Faculty OF Engineering

Mechanical Engineering department

Fluid Mechanics Laboratory

ENME 312

E XP 5: WATER CHANNEL A PPLICATIONS

D ISCHARGE BENEATH A SLUICE G ATE

Students name:
Mahmoud Radi 1110744
Fathi Alsheakh

Instructors
Dr. Mohammad Al Karaeen

BIRZEIT
Abstract

The main aim of this experiment is to calculate the discharge beneath a sluice gate by
finding Q which indicates the volumetric flow rate.

Sluice gates are used for controlling and changing the amount of the water entering the
channel by opening the gate with limited distance and measuring flow rates in open channels and
rivers, mainly in connection to hydro power. Sluice gate flow metering is often used to measure
the flow rate in open channels. The sluice gate is also often used to regulate or modulate the flow.

The experiment is performed by using the momentum equation to determine the force acted on the
gate on the two faces from the water before and after the gate. The main applications of the
discharge beneath the gate are the dams, which are very important in the design, the dams; because
this experiment gives an idea about the forces needed in the design. Open channel flow
experiments can be used to simulate flow in river, in a spillway, in a drainage canal or in sewer.

Objectives

To determine the change in the velocity and the volumetric flow rate that is passing beneath a
sluice gate and compare these results with the theoretical data which assumed that the
velocity disruption is uniform across the section and each fluid layer move at V thus the
velocity head indicated by the pitot tube for one layer of the fluid is assumed to be same for
every layer and so represents the kinetic energy per unit weight of fluid.
Determine flow through V- notch.
To know the characteristics of the flow through open channel.

Calculations.

To calculate velocity coefficient:

HC 208
Cv 0.961
y0 225

To calculate Coefficient of contraction :

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 y1 18
Cc 0.90
y g 20

To calculate Coefficient of discharge :

C d Cc Cv 0.90 0.961 0.865

To calculate the volume flow rate :

Q C d y g b 2 gy0 0.865 0.02 0.3 2 9.81 0.225 0.011 m 3 / s

To calculate the flow area

= 0 = 0.3 0.225 = 0.0675 2

To calculate Velocity of the stream before the sluice gate.

Q 0.011
V1 0.162 m/s
A 0.0675

To calculate Velocity After the sluice gate

V2 2 g y 0 2 9.81 0.225 2.101m / s

To calculate the resultant hydrostatic thrust

1 1
FH g ( y0 y g ) 2 998 9.81 (0.225 0.018) 2 205.720KN
2 2

To calculate the resultant gate thrust

1 y 2 Q 2 y1
Fg gy12 02 1 2 1
2 y1 b y1 y0

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 0.2152 998* 0.01052 0.018
Fg 0.5 * 998* 9.81* 0.0182 2
1 2 1 0.215 178.787KN
0.018 0.3 * 0.018

For part (2) when putting the V-notch (trial #2):

8
Q = Cd x 15 2 2 x H5/2

8 90
0.000825 = Cd 15 2 9.81 x (0.035)5/2
2

Cd = 0.94

Data and Calculations

Table 1. Cd, Q in m3/s, v in m/s and forces in KN

Table shows velocity of the stream after the Gate, Q, Fh , Fg and Cd for each situation.
Trial Cd Q(m3/s) V2(m/s) Fh(KN) Fg(KN)
1 0.865 0.011 2.101 205.720 178.787
2 0.834 0.011 1.721 77.716 56.709
3 0.783 0.011 1.534 39.651 24.437
4 0.767 0.011 1.365 17.623 5.039
5 0.750 0.011 1.253 7.832 -2.448

Table 2. Cd, Q in m3/hr and Height above v- notch in m

Table shows the discharge coefficient for each reading

Trial Q(m3/hr) H(m) Cd
1 1.45 0.021 1.647078
2 2.97 0.035 0.940764
3 8.56 0.053 0.960901
4 12.3 0.066 0.797884
5 14.97 0.087 0.486764

