Topic 2 OCHydraulics

Open Channel Hydraulics
Topic 2 | Uniform Flow in Open Channel
Prepared by:
Tan Lai Wai et al.
laiwai@uthm.edu.my
Learning Outcomes
At the end of this topic, students should be able to:
i. Understand the concept of uniform flow

ii. Calculate normal flow depth in variable channel sections
using Chezy and Manning equations
iii. Determine the best hydraulic/effective section of open
channel

by Tan Lai Wai et al. (laiwai@uthm.edu.my)
Open Channel Flow
Classification Classification
based on Time based on Space
Steady Unsteady Uniform Non-Uniform
GVF RVF

Uniform flow is considered to be steady only, since
unsteady uniform flow is practically does not exist.
Steady uniform flow is rare in natural streams, only
happens in prismatic channels.
We adopt / assume uniform flow for most flow
computations because uniform flow calculation is
simple, practical and provide satisfactory solution.

The 132 km long All-
American Canal links
California's Imperial
Valley to the Colorado
River. This new
concrete-lined section
saves about 3.8 million
of water a year over its
leaky earthen
forerunner.

The concrete channel of Los Angeles River (NGM, 2010)

The Klang River, Kuala Lumpur & Selangor

In uniform flow, the normal depth yo occurs when depth of water is
the same along the channel.
Normal depth yo implies that the water depth, flow area, wetted
perimeter, velocity and discharge at every section of the channel
are constant within a prismatic channel.
Thus, in uniform flow, the energy line, water surface and channel
bottom are parallel, i.e. the slopes are equal Sf = Sw = So = S.
V2
2g
yo

2.1 Velocity Distribution
Depends on the geometry of the channel and wetted boundary
roughness
Vmax
Vmax 0.2yo
Vmax
0.84 0.53
0.82 0.6yo
0.80 yo 0.52 yo
0.76
0.70 0.50 Vaverage
0.62 0.45
0.48 0.40
0.35 V
Natural channel Rectangular channel Velocity distribution

2.2 Chezy and Manning Equations
Two most common equations used in the uniform flow computations:

1 1
1. Chezy formula V CR S 2 2
o C = Chezy roughness coefficient
2 1
1 3 2
2. Manning formula V R So n = Manning roughness coefficient
n
Thus, the general uniform flow equation: V constant R x Sox

1
1 6
Difference between Chezy and Manning formulae C R
n
Factors determining the roughness are surface roughness, vegetation,

channel irregularity, channel alignment, silting and scouring,
obstruction, size and shape of channel, stage and discharge, seasonal
change, and suspended material and bed load.

Derivation of Chezy equation
The Chezy two assumptions are:

1. The force resisting the flow per unit area of the channel bed is
proportional to the square of the velocity: Ff kV 2PL
2. The effective component of the gravity force causing the flow

must be equal to the total force of resistance. This is also the
basic principle of uniform flow where uniform flow will be
developed if the resistance is balance by the gravity forces:
Fg ALsin

V2
2g
A
yo
W
Datum

p1 Wsin Ff p2 M2 M1
Since for uniform flow, p1 p2 and M1 M2

Total force of resistance is counter-balances with the
The resistance to flow is proportional to
the square of the velocity.
kV PL ALsin
2 effective component of gravity, which is acts parallel
to the channel bed.
Fr = resistance to flow (N)
kV 2PL ALSo
Aw = wetted area = PxL Fr = Force of resistance
P = wetted perimeter W = Weight of the fluid = AL
L = length of the channel = Slope angle of the bed
K = constant of proportionality
A = Specific weight of the fluid
V = mean velocity of flow
V 2
So A = Cross sectional area of the channel
k P L = Characteristic length of the channel
1
2 2
1 1
2
V R So
k
1 1
V CR S 2 2
o where C = Chezy coefficient

Activity 2.1
A rectangular channel 2.0 m wide carries water at a depth of 0.5 m.
The channel is laid on a slope of 0.0004. The Chezy coefficient is 73.6.
Compute the discharge of the channel.
Given B = 2.0 m, y = 0.5 m, So = 0.0004 and C = 73.6
A = By = 1 m2, P = B + 2y = 3 m, R = 1/3 m
Q AC RSo
1 y
Q 1 73.6 0.0004
3
B
Q 0.850 m /s 3

