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LECTURE NOTES OF WILLIAM CHEN

FIRST YEAR CALCULUS

This set of notes has been compiled over a period of more than 30 years. Some chapters were used in various
forms and on many occasions between 1981 and 1990 by the author at Imperial College, University of London.
The remaining chapters were written in Sydney.

The material has been organized in such a way to create a single volume suitable for use as an introduction to
elementary calculus.

To read the notes, click the links below for connection to the appropriate PDF files.

The material is available free to all individuals, on the understanding that it is not to be used for financial
gain, and may be downloaded and/or photocopied, with or without permission from the author. However,
the documents may not be kept on any information storage and retrieval system without permission from the
author, unless such system is not accessible to any individuals other than its owners.

Chapter 1 : THE NUMBER SYSTEM >>

The Real Numbers
The Natural Numbers
Completeness of the Real Numbers
Further Discussion on the Real Numbers
The Complex Numbers
Polar Coordinates
Finding Roots
Analytic Geometry

Chapter 2 : FUNCTIONS >>

Introduction
Composition of Functions
Real Valued Functions
OnetoOne and Onto Functions
OnetoOne and Onto Real Valued Functions

Chapter 3 : INTRODUCTION TO DERIVATIVES >>

Introduction
Stationary Points and Second Derivatives
Curve Sketching
Linearization of Error and Approximation of Derivative
Resolving Indeterminate Limits
Implicit Differentiation

Chapter 4 : SOME SPECIAL FUNCTIONS >>

Exponential Functions
The Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Derivatives of the Inverse Trigonometric Functions
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Rates of Growth of some Special Functions

Chapter 5 : APPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVES >>

Kinematics on a Line
Cost and Revenue Analysis
Modelling with Maxima and Minima
Global Maxima and Minima
Newton's Method

Chapter 6 : LIMITS OF FUNCTIONS >>

Introduction
Further Techniques
One Sided Limits
Infinite Limits
Limits at Infinity

Chapter 7 : CONTINUITY >>

Introduction
Continuity in Intervals
Continuity in Closed Intervals
An Application to Numerical Mathematics
An Application to Inequalities

Chapter 8 : DIFFERENTIATION >>

Elementary Results on Derivatives

Two Important Results on Derivatives
Consequences of the Mean Value Theorem

Chapter 9 : THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL >>

Finite Sums
An Example
The Riemann Integral
Antiderivatives
Fundamental Theorems of the Integral Calculus
Average Values of Functions
Further Discussion

Chapter 10 : TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION >>

Integration by Substitution
Integration by Parts
Trigonometric Integrals
Trigonometric Substitutions
Completing Squares
Partial Fractions

Chapter 11 : NUMERICAL INTEGRATION >>

Introduction
The Trapezium Rule
The Midpoint Rule
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Simpson's Rule
Truncation Errors
Richardson Extrapolation

Chapter 12 : APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION >>

Areas on the Plane
Volumes of Solids
Application to Modelling in Science
Application to Modelling in Economics
Application to Probability Theory
Separable Differential Equations
Exponential Growth and Decay

Chapter 13 : IMPROPER INTEGRALS >>

Introduction
Unbounded Integrands
Unbounded Intervals

Chapter 14 : ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS >>

Introduction
How Ordinary Differential Equations Arise
Some Modelling Problems

Chapter 15 : FIRST ORDER ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS >>

Introduction
Separable Variable Type
The Homogeneous Equation
The Linear Equation
Application to a Problem in Physics

Chapter 16 : SECOND ORDER LINEAR ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS >>

Introduction
The Homogeneous Case
An Analogy
The NonHomogeneous Case
The Method of Undetermined Coefficients
Lifting the Trial Functions
Further Examples
A More Systematic Approach for Particular Integrals
Initial Conditions
Summary
Application to Problems in Physics

Chapter 17 : FUNCTIONS OF TWO VARIABLES >>

Introduction
Partial Derivatives
The Differential
Directional Derivatives
The Total Derivative
Change of Variables
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Tangent Planes and Normals

Stationary Points
An Application to Ordinary Differential Equations

Chapter 18 : INTERPOLATION AND APPROXIMATION >>

Exact Fitting
Approximate Fitting
Minimax Approximation
Least Squares Approximation

Chapter 19 : SEQUENCES >>

Introduction
Special Results for Real Sequences
Recurrence Relations
Further Discussion

Chapter 20 : SERIES >>

Introduction
Some Well Known Series
Series of NonNegative Terms
Conditional Convergence
Absolute Convergence
Relationship with Integrals
Further Discussion

Chapter 21 : POWER SERIES >>

Introduction
Taylor Series
Application to Differential Equations
Further Discussion

Chapter 22 : THE BINOMIAL THEOREM >>

Finite Binomial Expansions

Infinite Binomial Expansions

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