Cellular Concepts

z Introduction
z Frequency reuse
z Channel assignment strategies
z Interference
z Improving capacity in cellular system

NCCU
1-1 Wireless Comm. Lab.
 Introduction

z The cellular concept was a major breakthrough in solving

the problem of spectral congestion and user capacity.

z It offered very high capacity in a limited spectrum

allocation without any major technological changes.

NCCU
1-2 Wireless Comm. Lab.
 Frequency reuse

z The use of radio channels on the same carrier

frequency to cover different areas which are separated
from one another by sufficient distance so that co-
channel interference is not objectionable.

NCCU
1-3 Wireless Comm. Lab.
 Cluster

z Consider a cellular system which has a total of S

channels available and each cell is allocated a group of
k channels(k <S).
S= k N

z The N cells which collectively use the complete set of

available frequencies is called a cluster.

NCCU
1-4 Wireless Comm. Lab.
 Co-Channel Cells

• Using “Shift parameters”(i,j) to lay out a cellular system.

•Move i cells along any

chain of hexagons ;
turn counter-
clockwise 60 degree ;
move j cells along the
chain that lies on this
newheading.

• N = i2 + ij + j 2

NCCU
Wireless Comm. Lab.
1-5
 Co-Channel Cells

N=4 Q=D/R=4.6
N=7

NCCU
Wireless Comm. Lab.
1-6
Co-Channel Cells

Q=D/R=6
N=12

NCCU
1-7 Wireless Comm. Lab.
 Co-Channel Cells

d12 = (u −u ) +(u −u )(v −v ) +(v −v )

2 1
2
2 1 2 1 2 1
2

d12:distance between two point with coordinates(u1,v1)and(u2 ,v2)

R= 1 ∗
3 u
∗
v
D = i2 + ij + j2
N = i 2 + ij + j 2
D = 3N
R
α = 60
0

∗ ∗
u , v :coordinates of
point P

NCCU
1-8 Wireless Comm. Lab.
 Co-Channel Cells

Illustration for the heuristic determination of the number of cells per cluster

NCCU
Wireless Comm. Lab.
1-9
 Co-Channel Cells

Co-channel reuse ratio: Q = D = 3 N

R
R: radius of the cell
D: the distance to the center of the nearest co-
channel cell
N: cluster size

Cluster Size (N) Co-channel Reuse Ratio

i=1 , j=1 3 3
i=1 , j=2 7 4.58
i=2 , j=2 12 6
i=1 , j=3 13 6.24

NCCU
1-10 Wireless Comm. Lab.
 Channel Assignment Strategies

z Fixed channel assignment strategy

Each cell is allocated a predetermined set of voice channels.

z Dynamic channel assignment strategy

Voice channels are not allocated to different cells
permanently.

NCCU
Wireless Comm. Lab.
1-11
 Interference

•Co-channel interference
Signal-to-interference ratio (S/I or SIR)

S= S
I io
∑ Ii
i =1

S: desired signal power

i : the number of co-channel interfering cells
o
I : the interference power caused by the ith interfering co-
i
channel base station
NCCU
Wireless Comm. Lab.
1-12
 Interference

Average received power Pr

− n
⎛ d ⎞
P = P ⎜ ⎟
r o ⎜ d ⎟
⎝ o ⎠
⎛ d ⎞
P ( dBm ) = P ( dBm ) − 10 log ⎜ ⎟
r o ⎜d ⎟
⎝ o ⎠

Pr: average received power

Po: the power received at a close-in reference point
do: distance from the transmitting antenna to the reference point
d : distance from the transmitting antenna to the considered receiver

NCCU
Wireless Comm. Lab.
1-13
 Interference

S R −n
= io
I ∑ D i
i =1
( ) − n

Di:the distance of the ith interference from the mobile

If all the interference base station are equidistant from the

desired base station and if the distance is equal to the distance
D
n
⎛ D ⎞
S
=
⎜
⎝ R ⎠
⎟
=
( 3N )
n

I io io
NCCU
1-14 Wireless Comm. Lab.
 Interference--Example

S R−4
=
I 2(D− R)−4 +(D−0.5R)−4 +(D+0.5R)−4 +(D+ R)−4 + D−4

Using co-channel reuse ratio Q

S 1
=
2 (Q + 1 ) + (Q − 1 ) (Q + 0 . 5 )4 + (Q − 0 . 5 )4
4 4
I 1
+ +
(Q 2
− 1)
4
(Q 2
− 0 . 25 )
4
Q4
S
For N = 7 → Q = 4 .6 , ≈ 49 .56 (17dB)
I
NCCU
Wireless Comm. Lab.
1-15
 Interference

z Adjacent Channel Interference

---Interference resulting from signals which

are adjacent in frequency to the desired
signals.

---It can be minimized through careful

filtering and channel assignments.

NCCU
Wireless Comm. Lab.
1-16
Interference

NCCU
Wireless Comm. Lab.
1-17
 Improving Capacity in Cellular System

z Cell splitting

A6
A5

A4
A1

NCCU
Wireless Comm. Lab.
1-18
 Improving Capacity in Cellular System

z Sectoring

NCCU
Wireless Comm. Lab.
1-19
 Improving Capacity in Cellular System

z A Novel Microcell Zone Concept

Microwave
or fiber optic
link

Zone Selector
Base
Station

Tx/Rx
Tx/Rx

Tx/Rx

NCCU
1-20 Wireless Comm. Lab.
 Reference

zW. C. Jack, ed., Microwave Mobile Communication, New

York: John Wiley, 1974.
z“Telephone Service for St. Louis Vehicles,” Bell Laboratories
Record, 24, No. 7 (July 1946), pp. 267-268.
zH. W. Nylund and R. M. Swanson, “Improved Mobile Dial
Telephone System,” IEEE Trans. Veh. Commun., 1 1963,
pp. 32-36.
z“Communication Tomorrow: Who? What? Which? Where?
Why? and How Much?” Communication; Part I (October
1972), pp. 42-45; Part II (November 1972), pp. 20-23.

NCCU
Wireless Comm. Lab.
1-20
 Reference

z“World Mobile Telecommunications,” Cambridge, Mass.:

Arthur D. Little, 1974.
z“A New Era in Mobile Communications,” Raymond Kraus,
Consulting Communications Engineers, Inc., 1976.
z“The U.S. Mobile Equipment Market,” Report No. 556, May
1978, Frost and Sullivan, Inc.
z Bell Laboratories, “High-Capacity Mobile Telephone
System-Technical Report,” (December 1971), Submitted to
the FCC.
z V. H. MacDonald, “AMPS: The Cellular Concept,”
B.S.T.J., this issue, pp. 15-41.

NCCU
Wireless Comm. Lab.
1-21
 Reference

zBell Laboratories Report, 46, No. 6 (June 1965), page 210.

zG. C. DiPiazza, A. Plitkins, and G. I. Zysman, “AMPS: The
Cellular Test Bed,” B.S.T.J., this issue, pp. 215-248.
zD. L. Huff, “AMPS: The Developmental System,” B.S.T.J.,
this issue, pp. 249-269.

NCCU
Wireless Comm. Lab.
1-22