Name: Ferraris, Queen A.

Date Performed: March 9, 2015

Lacson, Dina L. Date of Submission: March 16, 2015
Regatalio, Kyle Dymer
Experiment No. 4
LE CHATELIERS PRINCIPLE
I. Introduction
One might think, is it possible for chemical that was reacted would likely to go
back, or let just say is a reaction reversible? How could you say that a reaction is
complete or are all reagents have already been reacted with each other? Is there an
effect on the equilibrium if the concentration, volume, pressure and temperature are
constantly changing? Le Chateliers principle states that if there are any changes in a
complete equilibrium or there are some disturbances in equilibrium the system would
certainly adjust itself to go to another equilibrium condition in which it could cope up
the stress outside the system. After this experiment, the experimenters would be able
to describe what equilibrium is and by using the Le Chateliers principle, effect of
changing the volume, temperature, pressure and concentration in an equilibrated
system could be determined.
II. Data and Results
A. Gaseous Equilibrium

Hot water Tap water Cold Water

NO2 Darker No changes Lighter
B. Common Ion Effect
Methyl red indicator Sodium acetate
1M CH3COOH Pink Light pink

C. Complex Ion Equilibrium.

Ferric nitrate Ammonium Potassium Disodiumhydroge
(test tube 1) thiocyanate chloride n phosphate
(test tube 2) (test tube 3) (test tube 4)
Diluted Darker Darker than Lighter than Lighter than test
mixture standard standard tube 2

D. Chromate-dichromate equilibrium
 Test tube 1 Test tube 2 Test tube 3 Test tube 4
1M NaOH No change --- Yellow ---
1M HCl --- Orange --- No change

III. Discussions
A. Gaseous Equilibrium
This part of experiment shows the equilibrium of reagents while in
gaseous state. The set of this experiment would be the reaction of copper reacted
with a concentrated nitric acid producing a NO 2 which is a reddish brown/rusty
color gas. Next the gas would be extracted from the Erlenmeyer flask using a
syringe. The syringe will be put to test by dipping it to hot, room temperature, and
cold water. The results show no reaction due to the deficiency of the equipment,
so we made some research regarding the experiment. We found out that the
nitrogen dioxide tested in a hot water shows that the equilibrium was disrupted
thus shifting its concentration and produced a darker color. On the other hand, the
cooling reaction produces much lighter color of gas due to the shifting of the
reaction. While having it in a room temperature no reaction happened.
According to Le Chatelier, the position of equilibrium will move in such a
way as to counteract the change. That means that the position of equilibrium will
move so that the pressure is reduced again. Increasing the pressure on a gas
reaction shifts the position of equilibrium towards the side with fewer molecules.
In decreasing the pressure, the equilibrium will move in such a way that the
pressure increases again. It can do that by producing more molecules. Increasing
the temperature of a system in dynamic equilibrium favours the endothermic
reaction. The system counteracts the change you have made by absorbing the
extra heat. In decreasing the temperature, the equilibrium will move in such a way
that the temperature increases again. Decreasing the temperature of a system in
dynamic equilibrium favours the exothermic reaction. The system counteracts the
change you have made by producing more heat.

2NO2 (g)
N2O4 (g)

B. Common Ion Effect

In this part of experiment, the equilibrium of common ions was observed.
The set-up of this experiment contains a 10 ml of 1M CH 3COOH measured into
an Erlenmeyer flask which was added with a methyl red indicator resulting to a
pink solution. Then a pinch of sodium acetate was added to the flask resulting to a
much lighter color. If two reactions both involve same ion then one reaction can
affect the equilibrium position of the other reaction. The ion that appears in both
reactions is the common ion. Buffers are made by combining an acid with its
conjugate base. The acetic acid contains an acetate ion. Sodium acetate ion also
contains acetate ions. Sodium acetate and acetic acid share a common ion, the
acetate ion, so the addition of sodium acetate can affect acetic acid equilibrium.

CH3COOH (aq) + H2O (l)

CH3COO-(aq) + H3O+(aq)

