheexistingpoliticalorderandreplaceitwitha
completelynewone.
A) Anarchy B) Mobilization C) Democracy D) Revolution
Answer: D
Diff:1 PageRef:411
Skill: Knowledge
186
17) ________meansusingactsofviolenceanddestructionagainstmilitaryorciviliantargetsas
politicalstrategy.
A) Nazism B) Fascism C) Terrorism D) Communism
Answer: C
Diff:1 PageRef:413
Skill: Knowledge
18) ________mediaarewaystocommunicatewithvastnumbersofpeopleatthesametime,
usuallyoveragreatdistance.
A) Universal B) Mass C) Majority D) Mainstream
Answer: B
Diff:1 PageRef:417
Skill: Knowledge
19) TheInternethasalsobeenwidelycalledthe________.
A) WorldWideWeb B) Tubes
C) Channels D) GlobalNetworkExchange
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:423
Skill: Knowledge
20) ________arethemassproductionofculturalproductsthatareofferedforconsumption.
A) Mediaeconomies B) Mediagroups
C) Culturalindustries D) Culturaleconomies
Answer: C
Diff:1 PageRef:426
Skill: Knowledge
21) ________referstotheincreasedcontrolofanincreasingvarietyofmediabyasmallerand
smallernumberofcompanies.
A) Mediatightening B) Culturalcontrols
C) Mediaconsolidation D) Culturalconsolidation
Answer: C
Diff:1 PageRef:427
Skill: Knowledge
22) ________isaformofmassmediaandalsoakindofmediatextthathelpstosellproducts.
A) Culturaleconomy B) Advertising
C) Consumption D) Production
Answer: B
Diff:2 PageRef:428
23) ________withmediacanactasashortvacationfromtheeverydayproblemsweface.
A) Diversion B) Inclusion C) Exclusion D) Inversion
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:430
187
24) ________aregroupsthatguideinterpretationandconveythepreferredmeaningsofmass
mediatexts.
A) Culturalcommunities B) Interpretivecommunities
C) Culturalorganizations D) Interpretiveorganizations
Answer: B
Diff:1 PageRef:431
Skill: Knowledge
25) ________istheculturalcontrolofonecountrybyanother.
A) Culturalinterdependence B) Culturalimperialism
C) Culturalideology D) Culturalinnovation
Answer: B
Diff:1 PageRef:433
Skill: Knowledge
13.3 TrueorFalse
1) Authorityispowerthatisneitherperceivedaslegitimateorillegitimate.
Answer: FALSE
Diff:1 PageRef:398
Skill: Knowledge
2) Charismaismorallyneutral.
Answer: TRUE
Diff:2 PageRef:400
3) Democraciesaredifficultandmessywhencomparedtoauthoritariansystems.
Answer: TRUE
Diff:2 PageRef:402
4) IntheUnitedStates,politicalcampaignshavebecomeverycostlyandoftenonlythevery
wealthycanaffordtorunforpoliticaloffice.
Answer: TRUE
Diff:2 PageRef:404
5) ThetwomajorpartiesintheUnitedStatesareDemocratsandRepublicans.
Answer: TRUE
Diff:1 PageRef:407
Skill: Knowledge
6) Terrorismcanbeusedbytheregimeinpowertoensurecontinuedobedience.
Answer: TRUE
Diff:2 PageRef:414
188
7) Commutingisacausethatmaybeleadingtothedeclineincivilsociety.
Answer: TRUE
Diff:2 PageRef:416
8) AmericanfamilieswatchlessTVtodaythantheydidwhenitwasanewsocialphenomenon.
Answer: FALSE
Diff:2 PageRef:421
9) Internetaccesshasbecomemoreavailabletoallpeopleregardlessofwheretheyliveinthe
world;wealthycountriesandpoorercountriesboastsimilaraccess.
Answer: FALSE
Diff:2 PageRef:423
10) Academicsandscientistsarethemostcommonmassmediaproductstodayinpopularculture.
Answer: FALSE
Diff:1 PageRef:429
13.4 ShortAnswer
1) Whatistraditionalauthority?
Answer: Traditionalauthorityisatypeofpowerthatdrawsitslegitimacyfromtradition.
Diff:1 PageRef:399
Skill: Knowledge
2) Whatisaparticipatorydemocracyandhowitisdifferentthanarepresentativedemocracy?
Answer: Aparticipatorydemocracygiveseveryoneonevote,allmakingdecisions,andthe
majorityruling.Itdiffersfromarepresentativedemocracyinwhichthecitizenshave
onevotetoelectarepresentativewhomakesthedecisionsforthem.
Diff:3 PageRef:403
Skill: Analysis
3) Howdoesabureaucracygetformedinanation?
Answer: Abureaucracyisformedwhennationsbecomelargerandmorecomplex,andmoreand
morelevelsbetweenthepeopleandthedecisionmakingareformed.
Diff:2 PageRef:404
Skill: Evaluation
4) Whyareinterestgroupsformed?
Answer: Theyareformedtopromotetheirinterestsamongstateandnationallegislatorsand
oftentotrytoinfluencepublicopinion.
Skill: Knowledge
189
5) Whatisterrorismandwhyisitused?
Answer: Terrorismmeansusingactsofviolenceanddestructionagainstmilitaryorcivilian
targets(orthreateningtousethem)asapoliticalstrategy.
Diff:2 PageRef:413
Skill: Knowledge
6) Whatarethreetypesofmassmedia?
Answer: Typesofmassmediainclude:printmedia,theradio,television,movies,blogs,gaming,
theInternet.
7) Whatisthewordblogshortfor?Whatisthepurposeofablog?
Answer: Blogisshortforweblog.Itspurposeistoactasanonlinepersonaljournalordiary
whereanauthorcanairhisorheropinionsdirectlytotheaudience.
Diff:2 PageRef:419
Skill: Knowledge
8) Whenasociologistisexaminingcultureindustriesthismeanswhat?
Answer: Itmeansthatthesociologistisexaminingthemassproductionofculturalproductsthat
areofferedforconsumption.
Diff:1 PageRef:426
Skill: Knowledge
9) Whatareinterpretivecommunities?
Answer: Theyaregroupsthatguideinterpretationandconveythepreferredmeaningsofmass
mediatexts.
Diff:1 PageRef:431
Skill: Knowledge
10) Whatisculturalimperalism?
Answer: Culturalimperalismistheculturalcontrolofonecountrybyanother.
Diff:1 PageRef:433
Skill: Knowledge
13.5 Essay
1) Comparethedifferentformsofauthorityandofferanexampleofeach.Whichformispresent
intheUnitedStates?
Answer: Formsofauthority:traditional,charismatic,legal-rational.Traditionalauthorityisa
typeofpowerthatdrawsitslegitimacyfromtradition.Charismaticauthorityisatype
ofpowerinwhichpeopleobeybecauseofthepersonalcharacteristicsoftheleader.
Legal-Rationalauthorityiswhenleadersaretobeobeyedbecausetheyarevoicingaset
ofrationallyderivedlaws.(Studentsshouldgiveexamplesofeachform.)TheUnited
Statesisprimarilybasedonthelegal-rationalauthority,butcharismaticleadershave
beenU.S.presidents(JFK,BillClinton).
Skill: Synthesis
190
2) Howdoesonemeasurecorruption?Whatisknownaboutcorruptionanddifferentpolitical
systems?CanyouofferanexampleofcorruptionintheUnitedStates?
Answer: Corruptionismeasuredbythreevariables:1)Outsideinterestsdonatelargesumsof
moneytoelectedofficials.2)NewmembersofparliamentorCongressobeyspecial
interestgroupsratherthantheviewsofthepeopletheyaresupposedtorepresent.3)
Officialsmisusegovernmentfundsorthepoweroftheirofficeforpersonalgain.
Corruptionseemstohavelittletodowithwhetherornotacountryisdemocraticor
authoritarian.(StudentsshouldprovideanexampleofcorruptionintheUnitedStates.)
Skill: Application
3) ExplaintheAmericanpoliticalparties.
Answer: TherearetwomajorpoliticalparitiesintheUnitedStates.Thetwopartiesare
RepublicansandDemocrats.Republicanstendtopromoteaplatformofsmall
government,lesstaxation,andindividualresponsibility.Democratsfavorgovernment
programsinordertohelpreducesocialproblemsandthismaymeanlargergovernment
andtaxation.Bothpartiesfailinachievingtheiragendasandneitherisconsistent.
4) Whenconsumersconsumemediawhatarethefivebroadgoalspresent?Howdoesoneuse
thesegoalsinconsumption?Whatcouldbeanegativetothesegoals?Howaboutapositive?
Answer: Thefivegoals:surveillance,decisionmaking,aesthetics,diversion,identity.
Surveillanceisusedtofindoutwhattheworldislike.Itcanhelpusacquire
information.Decisionmakinghelpsustoacquireenoughinformationonasubjectto
makeadecision.Aestheticsseesmediaobjectsasworksofartbecausetheydocreatea
particularvisionofreality.Diversionhelpsustobeentertainedandtakeabreakfrom
reality.Identityinconsumingmassmediatextsallowsforustocreateandmaintain
groupidentity.Anegativeaboutthesegoalsisthatwecaneitherreceiveinformation
fromthewrongsources,limitourworldview,becomemoreinterestedindiversion
thanreality,andwemaynotformidentityseparatefrommediaimagery.Apositiveis
thatitcanconnectustoawiderrangeofinformation,helpustoappreciatemoreart
forms,takeabreaktorechargewhenwearestressedout,andcanprovideawayto
connecttootherswhoarelikeuswhenweareintheminority.
