Visualizing

Japanese Grammar

Appendix

Shoko Hamano
George Washington University

1 S. Hamano and W. Kikuchi

 Particles are divided Particles
into sentence-final
particles, clause-final Sentence-final particles
particles, topic-
related particles, listener has information; question
particles connecting
nouns to nouns, and
particles connecting
speaker has information; assurance
noun phrases to
verbs. shared information; sympathy; confirmation

All particles mark the

functions of the units
before them in
relation to some
other important party.

Sentence-final
particles connect
sentences to speakers
and listeners.

2 S. Hamano and W. Kikuchi

 Clause-final particles Particles
subordinates
secondary sentences Clause-final particles
to main sentences.
because
/ although
although
when(ever)

embeds a
question
quotation

3 S. Hamano and W. Kikuchi

 The particles wa and Particles
mo link the preceding
noun phrases to a Topic-related particles
contextual set.

indicates that the preceding item is in the contextual

set of items; old information

indicates that the preceding item is added to the

contextual set of items; addition

4 S. Hamano and W. Kikuchi

 Some particles Particles
connect noun phrases
(or nouns) to other Particles expanding noun phrases
noun phrases (or
nouns) and expand and
noun phrases.
or
connects examples
connects examples
the preceding item modifies the following item
the preceding item modifies the following item

5 S. Hamano and W. Kikuchi

 Many particles link Particles
preceding noun phrases
to predicates (like
verbs and adjectives). Particles connecting noun phrases to predicates
subject
direct object
target; recipient; point in time; non-subject participant
goal
location of an activity; means
source
up to
by
than
to the extent of
co-participant; with

6 S. Hamano and W. Kikuchi