C. Complex Ion Equilibrium

This part of experiment deals with the complex ions in equilibrium. In this
experiment, solutions Iron (III) chloride and KSCN was diluted around 100 mL
by added water. The standard color of the diluted solution was orange. The
solution was then divided into 4 separate test tubes. Then the content of every test
tube was tested. For the first test tube, a pinch of ferric nitrate was added and it
resulted to a darker solution, evidence for the formation of more FeSCN+.For the
second test tube, a pinch of ammonium thiocyanate was added resulted into a
darker (more red) solution than the standard. This is evidence for a shift to the
right, or the formation of more of the red coloured FeSCN2+. Then for the third
test tube, a pinch potassium chloride was added. The addition of KCl resulted to a
lighter color than the standard. It causes the Fe3+ to be removed from the solution.
The decrease of Fe3+ causes the equilibrium to shift to the left. In the last test
tube, disodium hydrogen phosphate was added resulting to a solution that has a
lighter color than that of test tube B.
If a chemical reaction is at equilibrium and the concentration of a reactant
is increased, the reaction is no longer at equilibrium. In order to achieve
equilibrium once more, the extra reactant must be partly used up by turning it
(along with the other reactants) into products.
On the other hand, if a product concentration is increased, in order to
reach equilibrium some product must be turned back into reactants, so the
reaction goes backwards. If a reactant is removed, more must be formed, and a
part of the products must turn back into reactants. Finally product removal
requires more product formation. To sum up, a stress that involves an increase in a
reactant concentration or a decrease in a product concentration will cause a
reaction to "move to the right", and a decrease in a reactant concentration or an
increase in a product concentration will cause it to "move to the left"..

Molecular eq: FeCl3 (aq) + 3NH4SCN(aq)

3NH4Cl(aq) + [Fe(SCN)] (SCN)2

(aq)

Ionic: Fe+3(aq) + 3Cl-(aq) + 3NH4+ (aq) + 3SCN-(aq)

[Fe(SCN)]+2(aq)

Net-ionic: Fe3+(aq) + SCN-(aq))

FeSCN+2(aq)

D. Chromate Dichromate Equilibrium

For the last part of experiment, chromate-dichromate equilibrium was

observed. First, the color of K2CrO4 and K2CrO7 was observed. For test tube 1
and 2, approximately 1 mL of K2CrO4 was in poured and for test tube 3 and 4,
approximately 1 mL of K2CrO7. Then a drop wise of 1M of NaOH was dropped
in test tubes 1 and 3 and a drop of HCl into test tubes 2 and 4. Test tube 1 remains
the same, yellow. Test tube 2 turned from yellow to orange. Test tube 3 changed
from orange to yellow and test tube 4 remains the same. Yellow chromate and
orange dichromate are in equilibrium with each other in aqueous solution. The
more acidic the solution, the more the equilibrium is shifted to the left towards the
dichromate ion. As hydrochloric acid is added to the chromate solution, the
yellow color turns to orange. Increasing the hydrogen ion concentration is shifting
the equilibrium to the left in accordance with Le Chatelier's principle, where we
expect the reaction to try remove some of the H+ we have added by reacting with
the CrO42-, and yielding more Cr2O72- which we observe as color change. When
sodium hydroxide is added to the dichromate solution, the orange color turns back
to yellow, hydroxide ions react with hydrogen ions forming water, driving the
equilibrium to the right (OH- removes H+ ions by neutralizing them and the
system acts to counteract the change) and further shifting the color.
We can observe that the addition of hydroxide ions promotes the
conversion of dichromate to chromate.

Cr2O72- (aq) + 2OH-

2CrO42- (aq) + H2O
 H + 2CrO42-
Cr2O72- + OH-

IV. Answers to Questions

A. Gaseous Equilibrium
1. Why must the NO2 generator be operated under the fume hood? Explain

the effect of changing pressure and temperature in the 2NO2(g)

N2O4(g)

equation.
Because NO2 is a toxic gas. Increasing the pressure on a gas
reaction shifts the position of equilibrium towards the side with
fewer molecules. In decreasing the pressure, the equilibrium will
move in such a way that the pressure increases again. It can do that
by producing more molecules. The position of equilibrium moves
to the left if temperature is increased and moves to the right if
temperature is decreased. Increasing the temperature of a system in
dynamic equilibrium favours the endothermic reaction, and then
the system counteracts the change by absorbing the extra heat.
Decreasing the temperature of a system in dynamic equilibrium
favours the exothermic reaction, and then the system counteracts
the change by producing more heat.
2. Write a balanced equation for the preparation of NO2 gas from the reaction
of copper metal with the concentrated nitric acid.
2NO2(g) N2O4(g)
B. Common Ion Effect
Methyl red indicator at pH 4.2 is red violet and at pH 6.2, yellow. Explain the
color change when sodium acetate was added to acetic acid solution.
Adding sodium acetate to acetic acid solution causes the
equilibrium to shift to the left, consuming some of the
added CH3CO2 and some of the H+ ions originally present in
solution. The addition of sodium acetate produces a new
equilibrium composition, in which [H+] is less than the initial
value. Because [H+] has decreased, the pH will be higher. Thus
adding a salt of the conjugate base to a solution of a weak acid
increases the pH. This is because sodium acetate is a base, and
 adding any base to a solution of a weak acid should increase the
pH. Hence, there is a color change in the increase of pH.