Skill: Analysis
5) Howisthemediabeingglobalized?Whatroledoesculturalimperalismplayinthis?
Answer: Globalizationinthemediahasoccurredthroughthetechnologicalchangesthatexist
withmorepeoplehavingaccesstomediafromallovertheworld.Itishelpingtocreate
aglobalvillage(define).However,culturalimperalism,whereoneculturecontrols
anotherisanegativeofthisglobalization.TheWestandparticularlytheUnitedStates
areculturalimperialistswiththemajorityoftheglobalmediabeingconsumedfromthe
WestandpromotingaWesterncultureset.
191
13.6 OpenBook
1) AccordingtoFigure13.1TheYearinWhichWomenAchievedtheRighttoVoteonanEqual
BasiswithMenwhendidwomenintheUnitedStatesreceivetherighttovote?
Answer: In1920.
2) AfterevaluatingFigure13.2PACContributionstoCandidatesinNonelectionYears,what
effectmightPACshavenowonelectionsversusinthepast?
Answer: Agreatereffectduetoanincreasedamountofmoneybeingfunneledtocandidatesand
intotheelectioncycle.
Skill: Evaluation
3) LookingatFigure13.5AdvertisingExpendituresWorldwide,whattypesofadvertising
existbyexpenditure?Whatarethethreehighestexpenditureson?Alsowhatisadvertising?
Answer: Thetypesofadvertisingthatexistbyexpenditure:cars,food,personalcare,
entertainmentandmedia,electronicsandtelecommunication,pharmaceuticals,and
others.Thethreehighestexpenditures:cars(24%),food(19%),andpersonalcare(18%).
Advertisingitselfisaformofmassmedia,akindofmediatext,andisanengineof
mediaproduction.
4) WhenlookingatFigure13.6TopTenGrossingFilmsofAllTimeattheInternational
(non-U.S.)BoxOffice,whatdothetoptengrossingfilmshaveincommon?
Answer: AllthetoptengrossingfilmsattheinternationalboxofficewereAmericanfilms.
Skill: Analysis
192
Chapter14 Education
14.1 MultipleChoice
1) Whichtermbestdescribeseducation?
A) Hiddensystem B) Socialinstitution
C) Privatesystem D) Hiddeninstitution
Answer: B
Diff:1 PageRef:440
Skill: Knowledge
2) Whatarethetwofunctionsthateducationhas?
A) Hidden;latent B) Visible;manifest
C) Potential;latent D) Manifest;latent
Answer: D
Diff:1 PageRef:440
3) WhichofthefollowingisNOTidentifiedaspartofthehiddencurriculumoftheU.S.
educationsystem?
A) Conformitytomainstreamnorms B) Collectivebehaviorandpacificism
C) Obediencetoauthority D) Acceptanceofsocialinequality
Answer: B
Diff:2 PageRef:440
Skill: Knowledge
4) WhatdoesitmeanthattheUnitedStatesisacredentialsociety?
A) Youneeddiplomas,degrees,andcertificatestoqualifyforajob.
B) Theeducationsystemteachesahiddencurriculumbasedonindividualism.
C) Youdonotneedadiplomaordegreeifyouareabletodemonstrateyourabilityinother
ways,i.e.,youcansimplystudylawandthenpracticeitwithoutgoingtoschool.
D) Thatyouneedtopassatesttoworkinmanufacturingbutnotinotheremployment
industries.
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:440
Skill: Analysis
5) WhendidthepubliceducationmovementbeginintheUnitedStates?
A) 1648 B) 1748 C) 1848 D) 1948
Answer: C
Diff:3 PageRef:441
Skill: Knowledge
193
6) WhatisNOTareason,offeredbythetext,fortheincreasingrateofHispanicdropouts?
A) Languagebarriers
B) Low-qualityschooling
C) MigrationpatternsfromtheSouthwesttotheNortheast
D) Lowincomes
Answer: C
Diff:2 PageRef:443
7) Whatismostaccurateabouttheglobaleducationofgirls?
A) Worldwidegirlsaremorepoorlyeducatedthanboys
B) Worldwidegirlsaremoreliteratethanboys
C) Worldwidegirlsaremoreeducatedthanboys
D) Worldwidegirlsaregivenmoreeducationaloptionsthanboys
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:444
8) WhatisacommonobjectiontotheuseofIQtests?
A) Somepeoplecheatonthemandthisiswhatcausesinequalityinscoring.
B) Minoritiesareinherentlysmarterthanthemajority.
C) Womenareinherentlysmarterthanmen.
D) Thereisbiasinthequestionsthatskewsresults.
Answer: D
Diff:2 PageRef:445
Skill: Analysis
9) Whatistheknowledgeandunderstandingofscientificconceptsandprocessesrequiredfor
personaldecisionmaking,participationincivicandculturalaffairs,andeconomic
productivityreferredtoas?
A) Civicliteracy B) Culturalliteracy
C) Politicalliteracy D) Scientificliteracy
Answer: D
Diff:1 PageRef:447
Skill: Knowledge
10) Wheredothemostimportantlessonsofthehiddencurriculumineducationtakeplace?
A) Informalinteractionsthattakeplaceduringeveryschoolday
B) Outsidetheclassroom
C) Invarioussettingsaroundtheschool;cafeteria,playground.
D) Alloftheabove
Answer: D
Diff:3 PageRef:448
11) Whichgroupismorelikelytoattendprivateschools?
A) Blacks B) Whites C) Asians D) Hispanics
Answer: B
Diff:2 PageRef:448
194
CHAPTER 14 EDUCATION
12) WhatisthelargestproviderofprivateschooleducationintheUnitedStates?
A) RomanCatholicChurch B) ChurchofLatter-DaySaints
C) OrthodoxJudaism D) AnglicanChurch
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:448
Skill: Knowledge
13) Whatdowealthierschooldistrictshelptoreproduceinrelationtoclass?
A) Equity B) Privilege C) Distribution D) Humility
Answer: B
Diff:2 PageRef:450
14) WhatwastheoutcomeofBrownv.BoardofEducation?
A) Separatebutequalschools(segregation)wasconstitutional.
B) Separatebutequalredlinezonesforhousing(segregation)wasconstitutional.
C) Separatebutequalreligiousinstitutions(segregation)wasunconstitutional.
D) Separatebutequalschools(segregation)wasunconstitutional.
Answer: D
Diff:2 PageRef:450
15) WhatisitcalledwhenitisrequiredthatWhiteandnon-Whitestudentslivinginthesame
districtattendseparateschools?
A) Integration B) Suppression C) Segregation D) Inclusiveness
Answer: C
Diff:1 PageRef:450
Skill: Knowledge
16) Whatcanintegrationachieve?
A) Anethnicdistributionthatismorebalanced.
B) Anethnicdistributionthatisdividedbyseparatebutequal.
C) Anethnicdistributionthatislessbalanced,moreseparate.
D) Noneoftheabove
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:450
Skill: Analysis
17) WhendidCongresspasstheBilingualEducationAct?
A) 1948 B) 1958 C) 1968 D) 1978
Answer: C
Diff:2 PageRef:450
Skill: Knowledge
195
18) Whatisacriticismagainsttheuseofbilingualeducation?
A) HelpsstudentslearnEnglish.
B) Programsarecostlyandinefficient.
C) AssimilatespeoplequicklyintotheAmericanculture.
D) Helpsstudentslearnandcomprehendoverallcurriculum.
Answer: B
Diff:2 PageRef:450
Skill: Evaluation
19) PolkHighSchoolgroupsstudentsaccordingtoability;whatisthisanexampleof?
A) Tracking B) Skipping
C) Mainstreaming D) Packaging
Answer: A
Diff:1 PageRef:451
Skill: Application
20) Whatisthephenomenonofwhenyouexpectsomethingtohappen,itusuallydoesreferred
toas?
A) Predictivehypothesis B) Enhancedbelief
C) ESPinteraction D) Self-fulfillingprophecy
Answer: D
Diff:1 PageRef:451
Skill: Knowledge
21) Whatcandevelopasaresultoftracking?
A) Mainstreamingstudents
B) Removingdivisionsamongstudents
C) Labelingastudent
D) Raisingthelevelofequalityamongstudents
Answer: C
Diff:3 PageRef:451
Skill: Evaluation
22) Whichdolloncespokethewords,Mathclassistough?
A) Zoe B) DoratheExplorer
C) Barbie D) AbbyCadabby
Answer: C
Diff:2 PageRef:451
Skill: Knowledge
23) Howdoesthevouchersystemhelppayforstudentstuitionatprivateschools?
A) Fundraising B) Free-willdonations
C) Studentloans D) Taxpayerfunds
Answer: D
Diff:1 PageRef:453
Skill: Knowledge
196
24) Whatbestdescribesacharterschool?
A) Publiclyfundedelementaryorsecondaryschoolsthatsetforthintheirfounding
document(charter)goalstheyintendtomeetintermsofstudentachievement.
B) Privateschoolsthatreceivepublicfundsforchildren.
C) Privatelyfundedschoolsthatsetforthintheirfoundingdocument(charter)goalsthey
intendtomeetintermsofstudentachievement.
D) Homeschoolsthatworkasaco-op,helpingchildrenmaintaincertaingoals.
Answer: A
Diff:1 PageRef:455
Skill: Knowledge
25) Howmanychildrenarenowinhomeschoolingenvironments?
A) Lessthan500,000 B) Morethan1million
C) Morethan5million D) Morethan10million
Answer: B
Diff:2 PageRef:455
Skill: Knowledge
26) Whichgovernmentbill,signedbyPresidentGeorgeW.Bush,focusesonatop -down

