EXPERIMENT -1

MELTING POINT
AIM:
To determine the melting point of ice.
MATERIALS REQUIRED:
A hard glass beaker, a Celsius thermometer, a tripod stand, about 20g of crushed ice.
THEORY:

The temperature at which a solid changes into liquid state is known as the Melting Point.
The temperature at which pure ice melts to from water is called melting point of ice. The
melting point of pure ice is 0o C at a pressure of 76cm of mercury.

The melting point of ice decreases if pressure is applied on it. The melting point of ice
decreases upon addition of soluble substances such as common salt, nitre etc.

During the process of melting, the melting point of ice remains constant. The heat energy
supplied is absorbed during the melting and is stored within the water formed. This heat
is called latent heat of fusion.

PROCEDURE:
1. Suspend a thermometer from an iron stand into a beaker containing crushed ice such that
its bulb is completely surrounded by ice.
2. Support the thermometer on stand.
3. Leave the apparatus undistributed and watch the mercury thread till it stops falling and is
stationary at one point for 2 minutes. Read and record the temperature. This is the melting
point of ice.
4. Record the temperature 3 more times after the interval of 1 minute.
OBSERVATION:

S/N Times in minutes Melting point of ice

1. 0 00C

2. 1 00C

3. 2 00C

4. 3 00C
RESULT:

The melting point of ice is _00C

The melting point of ice does not change with time as long as ice is present in the mixture
of ice and water.
PRECAUTIONS:

Do not record the temperature in quarter or half degrees as the least count of thermometer
is 10C.

Keep the eyes in the line with the mercury thread while recording temperature.

Record the melting point only when the mercury thread is stable at one place for 2
minutes or more.

Immerse only the bulb and not the stem of the thermometer in crushed ice. The
contraction of the stem may result in recording the wrong temperatures.

EXPERIMENT 2

BOILING POINT

AIM:

To determine the boiling point of water.

MATERIALS REQUIRED:

Distilled water, stand with clamp, pieces of pumice stone, 250 ml beaker and Celsius
thermometer.

THEORY:

The temperature at which a liquid changes into is gaseous state is known as the Boiling
Point. The temperature at which pure water boils to form steam is called boiling point of
water. The boiling point of water at 76cm of mercury is 100oC.

The boiling point increases with the increase of pressure and decreases with decrease of
pressure. The boiling point of water increases upon addition of soluble substances such as
salt and sugar.

During the process of boiling, the boiling point of water remains constant. The heat
energy supplied is stored within the steam. This heat is called latent heat of vaporization
of steam.
PROCEDURE:

1. Take about 70 to 100 ml of fresh (distilled) water in a beaker and add 2 3 pieces of
pumice stone
2. Place the beaker on a tripod stand and wire gauze.
3. Suspend a Celsius thermometer from its hook from an iron stand.
4. Heat the water on a low flame.
5. When the water starts boiling freely for a minute or two, record the temperature. Record
the temperature 3 more times after the interval of 1 minute.
6. Record your observations in a tabular form

OBSERVATION:

S/N Times in minutes Boiling point of water

1. 0 1000C

2. 1 1000C

3. 2 1000C

4. 3 1000C

RESULT:

The boiling point of water is 1000C

The boiling point of water does not change with time as long as any water is left for
boiling.
PRECAUTIONS:

Do not record the temperature in quarter or half degrees as the least count of thermometer
is 10C.

Keep the eyes in the line with the mercury thread while recording temperature.

Record the boiling point only when the mercury thread is stable at one place for 2
minutes or more.

Immerse only the bulb and not the stem of the thermometer in water. The expansion of
the stem may result in recording the wrong temperatures.
 Experiment-3
Mixture and compound
Aim:
To prepare: (a) a mixture (b) a compound,
using iron fillings and sulphur powder and distinguish between them on the basis of:
(a) Appearance
(b) Behaviour towards a magnet
(c) Effect of heat
(d) Behaviour towards carbon disulphide
Theory:
Mixtures:-When 2 or more elements combine in any proportion in a physical way, it
leads to the formation of a mixture.
Characteristicsof a mixture:-
(i) The physical properties are retained
(ii) They can be separated into their constituents by simple methods.
Compounds: When 2 or more elements combine in a fixed ratio by weight in a chemical
way the resulting product is a compound.
Characteristics of a compound:
(i) The properties of the compound are totally different from those of its constituent
elements.
(ii) The compound cannot be split into constituents by simple physical methods.