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 Yg/Y0 Ratio vs. Fg/Fh Ratio
1.000

0.800

0.600

0.400
FG/FH

0.200

0.000

-0.200

-0.400
0.000 0.100 0.200 0.300 0.400 0.500 0.600
YG/Y0

Fg vs. Fh
200.000
180.000
160.000
140.000
120.000
100.000
FG(KN)

80.000
60.000
40.000
20.000
0.000
-20.000
0.000 50.000 100.000 150.000 200.000 250.000
FH(KN)

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 Q2/5vs.(H)
0.14

0.12 y = 1.0943x + 0.0239

0.1

0.08
H(m3/s)

0.06

0.04

0.02

0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
H(m)

Cd vs. Q
1.8

1.6

1.4

1.2

1
Cd

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Q (m3/s)

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Discussion of results

For part (2):

- From table (1) the value of coefficient of contraction (Cc) was calculated by divided the total
depth of water after the gate over the total depth of water before the gate,and the velocity
coefficient (Cu) was calculated by taking the square root of the total head at discharge point
over the total depth of water before the gate ,also the discharge coefficient (Cd) was
calculated by multiply the coefficient of contraction with the velocity coefficient.
- From figure (1) which represents the resultant gate thrust (Fg) versus the resultant hydrostatic
thrust (FH), its obvious that the relationship between them is linear, so when the value of (Fg)
increases the value of (FH) will increase also and vice versa.
- From figure (2) which represents (Fg/FH) versus (Yg/Y0) ,the relationship between them is not
linear and the line is a polynomial of high degree, so with increasing the value of (Yg/Y0) the
value of (Fg/FH) at first will increase with increasing slope then it will reach the maximum
value then it will start decreasing with decreasing slope .
- With upstream kinetic energy neglected, the energy equation becomes

2 ( )2
0 = 1 + = 1 + ,
2 2

12

03

2 12 13
=2 2 2 3
0 0 0

Differentiate this with respect to (y1/y0) to find maximum Q at y1/y0 = 2/3

2 1 2
= 2 2
0 3 2 0

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For part (2):
2
From figure (3) which represents (Q5 ) versus head above bottom of the V-notch (H), its
2
obvious that the relationship between them is linear relationship so when the value of (Q5 ) is
increases the value of the head above bottom of the V-notch (H) will increase also, and that is
predictable because the when the flow rate increases the head of water will increase along all the
open channel and also will increase above the V-notch similarly. The slope of this line can be
used to find the discharge coefficient.

Conclusion:

In this experiment we use the water channel and the sluice gate and the V-notch to take our
measurements which are the total depth of water before and after the gate , the total head at
discharge point , the head above bottom of the V-notch and the volume flow rate these
measurements was used to calculate all the results that we have.

From the results for part (1) we can conclude that the relationship between(FH) and (Fg) is linear
so when the value of (Fg) increases the value of (FH) will increase also and vice versa ,and the
relationship between (Fg/FH) and (Yg/Y0) is not linear and the line is a polynomial of high degree,
so with increasing the value of (Yg/Y0) the value of (Fg/FH) at first will increase with increasing
slope then it will reach the maximum value then it will start decreasing with decreasing slope .

2
Another conclusion from the results for part (2) is that the relationship between(Q5 ) and
2
(H) is linear relationship so when the value of (Q5 ) is increases the value of the head above bottom
of the V-notch (H) will increase and the slope of this line can be used to find the discharge
coefficient.

The experiment could be improved if we change the position of the gate along the water
channel and also the position of the V-notch and study if that change the results that we have got
for the current positions, and to calculate the losses values to take more accurate results .another
improvement is to use another devices to measure the head pressure and thats to be more accurate.

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 When talking about the errors, we face different types of errors such as , errors in measuring
the total depth of water before and after the gate , errors in reading the head of the water above the
bottom of the V-notch ,errors in reading the water level in the tubes .

References

Frank M .White, Fluid Mechanics, Fifth edition.

Fluid Lab manual.

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