approachtoschoolperformance?
A) MovingChildren B) TitleIX
C) NoChildLeftBehind D) AmericasFuture
Answer: C
Diff:1 PageRef:456
Skill: Knowledge
27) WhatisacriticismoftheNoChildLeftBehindbill?
A) Itismorecostlythaninitiallyprojected.
B) Reproducesthesameinequalitiesitismeanttofix.
C) Manystatesskirttheintentionofthebillbysettingverylowstandards.
D) Alloftheabove
Answer: D
Diff:2 PageRef:456
Skill: Analysis
28) Inthelast50yearshowmuchhasthepopulationgoingtocollegeintheUnitedStates
increasedby?
A) 600% B) 800% C) 1000% D) 1200%
Answer: B
Diff:3 PageRef:456
Skill: Knowledge
29) WhichismostaccurateaboutU.S.studentreadinessandachievementinrelationtocollege?
A) Itisnotdiscussed B) Itishigh
C) Itislow D) Itisthebestintheworld
Answer: C
Diff:2 PageRef:457
197
30) Whatpercentageofpeoplefromlow-incomehouseholdsbythetimetheyturn26yearsofage
havereceivedabachelorsdegree?
A) 7% B) 14% C) 28% D) 56%
Answer: A
Diff:3 PageRef:458
Skill: Knowledge
31) WhatdidCathySmallfindfromherresearchintostudentlifeoncollegecampuses?
A) Studentsjustdrinkheavilyandthatiswhytheyarebehindontheirwork.
B) Studentsarelazyandsimplydontdotheirwork.
C) Studentsjustgotocollegeforthesex.
D) Studentsareamazinglybusy,evenifsomemightfittheaboveconjectures.
Answer: D
Diff:2 PageRef:460
32) Whathavefor-profituniversitieshadhappeninrecentyears?
A) Theyhaveincreasedinnumbers.
B) Theyhaventhadanychangesintheirnumbers.
C) Theyhavedecreasedinrecentyears.
D) Therearenofor-profituniversities,allarenon-profit.
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:461
33) Whichofthefollowingisanadvantageoffor-profituniversitiesovernon-profituniversities?
A) Thecostinlower.
B) Theuniversityownsthecurriculum,nottheprofessor.
C) Studentscangraduaterelativelyquickly.
D) Alloftheabove
Answer: D
Diff:3 PageRef:461
Skill: Evaluation
34) Whatisthenameoflargestfor-profituniversityintheUnitedStates?
A) ArizonaCollege B) TheUniversityofPhoenix
C) MottCollege D) TheUniversityofLebanon
Answer: B
Diff:2 PageRef:461
Skill: Knowledge
35) Whathasthemarketingsuccessoffor-profituniversitiesledtointraditionaluniversities?
A) Anti-commercialism B) Marketization
C) Anti-capitalism D) Consumption
Answer: B
Diff:2 PageRef:462
198
14.2 FillintheBlank
1) Sociologistsdefine________asasocialinstitutionthroughwhichsocietyprovidesitsmembers
withimportantknowledge.
A) Curriculum B) University C) Education D) Economy
Answer: C
Diff:1 PageRef:440
Skill: Knowledge
2) Educationteachesbothasubjectanda________curriculum.
A) Hidden B) Manifest C) Lower D) Secondary
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:440
Skill: Knowledge
3) TheUnitedStatesisa________societywhereoneneedsdiplomas,degrees,andcertificatesto
qualifyforjobs.
A) Education B) Title C) Traditional D) Credential
Answer: D
Diff:2 PageRef:440
4) Inallcountrieswithoutgenderparityitisthe________whoaredisadvantagedineducation.
A) Elderly B) Boys C) Girls D) Middleclass
Answer: C
Diff:3 PageRef:444
5) HowardGardnerdeveloped________typesofintelligence;thelastwasaddedin1997.
A) 2 B) 4 C) 6 D) 8
Answer: D
Diff:3 PageRef:446
6) ________intelligenceisthesensitivitytomeaningandorderofwords.
A) Spatial B) Linguistic C) Emotive D) Interpersonal
Answer: B
Diff:2 PageRef:446
Skill: Knowledge
7) ________intelligenceistheunderstandingofonesownemotions.
A) Intrapersonal B) Emotive C) Interpersonal D) Naturalist
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:446
Skill: Knowledge
199
8) ________literacyisknowledgeandunderstandingofthescientificconceptsandprocesses
requiredforpersonaldecisionmaking,participationincivicandculturalaffairs,andeconomic
productivity.
A) Objective B) Empirical C) Scientific D) Subjective
Answer: C
Diff:1 PageRef:447
Skill: Knowledge
9) ________runsthemostprivateschoolsintheUnitedStates.
A) RomanCatholicChurch B) OrthodoxJudaism
C) ECLA D) ChurchofLatter-DaySaints
Answer: A
Diff:1 PageRef:448
10) ________overturnedthepracticeofsegregation.
A) Roev.Wade B) Brownv.BoardofEducation
C) Plessyv.Ferguson D) Doev.Bolton
Answer: B
Diff:2 PageRef:450
Skill: Knowledge
11) ________requiredthatWhitesandnon-Whitestudentslivinginthesameschooldistrict
wouldnotattendthesameschools.
A) Segregation B) Division C) Integration D) Separation
Answer: A
Diff:1 PageRef:450
Skill: Knowledge
12) ________helpsaschoolsethnicdistributionbemorebalanced.
A) Exclusion B) Inclusion C) Segregation D) Integration
Answer: D
Diff:2 PageRef:450
13) ________,orgrouping,studentsaccordingtotheirabilityiscommoninAmericanschools.
A) Looping B) Mapping C) Tracking D) Marking
Answer: C
Diff:1 PageRef:451
Skill: Knowledge
14) Whenteacherslabelachildbadandthenthechild,regardlessofability,seemsbadthe
teachermayhavecreateda________.
A) Personalrevelation B) Self-fulfillingprophecy
C) Trackedinsight D) EducationalESP
Answer: B
Diff:3 PageRef:451
Skill: Application
200
15) Inaneducationalsetting,boysandgirlsaretreated________.
A) Byindifference B) Thesame
C) Equally D) Differently
Answer: D
Diff:2 PageRef:451
16) ________legislationforbidsdiscriminationagainstgirlsandwomeninallaspectsofschool
life.
A) TitleIX B) TitleIV C) TitleXIX D) TitleV
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:452
17) ________,orcallingsomeoneorsomethinggay,haslittletodowithsexualorientationbutis
seenasjustaputdown.
A) Queermarking B) Gayhating
C) Gaybaiting D) Queernaming
Answer: C
Diff:2 PageRef:453
18) Harmfulteasingand________happentomorethan1millionschoolchildrenayear.
A) Bullying B) Joking C) Buddying D) Annoyance
Answer: A
Diff:1 PageRef:453
Skill: Knowledge
19) The________systemusestaxpayerfundstopayforstudentstuitionatprivateschools.
A) Homeschool B) Voucher C) Charter D) Ticket
Answer: B
Diff:1 PageRef:453
Skill: Knowledge
20) ________arepubliclyfundedelementaryorsecondaryschoolsthatsetforthintheirfounding
documentgoalstheyintendtomeetintermsofstudentachievement.
A) Charterschools B) Homeschools
C) Voucherschools D) Privateschools
Answer: A
Diff:1 PageRef:455
Skill: Knowledge
21) About1.1millionstudentsin2003were________intheUnitedStates,anincreaseofalmosta
quartermillionsince1999.
A) Unschooled B) Privateschooled
C) Homeschooled D) Reschooled
Answer: C
Diff:2 PageRef:455
Skill: Knowledge
201
22) InJanuary2002,PresidentGeorgeW.BushsignedPublicLaw107 -110,theElementaryand