Apparatus Required:
Two watch glasses, a magnet, a hand lens, test tube rack, test tubes, pestle and mortar, a test tube
holder and a hard glass tube.

Procedure:
1. Take a small quantity of iron fillings in pestle and mortar. Add a small quantity of sulphur
powder and grind thoroughly with the pestle.
2. A mixture of iron and sulphur is formed (A).
3. Divide it in two and take one half in another hard glass tube and heat thoroughly. Iron
combines with sulphur to form a compound iron sulphide (B).

Experiment Observation Inference

a) Action with magnet: InA: Iron particles jump and Constituents of a mixture can be
Bring bar magnet near stick to the magnet. separated easily.
mixture (A) and In B: there is no change. Constituents of compounds cannot
compound (B) be separated easily.

b) Observation under InA- Grey particles of iron and Mixtures are heterogeneous.
hand lens: Observe yellow particles of sulphur are
the mixture (A) and distributed unevenly
compound(B) under InB- Only one type of black Compounds are homogenous and
hand lens (magnifying particles. the black particles are iron
glass). sulphide.
 c) Effect of heat: Take InA-The sulphur melts and
mixture A and thickens and shows a red glow
compound B and heat and forms a grey solid mass.
strongly
InB- No visible changes take
place
The mixture of iron and sulphur
reacts chemically to form iron
sulphide
No chemical change upon heating.

4. Action with carbon InA-The yellow particles of Constituents of a mixture can be

disulphide: Take sulphur dissolves and grey separated easily.
mixture A and particles of iron settles down.
compound B in
separate test tubes and InB- No dissolution take place Constituents of compounds cannot
add carbon disulphide be separated easily.
and shake well.

Precautions:

1. Heat the mixture of iron and sulphur in hard glass test tube.
2. Use minimum quantity of substance/ mixture while performing experiments
 Experiment 4

Solutions, suspension and colloid

AIM:

To prepare and compare the properties of solutions, suspensions and colloids.

THEORY:

True Solution -A solution in which the solute particles are having sizes 10-7 cm and
below that they cannot be seen even under a microscope.
Suspension A mixture of insoluble solute particles distributed throughout the solvent
and of particle size greater than 10-5 cm.
Colloidal Solution A solution in which particles are in the range of 10-5 cm to 10-7 cm
so that they are neither homogenous and transparent nor settle on the filter paper.

MATERIALS REQUIRED:

Common salt, chalk powder, starch powder, china dish, test tube rack, test tubes, funnels, filter
paper, torchor flash light

PROCEDURE:

1. To prepare a true solution

Take 2 grams of common salt in a clean test tube. Add 20 ml of distilled water in the
tube, shake it rigorously and allow it to stand in the test tube rack for 10 minutes.

2. To prepare a suspension of Chalk powder

Take about 2 grams, say a teaspoon of chalk powder in a clean test tube marked X. Add
about 20 cc (half a test tube) of distilled water in each tube. Invert the tube by closing
with your thumb and shake it rigorously and allow it to stand for 10 minutes.

3. To prepare a colloidal solution of starch

Make a paste of one teaspoon of starch with water in a watch glass. Take a china dish half
filled with water and heat it by a Bunsen burner on a tripod stand. To the boiling water,
pour the paste and stir it with a glass rod and allow it to cool.

OBSERVATION TABLE:
Comparison of the three types of Solutions 1, 2 and 3

Property Experiment 1.True solution 2.Suspension 3.Colloidal

solution
Stability Shake the The solution is The sediment of No sediment
solution clear and the chalk settles settles down and
rigorously and particles do not down and clear the solution
 allow it to stand. settle at bottom. water collects appears turbid.
above.
Filtration The solution 1, 2 No residue above The residue No sediment
& 3 are poured the filter paper remains over the remains on the
over filter papers and the filtrate is filter and clear filter paper and
kept in funnels in clear. filtrate collects in the filtrate is
different test the test tube. turbid.
tubes.
Transparency Observe the The light passes The light hardly The beam of light
contents of the through the passes through is scattered by the
test tube solution and no and no scattering colloidal particles.
horizontally from scattering occurs occurs.
the side bottom
beakers.