C. Complex Ion Equilibrium

1. Write the equation for the formation of the deep red complex ion,
FeSCN2+.

Molecular eq: FeCl3 + 3NH4SCN(aq)

3NH4Cl(aq) +
(aq)

[Fe(SCN)]
(SCN)2 (aq)

Ionic: Fe+3(aq) + 3Cl-(aq) + 3NH4+ (aq) + 3SCN-(aq)

[Fe(SCN)]+2(aq)

Net-ionic: Fe3+(aq) + SCN-(aq))

FeSCN+2

2. What is the effect on the equilibrium when ferric ion is added? When
SCN- is added? When KCl is added? When Na2HPO4 is added? Describe
the color changes.
The addition of either Fe3+ or SCN-, causes the equilibrium to shift
to the right, or product side, causing a deepening of the color.
Adding KCl and Na2HPO4 causes Fe3+ to be removed from the
solution. Hence, the equilibrium to shift to the left, or reactant side,
which results in a lightening of the color of the solution.

D. Chromate Dichromate Equilibrium

1. Compare the color of chromate ion and dichromate ion.
Chromate is yellow while dichromate is orange.

2. Balance the reaction Cr2O72- (aq) + OH- (aq)

CrO42- (aq) + H2O

Cr2O72- (aq) + 2OH-

2CrO42- (aq) + H2O

3. What is the function of OH- in the equilibrium, Cr2O72- (aq)

CrO42-

(aq)
Adding hydroxide promotes conversion of dichromate to chromate.
4. What ion was produced when HCl was added to CrO42- ion?
Cr2O72-
 5. Balance the reaction, CrO42-(aq)
Cr2O72- (aq) equilibrium.

H(g) + 2CrO42-(aq)
Cr2O72- (aq) + OH-(aq)

6. Write the equilibrium expressions for the reversible reactions in # 2 and 5.

O H

[ Cr O 2 ]
[ K 2 ] [K 3]
K c= =
[ K 1 ]

[ K 2 ] [K 3] [ Cr O2 ] [OH ]
K c= = 2
[K 1 ] [Cr O4 ]

7. Calculate the Keq for the reversible reactions in no. 2 and 5 given the ff
data:

HCrO4-
H- + CrO42- K = 3.2 x 10-7

2HCrO4
Cr2O72- + H2O K = 34

H2O
H- + OH- K = 1 x 10-14

Cr2O72- (aq) + 2OH-(aq)

2CrO42- (aq) + H2O(l)

K eq. =3.3 X 1014

H(g) + 2CrO42-(aq)
Cr2O72- (aq) + OH-(aq)

K eq. =112.9

V. Conclusion
Some reaction undergoes complete reaction while others do not. Examples that
undergo a complete reaction are reactions that produce precipitate and reactions that
evolve some gases. While some reactions that does not exhibit properties that were
aforementioned does not go to a complete reaction instead they achieve equilibrium.
Equilibrium is achieved when there are no observable changes as time goes by. When
a chemical reaction has reached the equilibrium state, the concentrations of reactants
and products remain constant over time, and there are no visible changes in the
 system. However, there is much activity at the molecular level because reactant
molecules continue to form product molecules while product molecules react to yield
reactant molecules. As the temperature, pressure, volume, and concentration change
there is also change in the equilibrium of chemical reaction.
Therefore the previous statement agrees with the Le Chateliers principle that
states if there is a change in the system like the change in temperature, pressure,
volume, and concentration the system will readjust itself to counteract the stress of
the environment.
VI. References
Pauling, L., College Chemistry, 3rd ed., Freeman, San Fransisco, CA, 1964.
Petrucci, R., Harwood, W., Herring, F., Madura, J., General Chemistry, 9 th ed.,
Pearson, New Jersey, 1993.
Le Chateliers Principle. (2015, March 15). Retrieved from Chem Guide:
http://www.chemguide.co.uk/physical/equilibria/lechatelier.html
Chromate/Dichromate. (2015, March 15). Retrieved from Chem Toddler:
http://chem-toddler.com/chemical-equilibrium/chromatedichromate.html
VII. Appendices
D. Chromate Dichromate Equilibrium

Cr2O72- (aq) + 2OH-(aq)

2CrO42- (aq) + H2O(l)

K1 2HCrO4-
2H- + 2CrO42-

K2 Cr2O72- + H2O
2HCrO4

K3 2H- + 2OH-
2H2O

Cr2O72- + 2OH-
2CrO42- + H2O

OH

[ Cr 2O 72 ]
[ K 2 ] [K 3]
K eq. = =
[ K1]
 H-(g) + 2CrO42-(aq)
Cr2O72- (aq) + OH-(aq)

K1 2H- + 2CrO42-
2HCrO4

K2 2HCrO4
Cr2O72- + H2O

K3 H2O
H- + OH-

H- + 2CrO42-
Cr2O72- + OH-

[ K 2 ][ K 3 ] [ Cr O 2 ] [OH ] ( 34 ) (1 x 1014)
K eq = = 2
= =112.9
[ K 1 ] [ Cr O 4 ] (3.2 x 107)