SecondarySchoolAct,betterknownas________.
A) ChildrensEducationRevolution B) AllChildrenFallAhead
C) ChildrenNeedLearning D) NoChildLeftBehind
Answer: D
Diff:2 PageRef:456
Skill: Knowledge
23) Collegeisalsoknownas________education.
A) Middle B) Higher C) Lower D) Reached
Answer: B
Diff:1 PageRef:456
24) ________orproprietaryuniversitiesareincreasing.
A) For-profit B) Nonprofit C) For-funding D) Nonprivate
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:461
25) Whenuniversitiestransformthemselvesintocompetitivecommercialoperationstheyare
participatinginthe________processofuniversities.
A) Consumption B) Production C) Marketization D) Reevaluation
Answer: C
Diff:2 PageRef:462
14.3 TrueorFalse
1) Educationteachesbothasubjectandahiddencurriculum.
Answer: TRUE
Diff:1 PageRef:440
Skill: Knowledge
2) Thereisvirtuallynodifferencebasedonwhichsocialclassapersonbelongstoandwhattype
ofeducationhe/shewillcomplete.
Answer: FALSE
Diff:2 PageRef:440
3) Ithasbeencontinuallyproventhatintelligenceislinkedtogeneticsmorethantheculturalor
socialexposureapersonhas.
Answer: FALSE
202
4) Only20-25%ofAmericansarescientificallysavvyandalert,accordingtoJonD.Miller,
directoroftheCenterforBiomedicalCommunicationsatNorthwesternUniversityMedical
School.
Answer: TRUE
Diff:2 PageRef:447
Skill: Knowledge
5) Whitestudentsaremorelikelythanminoritystudentstobehomeschooledorintheprivate
schoolsystem.
Answer: TRUE
6) VouchersystemsarenotwidelyusedinAmericaduetotheideaofusingtaxpayerfundsto
payforstudentstuitionatprivateschools.
Answer: TRUE
Skill: Knowledge
7) Homeschoolingisdonesolelybyreligiousfundamentalists.
Answer: FALSE
8) NoChildLeftBehindhasbeenaveryexpensiveprogramandthecostofenforcingthe
programhasaDepartmentofEducationbudgetofover$20billion.
Answer: TRUE
Diff:2 PageRef:456
Skill: Knowledge
9) Themajorityofincomingcollegefreshmenwillgraduatewithinfouryearsofstartingcollege.
Answer: FALSE
Diff:2 PageRef:458
10) Inrecentyearstherehasbeenalargeincreaseinthenumberofmarketingstrategiesfrom
brand-namecorporationswithinpublicschools.
Answer: TRUE
Diff:2 PageRef:462
14.4 ShortAnswer
1) Howdosociologistsdefineeducation?
Answer: Asasocialinstitutionthroughwhichsocietyprovidesitsmemberswithimportant
knowledge.
Diff:1 PageRef:440
Skill: Knowledge
203
2) Whatdoesscientificliteracyreferto?
Answer: Itreferstotheknowledgeandunderstandingofthescientificconceptsandprocesses
requiredforpersonaldecisionmaking,participationincivicandculturalaffairs,and
economicproductivity.
Diff:2 PageRef:447
Skill: Knowledge
3) WhatwasthedecisionoftheSupremeCourtcase Brownv.BoardofEducation?
Answer: ThedecisionwasthatnolongerwouldseparatebutequalinAmericaneducation
systemsbedeemedconstitutional;thecaseallowedforanoutlawingofthepracticeof
segregation.
Diff:3 PageRef:450
4) Whatisintegrationsupposedtoaccomplish?
Answer: Itissupposedtoaccomplishaschoolsystemwheretheethnicdistributionismore
balancedtoreflectthesurroundingdemographicpopulation.
Diff:2 PageRef:450
Skill: Analysis
5) Whatdoestrackingdowithstudents?
Answer: Itgroupsstudentsaccordingtoability.
Diff:1 PageRef:451
Skill: Knowledge
6) Whatdoesthetermself-fulfillingprophecy describe?
Answer: Itdescribesthecuriousphenomenon:Whenyouexpectsomethingtohappen,itusually
does.
Diff:2 PageRef:451
Skill: Knowledge
7) Whatisavouchersystem?
Answer: Itisasystemthatusestaxpayerfundstopayforstudentstuitionatprivateschools.
Diff:1 PageRef:453
Skill: Knowledge
8) Whatarecharterschools?
Answer: Charterschoolsarepubliclyfundedschoolsthatsetforthintheirfoundingdocument
(charter)goalstheyintendtomeetintermsofstudentachievement.
Diff:1 PageRef:455
Skill: Knowledge
9) WhatisthepurposeofNoChildLeftBehind?
Answer: Thepurposeoftheprogramistoimprovethepubliceducationsystemthroughfederal
oversight.
Diff:2 PageRef:456
204
10) Whataretheadvantagesthatfor-profituniversitieshaveovertraditionaluniversities?
Answer: For-profituniversitiesadvantagesare:costiscomparativelylow,theuniversityrather
thantheprofessorownsthecurriculum,andstudentscangraduatequickly.
Diff:3 PageRef:461
Skill: Analysis
14.5 Essay
1) Explainhowsociologyviewseducation.Whatarethedifferentfunctionsofeducation?
Answer: Sociologyviewseducationasasocialinstitution.Itisapathtosocialmobilityand
promotesthecurrentsocialstructure.Ithasbothamanifestfunctionandalatent
function.Themanifestfunctioniswhatisstatedopenlywhilethelatentfunctionis
calledahiddencurriculum.Thehiddencurriculumistaughtnotjustintheclassroom
butinallareasoftheeducationsetting(cafeteria,playground).
Diff:2 PageRef:440
2) Whatistherelationshipbetweenglobalizationandeducation?Aretheredifferencesin
educationbasedonvarioussocialcharacteristics?
Answer: Therelationshipbetweenglobalizationandeducationisthatinequalityintheeconomic
worldisreflectedintheeducationalinequalitiesthesecountriesfaceaswell.Whenan
economyispoorersoaretheeducationalopportunities.Worldwide,girlsaremore
poorlyeducatedthanboys.Girlslackinliteracyandincompletinganeducationwhen
comparedtoboys,evenwhenthereisanoveralllackinthesocietyintermsof
educationopportunities.
Skill: Analysis
3) Explaintherelationshipthatexistsbetweeninequalityandeducation.Howdoeseducation
reproduceinequality?Also,howdoesinequalitymanifestitselfineducation?
Answer: Educationreproducesinequalitybecausethosewithhigherincomelevelsreceivemore
education,andthosewithahigherlevelofeducationreceivehigherincomelevels.
Inequalityispresentintheeducationalmaterials,thewaysteachersinteractwith
students,howresourcesdifferfromdistricttodistrict,andwhohasaccesstothese
resources.Whitesaremorelikelytobenefitfromamorewell-roundededucationanda
moreprestigiouseducationthanBlacks.Inequalityismanifestineducationthough
segregation,lackofresourcesforthosewhodonotspeakEnglishasafirstlanguage,
andthetrackingsystem.
Skill: Analysis
4) Explainhowsociologistsviewhighereducation.Whataresomeofthechangesinstudentlife?
Answer: Highereducationhasbecomeasocialnormandexpectednextstepinapersonslife
afterhighschool.However,studentsarenot,intheoverallschemeofthings,more
preparedorintellectuallyadvancedtodaythaninthepast.Moststudentstodayno
longerclaimtraditionalstudentstatus,meaningbeingabletojustgotoschooland
experiencecollege.Moststudentsinsteadworkpart-timeandhaveother
responsibilities.Theaveragestudenttakeslongerthantheidealizedfouryearsfor
college.
205
5) Inwhatwaysiseducationaffectedbythemarket?Whatarebenefitsandnegativestothis?
Includehighereducation,elementaryschools,andhighschoolsinyourresponse.
Answer: Universitiesaretraditionallynon-profitinstitutionsbuttherehavebeenanincreasing
numberoffor-profitinstitutions.Theseinstitutionsofferthebenefitsofdecreasedcost,
universitiesratherthanprofessorsowningcurriculum,andstudentsgraduatinginless
time.However,theseinstitutionsalsoomitorseverelycurtailtraditionalsocial
activitiesofacollege;facilitiesarelimited;degreeslackprestige.UniversityofPhoenix
isthelargestfor-profituniversityinthecountry.Traditionaluniversitiesarealsonow
marketingthemselvesandthishasspilledoverintoelementaryschoolsandhigh
schools.Someschoolsallowadvertisingdirectlytokidsontheschoolbus.
Skill: Synthesis
14.6 OpenBook
1) ReviewingFigure14.1HighSchoolDropouts,Age25andover2004,whatmightaccountfor
thedifferencesindropoutrates?
Answer: StateswithlowerratesareoftenthosewiththeWhitestpopulationsbutthosewith
higherrateshaveagreaterpercentageofminorities.Fundingandmanagementofthe
educationsystemmayalsoplayarole.
Skill: Evaluation
2) Globally,whenreviewingTable14.1PercentageCurrentlyAttendingSchool,byRegion
whatdothedifferencesbygenderindicate?Arethereplacesonthislistwhereeithergender
has100%attendance?
Answer: Thatgloballyboysaremorelikelythangirlstobeinschool;however,thereisnopartof
theworldwhereallchildrenregardlessofgenderareinschool100%.
Skill: Evaluation
3) ReviewFigure14.5ParentalReasonsforHavingChildrenHomeschooled,2003.Whydo
familieschoosetohomeschool?
Answer: 31%chooseitbecauseoftheconcernabouttheschoolenvironmentandthisisthe
numberonereason.Thesecondreasonat30%isreligiousormoralinstruction.Other
reasons(listedindescendingorder):dissatisfactionwithacademicinstructionatother
schools,otherreasonsnotspecified,childhasdisability(physicalormental),andchild
hasotherspecialneeds.
Skill: Analysis
4) InTable14.5StudentLifebytheNumbers,whataremostcollegestudentsdoingatcollege?
Answer: Mostarestudyingandpreparingforclass,withmorethan55%giving11hoursormore
perweek.
Skill: Evaluation
206
Chapter15 SociologyofEnvironments:
TheNatural,Physical,andHumanWorlds
15.1 MultipleChoice