EXPERIMENT 5
 SEPARATION OF COMPONENTS OF A MIXTURE

AIM:
To separate the components of a mixture of sand, salt and ammonium chloride.
THEORY:
The three substances in the mixture show characteristic physical properties which help to
separate them.

Ammonium chloride on heating sublimes ( gets converted directly into vapor state), so
can be recovered in a pure state through sublimation process.

Sand does not dissolve (insoluble) in water, so can be recovered as residue on filtration of
the solution

Common salt dissolves completely (soluble) in water, so can be recovered by evaporation

of the filtrate containing dissolved salt.
MATERIALS REQUIRED:
China dish, funnels, tripod stand, wire gauze, filter paper.
PROCEDURE:
1. Separation of Ammonium Chloride:
Take the mixture in a china dish and cover it with an inverted funnel. Keep the china dish
with the inverted funnel on a wire gauze kept on a tripod stand. Heat the set up over the
bunsen burner. Fumes of ammonium chloride start evolving and solidify on the cooler
parts of the funnel. Continue heating till no more fumes are evolved. Remove the funnel
carefully. Cool and collect the sublimed ammonium chloride on a watch glass using a
spatula.
2. Separation of Sand:
The mixture remaining in the china dish contains sand and sodium chloride. Add 20 cc of
distilled water and stir with a glass rod. Common salt dissolves and sand does not. Fold a
filter paper to form a cone and place it in the funnel. Wet the filter paper inside the funnel.
Keep the funnel in a boiling tube. Pour the contents of a china dish into the funnel and
leave it undisturbed for some time. The salt solution is collected as filtrate in the boiling
tube and the sand collects as residue in the filter paper.
3. Separation of Common Salt:
Transfer the filtrate to a china dish. Keep the china dish over the wire gauze on the tripod
stand. Heat the filtrate in the china dish, using a Bunsen burner. Water evaporates leaving
common salt in the china dish.
PRECAUTIONS:

Heat concentrated solution of common salt on low flame as common salt starts spurting
on high flame because of the pressure of steam evolved, during boiling.

Place the funnel over the mixture only when dense white fumes start coming from the
mixture.

During filtration, pour the solution in the funnel slowly using glass rod.

EXPERIMENT- 6

Identify chemical and physical changes

AIM: To carry out some reactions and classify them as physical or chemical change and
identify the type of chemical reaction.

A. To study the reaction when magnesium ribbon is burnt in air and identify the type of
change.

Material required
Tongs, Magnesium ribbon, bunsen burner match box.
Procedure
Hold a piece of magnesium ribbon with tongs and introduce it into the flame of the bunsen
burner.
Observation
Magnesium on heating for a minute catches fire and burns with a white dazzling flame to
form a white powdery mass.
Inference
Magnesium combines with oxygen to form magnesium oxide.
Magnesium + oxygen Magnesium oxide + heat
It is a chemical change as it is irreversible and a new substance is formed. It is a combination
reaction.

B. To carry out the chemical reaction between iron nail and copper sulphate solution in
water and identify the change.

Materials required

Iron filings, Copper sulphate solution, test tube

Procedure:

Take some Copper sulphate solution in a test tube. Add a small quantity of iron filings to it
and keep it aside for 15 minutes.

Observations:

Copper sulphate solution is blue in colour which slowly changes to light green in colour and
a reddish brown layer is seen on the iron filings.

Inference

Iron displaces copper from copper sulphate and forms iron sulphate and copper.

Iron + copper sulphate Iron sulphate + copper.

(grey) (blue ) (pale green) (reddish brown)

 It is a chemical change as it is irreversible and new substances are formed. It is a
displacement reaction.