1) Whatbestdescribesdemography?
A) Itisasocialsciencethatisnotwellknown.
B) Itisasciencethatstudiesbirthratesanddeathratesonly.
C) Thescientificstudyofhumanpopulationsandoneoftheoldestandmostpopular
branchesofsociology.
D) Itisapopularbranchofpoliticalsciencethatsociologistsusetodiscusspossiblesocial
outcomesrelatedtopopulationchanges.
Answer: C
Diff:1 PageRef:468
Skill: Knowledge
2) Katehasthreechildren;thenumberofchildrensheactuallyhasisrepresentativeofwhat
concept?
A) Birthrate B) Fertility
C) Fecundity D) Naturalfecundity
Answer: B
Diff:3 PageRef:468
Skill: Application
3) Whattwobirthmeasurementsdodemographersuse?
A) Fertility;morbidity B) Fecundity;mortality
C) Fertility;fecundity D) Fertility;mortality
Answer: C
Diff:1 PageRef:468
Skill: Knowledge
4) Whatismenarche?
A) Onsetofmenstruation B) Middleofmenstruation
C) Endofmenstruation D) Periodduringmenopause
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:468
5) WhatisNOTacommonpushfactorforwhyvoluntarymigrantsleavetheirhomecountry?
A) Culturaloppression B) Civilunrest
C) Strongeconomy D) Politicaloppression
Answer: C
Diff:3 PageRef:471
207
6) Whatisapullfactorthatmightcausevoluntarymigrationfromonescountry?
A) Civilstability B) Religioussuppression
C) Politicaloppression D) Sluggisheconomy
Answer: A
Diff:3 PageRef:471
7) Whatdodemographersusewhenstudyingthechangingpopulationofpeopleleavingand
comingintoacountry?
A) Netmigrationrate B) Netmorbidityrate
C) Netfecundityrate D) Netmortalityrate
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:472
8) Whenlookingatmostwealthycountrieswhatistrue?
A) Highmortalityrates B) Highbirthrates
C) Highemigrationrates D) Highratesofvoluntaryimmigrants
Answer: D
Diff:2 PageRef:472
9) Whatismostaccuratewhendiscussingwhypeoplechoosetoimmigratetorichcountries?
A) Theyofferfreedomofspeech.
B) Theyoffergreatereducationalopportunities,jobopportunities,andfreedomfrom
oppression.
C) Theyoffermorelandforpeopletofarmon.
D) Theyofferlessgovernmentstructureallowingforlaissez-fairecapitalismtoflourish.
Answer: B
Diff:2 PageRef:472
Skill: Evaluation
10) Whatbestdescribestheemigrationrate?
A) Thenumberofpeopleleavingaterritorypermillion
B) Thenumberofpeoplecominginaterritoryperthousand
C) Thenumberofpeoplecominginaterritoryperhundred
D) Thenumberpeopleleavingaterritoryperthousand
Answer: D
Diff:1 PageRef:472
Skill: Knowledge
11) Whereintheworldisthelowestnetmigration?
A) China B) UnitedStates C) Micronesia D) Canada
Answer: C
Diff:2 PageRef:472
Skill: Analysis
208
CHAPTER 15 SOCIOLOGY OF ENVIRONMENTS: THE NATURAL, PHYSICAL, AND HUMAN WORLDS
12) WhatdoestheUnitedStatesconsidersignificantwithinternalmigration?
A) Movingoutofthecountry B) Movingwithinacounty
C) Movingoutofacounty D) Movingoffthecontinent
Answer: C
Diff:2 PageRef:472
13) Whatisademographertryingtounderstandwhenusingcomparativenumbersofmenand
womenandvariousagegroups?
A) Populationbreaks B) Fecunditycomposition
C) Populationcomposition D) Morbiditycomposition
Answer: C
Diff:1 PageRef:473
14) Whatdoesthesignificantlyhigherbirthrateofmalestofemalesincountrieswheremalesare
preferredsuggesttodemographers?
A) Womenaremorelikelytomiscarrygirls.
B) Womenaremorelikelytochooseanabortioniftheyfindouttheyarecarryinggirls.
C) Womenareusingmorenaturalmethodstotrytohaveboys.
D) Itsuggestsnothingastherearenocountrieswithasignificantdifferenceinthebirthrate
ofmalestofemales.
Answer: B
Diff:3 PageRef:473
Skill: Analysis
15) Inherpresentation,Michelleusedagraphtodiscussthedistributionofmenandwomenand
variousagegroupsinMexico.Michellesgraphshowedeachgroupasdifferent -sizedbars,or
blocks.WhatwasthegraphMichelleusedcalled?
A) Populationpie B) Populationpyramid
C) Populationhistogram D) Populationplot
Answer: B
Diff:2 PageRef:474
Skill: Application
16) Whatbestdescribesanaturalpopulationincrease?
A) Thenumberofdeathseveryyearsubtractedbythenumberofbirths
B) Thenumberofmigrantseveryyearsubtractedbythenumberofdeaths
C) Thenumberofbirthseveryyearsubtractedbythenumberofdeaths
D) Thenumberofdeathseveryyearsubtractedbythenumberofmigrants
Answer: C
Diff:2 PageRef:475
Skill: Knowledge
17) Whatpercentageofpopulationgrowthishappeninginthepoorestcountries?
A) 66% B) 76% C) 86% D) 96%
Answer: D
Diff:2 PageRef:476
Skill: Knowledge
209
18) Whoheldthatthepopulationwouldincreasebygeometricprogression?
A) ThomasMalthus B) PaulElrich
C) RobertMerton D) ThomasElson
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:476
19) BywhatprogressiondoestheMalthusiantheoryholdthatthepopulationwillgrow?
A) Trimetric B) Quadmetric C) Geometric D) Monometric
Answer: C
Diff:1 PageRef:476
Skill: Knowledge
20) WhywasKarlMarxcriticaloftheMalthusiantheory?
A) Hebelievedthatpopulationgrowthwasamythandthatthepopulationwasshrinking.
B) Heargueditwasunequaldistributionnotmerelypopulationgrowththatwascausing
hardship.
C) Hebelievedthatallfamiliesshouldbeverylargeinordertocreatearevolution.
D) Heargueditwasdiseasethatwascausinghardshipandtherewaslittlethatcould
changeit.
Answer: B
Diff:2 PageRef:476
Skill: Evaluation
21) WhatwasPaulElrichssuggestedsolutiontomanagepopulationgrowth?
A) Achievezeropopulationgrowth
B) Allowpeopletohavenomorethanfourchildren
C) Thatthenumberofbirthswouldnotexceedthenumberofmigrations
D) Thatsterilizationshouldbemandatoryforallpeople,regardlessiftheyhavechildren
alreadyornot.
Answer: A
22) Whatbestdescribestheconceptofzeropopulationgrowth?
A) Thatthenumberofbirthsdoesexceedthenumberofdeaths.
B) Thatthenumberofdeathsdoesexceedthenumberofmigrations.
C) Thatthenumberofdeathsdoesnotexceedthenumberofmigrations.
D) Thatthenumberofbirthsdoesnotexceedthenumberofdeaths.
Answer: D
Diff:2 PageRef:477
Skill: Knowledge
23) WhatdidFrankNotesteinarguethatpopulationgrowthwastiedto?
A) Technologicaldevelopment B) Medicaladvancement
C) Socialupheaval D) Politicalrevolutions
Answer: A
Diff:2 PageRef:477
210
24) WhichisNOTastageofdemographictransition?
A) Initialstage B) Rapidtechnologicalgrowthstage
C) Transitionalgrowthstage D) Incipientdeclinestage
Answer: B
Diff:2 PageRef:477
25) HowhasChinasgovernmentreducedpopulationgrowth?
A) Havingwomenapplyforpregnancypermitsandthenthegovernmentdecidesifthey
areapprovedtohaveachildornot.
B) Givingeachneighborhoodamaximumnumberofchildrenitmayhave.
C) Forcingthosedeemedtohaveanillegalpregnancypayfines,loseprivileges,andlose
jobs.
D) AllofthesearemethodsusedbytheChinesegovernment.
Answer: D
Diff:2 PageRef:478
26) Whatwasareasonthataround1750andbeyondtheWesternpartoftheworldsawatrend
thathadpeoplemovingfromruraltourbansettings?
A) TheProtestantReformationcalledforpeopletomovetourbanenvironmentstocreate
newcentersofChristianfaith.
B) TheEnlightenmentcausedmassiveamountsofpeopletomovetocitiessothatthey
couldgotouniversity.
C) TheIndustrialRevolutionspurnedamovementtowardmanufacturingandpeople
movedtourbanenvironmentstoworkinfactories.
D) TheModernRevoltcalledforpeopletoleavefeudalsocietyandworkforwagesinorder
tooverthrowmonarchies.
Answer: C
27) Whenaresearcherwantstounderstandhowcrowdedacityfeelshe/sheuseswhatmeasure?
A) Populationdensity B) Personalvolume
C) Personalmatter D) Populationvolume
Answer: A
Diff:1 PageRef:480
Skill: Knowledge
28) HowdoestheU.S.CensusBureaudefineurban?
A) Aslivinginanareathathasapopulationof2,500orless.
B) Aslivinginanincorporatedareawithapopulationof25,000ormore.
C) Aslivinginanincorporatedareawithapopulationof2,500ormore.
D) Aslivinginanincorporatedareawithapopulationof250,000ormore.
Answer: C
Diff:2 PageRef:481
Skill: Knowledge
211
29) Whenadowntownareaisrevitalizedandhipprofessionalsmovetothearea,itcanhavethe
negativeeffectofraisingpropertyvaluessomuchthatthepoorandsometimesmiddle -class
cannolongeraffordtoremaininthearea.Whatisthissocialphenomenoncalled?
A) Yuppietakeover B) Gentrification
C) Industrialization D) Gerrymandering
Answer: B
Skill: Knowledge
30) Whatisacosmopolite?
A) Yuppie B) Immigrant
C) Poorelderlyminority D) Artistand/orintellectual
Answer: D
Diff:1 PageRef:486
Skill: Knowledge
31) Whichcountryusesthemostenergy?
A) UnitedStates B) Canada C) Peru D) Ireland
Answer: A
Diff:1 PageRef:489
32) Whatdoesdeforestationreferto?
A) Conservationpracticesthatareokaywithexcessiveloggingasnewforestsarebuiltto
offsetanydamage
B) Thebuildingofcitiesinruralareas
C) Theclearingofforestsforcropsanddevelopment
D) Theoff-settingofexcessivecarbonfootprintsbyplantingnewforests
Answer: C
Diff:2 PageRef:491
Skill: Knowledge
33) WhichofthefollowingisNOT oneofthemajorsourcesofwaterpollution?

A) Domesticwaste B) Industrialwaste
C) NaturalFamilyPlanning D) Agriculturalrunoff
Answer: C
Diff:2 PageRef:491
34) Whatisthepercentageoftheworldsglaciersthatareinretreat?
A) 55% B) 75% C) 90% D) 100%
Answer: C
Diff:2 PageRef:493
212
35) WhatwasKaiEriksonsEverythinginItsPathabout?
A) ThehumanresponsetoadamthatburstandfloodedBuffaloCreekinLoganCounty,
WestVirginia.
B) Week-longheatwaveinChicagoin1995andwhatledtomorethan700deaths.
C) TheAsiantsunamiofDecember2004andthesocialresponsetorebuilding.
D) TheaftermathofHurricaneKatrinaandtheattemptsbythecitytostop9thwardinNew
Orleansfromrebuildingcommunity.
Answer: A
Diff:3 PageRef:494
15.2 FillintheBlank
1) ________isthescientificstudyofhumanpopulations.
A) Stenography B) Ecology C) Demography D) Floriography
Answer: C
Diff:1 PageRef:468
Skill: Knowledge
2) ________isthenumberofchildrenthatawomanhas.
A) Fertility B) Reproduction C) Fecundity D) Procreation
Answer: A
Diff:1 PageRef:468
Skill: Knowledge
3) ________isthemaximumnumberofchildrenthatawomancouldpossiblyhave.
A) Fertility B) Totality C) Fecundity D) Probability
Answer: C
Diff:1 PageRef:468
Skill: Knowledge
4) ________isthenumberofchildrenthatwouldhavebeenborntoeachwomanifshelived
throughherchildbearingyearswiththeaveragefertilityofheragegroup.
A) Morbidityrate B) Fecundityrate C) Birthrate D) Fertilityrate
Answer: D
Diff:1 PageRef:469
Skill: Knowledge
5) ________isthenumberofdeathsperyearforeverythousandpeople.
A) Morbidityrate B) Fecundityrate C) Mortalityrate D) Expectancy
Answer: C
Diff:1 PageRef:469
Skill: Knowledge
6) ________istheaveragenumberofyearsapersoncanexpecttolive.
A) Lifeexpectancy B) Lifeaverage
C) Lifespan D) Lifemedian
Answer: A
Diff:1 PageRef:469
Skill: Knowledge
213
7) Infantmortalityrateisthenumberofinfantdeathsperyearineachthousandinfantsupto
________.
A) 6months B) oneyearold C) twoyearsold D) 30months
Answer: B
Diff:1 PageRef:469
Skill: Knowledge
8) Whenpeopleleaveaterritoryitis________.
A) Emigration B) Amigration C) Immigration D) Nongration
Answer: A
Diff:1 PageRef:470
9) KimsfamilyisoriginallyfromSouthKoreaandhastakenuppermanentresidenceinFrance;
thisisanexampleof________.
A) Emigration B) Nongration C) Immigration D) Amigration
Answer: C
Diff:3 PageRef:470
Skill: Application
10) Voluntarymigrantsusuallyhavetwosetsofmotivesfortheirmove,________factorsand
________factors.
A) Push;grab B) Pull;shove C) Grab;shove D) Push;pull
Answer: D
Diff:3 PageRef:471
11) ________isthenumberofpeopleenteringaterritoryeachyearforeverythousandofthe
population.
A) Netmigrationrate B) Emigrationrate
C) Immigrationrate D) Netemigrationrate
Answer: C
Diff:1 PageRef:472
Skill: Knowledge
12) ________isthenumberofpeopleleavingperthousandofthepopulationperyear.
A) Emigrationrate B) Immigrationrate
C) Netmigrationrate D) Netimmigrationrate
Answer: A
Diff:1 PageRef:472
Skill: Knowledge
13) Thedifferencebetweentheimmigrationandemigrationratesinagivenyeariscalled
________.
A) Totalmigrationrate B) Netmigrationrate
C) Completemigrationrate D) Endmigrationrate
Answer: B
Diff:1 PageRef:472
Skill: Knowledge
214
14) ________migrationmeansmovingfromoneregiontoanotherwithinaterritory.
A) Inclusive B) External C) Exclusive D) Internal
Answer: D
Diff:1 PageRef:472
Skill: Knowledge
15) ________isthecomparativenumbersofmenandwomenandvariousagegroups.
A) Samplechart B) Populationcomposition
C) Countrycomparison D) Demographicsnapshot
Answer: B
Diff:1 PageRef:473
Skill: Knowledge
16) Agraphthatshowsthedistributionofdifferentagegroupsinasocietyisa________.
A) Populationpie B) Populationbuilding
C) Populationpyramid D) Populationline
Answer: C
Diff:1 PageRef:474
Skill: Knowledge
17) ________populationincreaseisthenumberofbirthseveryyearsubtractedbythenumberof
deaths.
A) Natural B) Complete C) Legitimate D) Artificial
Answer: A
Diff:1 PageRef:475
Skill: Knowledge
18) ________heldthatthepopulationwouldincreasebygeometricprogression,doublingeach
generation.
A) Elrichbomb B) Thomasposit
C) Malthusiantheory D) Marxianhypothesis
Answer: C
Diff:1 PageRef:476
Skill: Knowledge
19) In1968,PaulElrichpublished________whichputamoderntakeonMalthus.
A) ThePopulationExplosion B) TheDemographicSwitch
C) TheSocietalNumbers D) ThePopulationBomb
Answer: D
Diff:2 PageRef:476
20) ________holdsthatthepopulationandtechnologyspureachothersdevelopment.
A) Malthusiantheory B) Demographictransitiontheory
C) Populationbombtheory D) Populationgrowththeory
Answer: B
Diff:1 PageRef:477
Skill: Knowledge
215
21) Howcrowdedacityfeelsismeasuredthrough________.
A) Populationdensity B) Populationmatter
C) Populationcrowding D) Populationvolume
Answer: A
Diff:1 PageRef:480
Skill: Knowledge
22) ________aretheareasthatareoutlyingfromcitieswherethewhitemiddleclassesbeganto
movetowhentheyleftthecity.
A) Edgecities B) Ruralareas C) Suburbs D) Countrysides
Answer: C
23) ________solidarityisaconnectionbasedonsimilarity.
A) Mechanical B) Machine C) Organic D) Dependent
Answer: A
Diff:1 PageRef:484
Skill: Knowledge
24) ________areinterdependentsystemsoforganismsandtheirenvironment.
A) Solarsystems B) Ecosystems C) Universes D) Milkyways
Answer: B
Diff:1 PageRef:487
Skill: Knowledge
25) Theprocessoftheglobaltemperaturerisingandcausinganegativeenvironmentalimpactis
called________.
A) Globalheating B) Globalcooling
C) Globalcooking D) Globalwarming
Answer: D
15.3 TrueorFalse
1) Thedecreasingfertilityratesinsomepartsofworldhaveleadtopotentialnegativeproblems
relatedtothenumberofpersonswhocancarefortheagedandworkintheworkforce.
Answer: TRUE
Diff:2 PageRef:469
2) Theinfantmortalityrateisthenumberofdeathsperyearineachthousandinfantsuptothree
monthsold.
Answer: FALSE
Diff:1 PageRef:469
Skill: Knowledge
216
3) Anegativemigrationrateisoftenindicativeofpovertyorpoliticalturmoil.
Answer: TRUE
Diff:2 PageRef:472
4) Countrieswithahigherproportionofelderlywillhaveabottom-heavypopulationpyramid.
Answer: FALSE
Diff:2 PageRef:474
5) BirthcontrolwasnotaccountedforinMalthusianstheory.
Answer: TRUE
Diff:2 PageRef:476
6) TheUnitedStateshasafamily-planninglawinplacethatcalculatesbyneighborhoodsthe
numberofchildrenthateachfamilymayhaveviaalivebirth.
Answer: FALSE
Diff:2 PageRef:478