C. To study the action of zinc with dilute sulphuric acid and identify the change.

Materials required

Zinc granules, dilute sulphuric acid , test tube, match box .

Procedure

Take a few zinc granules in a test tube and add some dilute hydrochloric acid to it. Introduce
a burning splinter into the mouth of the test tube.

Observation

A colourless gas evolves. When a burning splinter is introduced in it, the gas burns with a
pop sound.

Inference

The gas evolved is hydrogen. Zinc displaces hydrogen from hydrochloric acid

Zinc + dilute Hydrochloric acid Zinc chloride + Hydrogen

It is a chemical change as it is irreversible and new substances are formed. It is a

displacement reaction.

D. To study the reaction between Barium chloride solution and Sodium sulphate solution
and identify the chemical reaction as double decomposition reaction.
Materials required
Barium chloride and sodium sulphate solutions, test tubes.
Procedure
Take a small quantity of sodium sulphate solution in a test tube. Add a small quantity of
Barium chloride solution to it.
Observation
A white precipitate is seen.
Inference

Barium chloride + sodium sulphate Barium sulphate + sodium chloride

(aq) (aq) (White precipitate) (aq)
 Barium sulphate formed is insoluble and forms a white precipitate.
It is a chemical change as it is irreversible and new substances are formed. It is a double
displacement reaction

E. To heat crystals of copper sulphate and identify the type of change.

Material required
Crystals of copper sulphate, hard glass tube, test tube holder, bunsen burner, match box.

Procedure
Take 2 grams of copper sulphate in a dry hard glass tube. Using a test tube holder, heat it
slowly at first and then heat it strongly.

Observation
A crackling sound is heard and the blue crystals of copper sulphate changes to white powder.
Droplets of water are seen on the inner wall of the test tube. On adding a drop of water white
powder again turns blue

Inference

Copper sulphate penta hydrate Copper sulphate + 5 H2O

Crystals of copper sulphate on heating loses the molecules of water attached to it and
changes to anhydrous copper sulphate. On adding water it again changes to blue crystals of
copper sulphate
It is a physical change as it is reversible and no new substances are formed.

Experiment-7
Law of conservation of mass
Aim:
To verify the law of conservation of mass

Theory:
Law of conservation of mass: Matter can neither be created nor destroyed in a chemical
reaction.
It means that in a chemical reaction the total mass of products is equal to the total mass of the
reactants. There is no change in mass during a chemical reaction. Hence, mass is conserved

Apparatus Required:
Conical flask, ignition tube, thread, barium chloride solution, sodium sulphate solution,
compression balance

Procedure:
1. Take a conical flask and suspend the ignition tube in the conical flask with the help of the
thread tied to its neck. Fix a rubber cork in the mouth of the flask so it holds the thread
firmly.
2. Find the mass of the apparatus by weighing on the compression balance. W1
3. Take some barium chloride solution in the conical flask. Put the some sodium sulphate
solution in the ignition tube and lower it carefully in the conical flask by holding the free
end of the thread tied to its neck. Fix the rubber cork in the mouth of the flask.
4. Find the mass of the apparatus along with the apparatus.W2
5. Remove the rubber cork from the mouth of the conical flask and drop the ignition tube
containing sodium sulphate solution in the flask. Mix the barium chloride solution with
sodium sulphate solution. Barium chloride solution reacts with the sodium sulphate
solution to form the precipitate of barium sulphate and sodium chloride solution.
6. Find the mass of the apparatus along with the products. W3

Observation:

1. Mass of apparatus + Mass of reactants, W1 = _______g

2. Mass of apparatus + mass of products, W2= ________g

Inference:
Reaction:

Barium chloride(aq) + Sodium sulphate (aq) Barium sulphate (s) + Sodium chloride(aq)
(colourless) (colourless) (white precipitate) (colourless)

Reactants Products
Mass of the reactant = ___g

Mass of the products = ___g

Mass of the reactant = Mass of reactants

_________g = _________g

Precautions:
1. Use a sensitive balance
2. Avoid spilling of chemicals during mixing
3. The ignition tube should be lowered carefully into the conical flask