7) Duringthe1960sintheU.S.suburbsgrewfourtimesfasterthancities.
Answer: TRUE
Diff:2 PageRef:482
Skill: Knowledge
8) Gemeinschaftisalsoknownasbusinesscompany.
Answer: FALSE
Diff:3 PageRef:483
9) Cosmopolitesarepoorelderlyimmigrants.
Answer: FALSE
Diff:2 PageRef:486
10) Americansare5%oftheworldspopulationbutconsumeabout25%ofallenergy.
Answer: TRUE
Diff:2 PageRef:490
Skill: Knowledge
15.4 ShortAnswer
1) Whatisdemography?
Answer: Itisthescientificstudyofhumanpopulationsandoneoftheoldestandmostpopular
branchesofsociology.
Diff:1 PageRef:468
Skill: Knowledge
217
2) Whatisthedifferencebetweenfertilityandfecundity?
Answer: Fertilityisthenumberofchildrenthatawomanhas,andfecundityisthemaximum
numberofchildrenshecouldpossiblyhave.
Diff:3 PageRef:468
Skill: Analysis
3) Whatisthedifferencebetweentheimmigrationrateandemigrationrate?
Answer: Theimmigrationrateisthenumberofpeopleenteringaterritoryeachyearforevery
thousandofthepopulation;whiletheemigrationrateistheopposite,thenumberof
peopleleavingperthousand.
Diff:3 PageRef:472
4) Whatdoesapopulationpyramidshow?
Answer: Apopulationpyramidisagraphthatshowsthedistributionofpeopleofdifferentage
groups.
Diff:1 PageRef:474
Skill: Knowledge
5) WhatdoesMalthusianstheorysuggestinrelationtopopulationgrowth?
Answer: Thatthepopulationwouldincreasebygeometricprogression,doublingeach
generation.
Diff:2 PageRef:476
6) Whatarethethreestagesofdemographictransitiontheory?
Answer: Thethreestagesare:initialstage,transitionalgrowthstage,andincipientdeclinestage.
Diff:2 PageRef:477
Skill: Knowledge
7) Whatdoespopulationdensitymeasure?
Answer: Populationdensitymeasuresthenumberofpeoplepersquaremileorkilometer,gives
anunderstandingofhowcrowdedpeoplefeel.
Diff:1 PageRef:480
Skill: Knowledge
8) Whatisgentrification?
Answer: Gentrificationistheprocessinwhichwealthierpeoplemoveintorevitalizeddowntown
areas,takingover,causingpropertyvaluestorise,andpricingoutthosewhowere
livingtherewhentheyarrived.
Skill: Knowledge
9) Whatdoeshumanecologystudy?
Answer: Itstudiestheinterrelationsofhumanbeingswithinasharedsocialenvironment.
Diff:1 PageRef:485
Skill: Knowledge
218
10) Whatareecosystems?
Answer: Ecosystemsareinterdependentsystemsoforganismsandtheirenvironment.
Diff:1 PageRef:487
Skill: Knowledge
15.5 Essay
1) Whataredemographersinterestedinwithpeopleandphysicalmovement?Whatarethe
differentpatternsofphysicalmovement?Whataresomereasonsthesepatternsoccur?
Answer: Demographersareinterestedinpeopleastheyemigrate(orleaveoneterritoryandtake
uppermanentresidenceinanother)orimmigrate.Peoplecanemigrateorimmigrant
voluntarilyorinvoluntarily.Voluntarymigrantsusuallyhavetwosetsofmotivesfor
theirmove:pushfactorsandpullfactors(studentsshoulddefinebothandgive
examples).
Skill: Knowledge
2) WhatistheMalthusianTheory?HowdidKarlMarxviewthistheory?Hasthetheorybeen
accurateinitspredictions?
Answer: ThomasRobertMalthusdevelopedtheMalthusianTheory.Itholdsthatworld
populationwouldincreasebygeometricprogression,doublingineachgeneration.
Eventuallyduetoresourceconstraintstherewouldbestarvationonagloballevel.Karl
Marxcriticizedthetheorybecausehebelieveditdidnottakeintoaccounttheunequal
distributionofresources.Thetheoryhasnotbeenentirelyaccurate,asa)thebirthrate
dropped(birthcontrol)andb)technologicaladvanceshappened(increasingfood
productionandlanduse).
Diff:3 PageRef:476
Skill: Evaluation
3) Whatdoesdemographictransitiontheorystateaboutpopulationgrowth?Aretherecriticisms
ofthistheory?
Answer: Demographictransitiontheorystatesthatpopulationgrowthhasthreestages:1)Initial
stageinwhichsocietyhasbothahighbirthrateandhighdeathratesopopulationsize
remainsstableorelsegrowsveryslowly;preindustrializedsocietieswereallthisstage.
2)Transitionalstageinwhichindustrializationleadstoabetterfoodsupply,better
medicalcare,andbettersanitation,allresultinginadecreaseinmortalityatallage
levels.However,birthratesarestillhigh.3)Incipientdeclinestageinwhichsocial
forcesandculturalbeliefscatchupwithtechnology.Boththebirthanddeathratesare
low,andminimalpopulationgrowthreturns.Criticismsare:Alwaysworksinthesame
directionanditisnottechnologythatcausesadecreaseinmortalityratebutthe
sociology,changesinthepersonalandpublichealthpractices.
Diff:2 PageRef:477
Skill: Evaluation
219
4) Howdourban,rural,andsuburbanareascompare?
Answer: Citiesdevelopalongwithemigrationresultingfromtechnologicalandagricultural
advances.Richercountrieshaveahigherconcentrationofpeopleincities;poorer
countrieshavefewercitiesbutthesecitiesareoftenmegacities.Ruralareasoftenhave
morepoverty,exacerbatedbyglobalization.Theautomobilehelpedcreatesuburbs
wherepeopleliveclosetoacity,maygointothecitytoworkorforrecreation,butdo
notliveinthecity.
Skill: Analysis
5) Whatisanecosystem?Whatdangerspresentthemselvestotheecosystem?Provideexamples
ofthesedangersandofferwaystocombatthem.
Answer: Anecosystemisaninterdependentsystemoforganismsandtheirenvironment.
Dangersareenergyconsumption,vanishingresources,andenvironmentalthreatssuch
aspollution,garbage,andglobalwarming.(Studentsshoulddescribetheseinmore
detail,alongwithwaystocombatthem).
Skill: Synthesis
15.6 OpenBook
1) LookingatFigure15.3PopulationPyramid:ComparingMexico,Italy,andtheUnitedStates,
2025whatistheprojectedchangeintheUnitedStates?
Answer: Theprojectedchangeisadecreaseintheelderlypopulationandanincreaseinyounger
populations.
Skill: Analysis
2) UsingFigure15.5UrbanPopulationoftheWorldwhatdoesthispicturesuggesttouswith
therecenttrendinglobalurbanization?
Answer: Recenttrendssuggestadifferenttrendthaninthepast.Inthepast,urbanizationwas
consideredasignofdevelopment,asignthatthenationwasbecomingricherandmore
prosperous.However,therecenttrendsseemtoshowagrowingnumberofpeoplein
poorercountriesbeingurbanizedintoslums.
Skill: Evaluation
3) InFigure15.6WorldTemperatureIncreases,2001-2005whatisevidentinrelationtoclimate
change?Whateffectcanthishave?
Answer: Whatisevidentisthatclimatechangeisoccurringwithincreasingtemperatureswhich
canhaveanegativeeffectontheoverallenvironment,leadingtoanincreaseinnegative
environmentaloutcomes(hurricanes,droughts,etc.).
Skill: Analysis
220
NOTES
NOTES
NOTES
NOTES
NOTES
NOTES
NOTES
NOTES
NOTES
NOTES
NOTES
NOTES
NOTES
NOTES
NOTES

Soc Test Bank

Transféré par

Informations du document

Copyright

Formats disponibles

Partager ce document

Partager ou intégrer le document

Options de partage

Avez-vous trouvé ce document utile ?

Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ?

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Soc Test Bank

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Test Bank

Kimmel and Aronson

Boston New York San Francisco

Printed in the United States of America

15) ________examineshowanindividualsinteractionswithhisorherenvironment --other

25) Accordingtothetext,whatwasNOT anAmericanvalueidentifiedbysociologistRobin

16) Whatisanachievedstatusbestdefined as?

28) Whichisthemostaccurateunderstandingof diffusionofresponsibility?

10) WhichofthefollowingisNOT anexampleofacriminalsubculture?

12) Whichofthefollowingbestdescribes differentialassociationtheory?

15) WhichofthefollowingisNOT anexampleofanoutersocialcontrol?

18) WhichofthefollowingisNOT oneofEdwinLemertsformsofdeviance?

15) Whichofthefollowingisthebestexample ofaproletariat?

16) WhichofthefollowingisNOT oneofMaxWeberscomponentstosocialclass?

21) WhichofthefollowingisNOT simplyidentifiedasanascribedstatusbutalsoasanachieved

36) Whichofthefollowingbestdescribes corecountries?

25) Inworldsystemstheory,the________isanintermediatezonethataresemi -industrialized,

12) Whichsociologistdividedprejudiceanddiscriminationintofourcategories:all -weather

20) WhichofthefollowingisNOT areasoncitedforthecontinuationofAffirmativeAction?

23) WhichofthefollowingwouldNOT beanexampleofahategroup?

29) Accordingtothetext,whichofthefollowingwould NOT beawaytoovercomeprejudice?

16) TraditionalgenderrolesintheUnitedStatesarebestexpressed bywhichofthefollowing?

17) Whichofthefollowingbestdescribes agenderedinstitution?

18) WhichofthefollowingisNOT acontributingfactortogenderinequalityforwomeninthe

35) WhichofthefollowingdoesNOT describemulticulturalfeminism?

25) WhichofthefollowinghasNOT increasedwithregardtomarriageintheUnitedStates?

33) WhichofthefollowingisNOT abroadgoalofmediaconsumption?

26) Whichgovernmentbill,signedbyPresidentGeorgeW.Bush,focusesonatop -down

22) InJanuary2002,PresidentGeorgeW.BushsignedPublicLaw107 -110,theElementaryand

33) WhichofthefollowingisNOT oneofthemajorsourcesofwaterpollution?

Vous aimerez peut-être aussi