Activity 2.2
Water flows in a triangular channel with side slope 1.5(H) : 1(V),
bottom slope 0.0002 and Chezy coefficient of 67.4. The depth of
flow is 2.0 m. Find the flow rate and average velocity. Based on
Froude number, determine the state of flow.
Given y = 2.0 m, z = 1.5, So = 0.0002 and C = 67.4
A = zy2 = 6 m2, P = 2y = 7.211 m, R = A/P = 0.832 m, D = A/T = 6/2zy = 1 m
V C RSo
V 67.4 0.832 0.0002

1 y
V 0.869 m/s z

Q AV
Q 6 0.869
Q 5.217 m3 /s
V
Fr
gD
0.869
Fr
9.81 1
Fr 0.277 subcritical flow

Chezy resistance factor C
The following two equations can be used to determine Chezy
coefficient:
0.00155 1
23
So n
1. Ganguillet-Kutter C n = Kutter coefficient
0.00155 n
1 23
So R
87
2. Bazin C m = Bazin coefficient
m
1
R

Table 2.1a Values of Manning roughness coefficient n
Surface characteristics Range of n
(a) Lined channels with straight alignment
Concrete
i. formed, no finish 0.013 - 0.017
ii. trowel finish 0.011 - 0.015
iii. float finish 0.013 - 0.015
iv. gunite, good section 0.016 - 0.019
v. gunite, wavy section 0.018 - 0.022
Concrete bottom, float finish, sides as indicated
i. dressed stone in mortar 0.015 - 0.017
ii. random stone in mortar 0.017 - 0.020
iii. cement rubble masonry 0.020 - 0.025
iv. cement rubble masonry, plastered 0.016 - 0.020
v. dry rubble (rip-rap) 0.020 - 0.030
Tile 0.016 - 0.018
Brick 0.014 - 0.017
Table 2.1b Values of Manning roughness coefficient n
Sewers (concrete, asbestos-cement, vitrified-clay 0.012 - 0.015
pipes)
Asphalt
i. smooth 0.013
ii. rough 0.016
Concrete lined, excavated rock
i. good section 0.017 - 0.020
ii. irregular section 0.022 - 0.027
Laboratory flumes-smooth metal bed, glass or 0.009 - 0.010
perspex sides

Manning roughness coefficient n
= 0.020 - 0.022

= 0.020 - 0.022

= 0.022 - 0.024

= 0.020

Table 2.1c Values of Manning roughness coefficient n
(b) Unlined, non-erodible channels
Earth, straight and uniform
i. clean, recently completed 0.016 - 0.020
ii. clean, after weathering 0.018 - 0.025
iii. gravel, uniform section, clean 0.022 - 0.030
iv. with short grass, few weeds 0.022 - 0.033
Channels with weeds and brush, uncut
i. dense weeds, high as flow depth 0.050 - 0.120
ii. clean bottom, brush on sides 0.040 - 0.080
iii. dense weeds or aquatic plants in deep 0.030 - 0.035
channels
iv. grass, some weeds 0.025 - 0.033
Rock 0.025 - 0.045

Table 2.1d Values of Manning roughness coefficient n
(c) Natural channels
Smooth natural earth channels, free from growth, 0.020
little curvature
Earth channels, considerably covered with small 0.035
growth
Mountain streams in clean loose cobbles, rivers 0.040 - 0.050
with variable section with some vegetation on the
banks
Rivers with fairly straight alignment, obstructed 0.060 - 0.075
by small trees, very little under brush
Rivers with irregular alignment and cross-section, 0.125
covered with growth of virgin timber and
occasional patches of bushes and small trees

= 0.11

= 0.20

Grassed swale
Table 2.2 Values of Manning

roughness coefficient for
grassed swale
Surface Manning n
cover
Short grass 0.030 - 0.035
Tall grass 0.035 - 0.050

Table 2.3 Proposed values of Bazin coefficient m
Description of channel Bazin coefficient m
Very smooth cement of planed wood 0.11
Unplaned wood, concrete, or brick 0.21
Ashlar, rubble masonry, or poor brickwork 0.83
Earth channels in perfect condition 1.54
Earth channels in ordinary condition 2.36
Earth channels in rough condition 3.17

Activity 2.3
Calculate the velocity and discharge in a trapezoidal channel having a
bottom width of 20 m, side slopes 1(H) : 2(V), and a depth of water 6
m. Given Kutter's n = 0.015 and So = 0.005.
Given B = 20 m, y = 6.0 m, z = 0.5, So = 0.005 and n = 0.015
A = By + zy2 = 138 m2,

P = B + 2y = 33.42 m, 1 y
z
R = A/P = 4.13 m
B

0.00155 1
23
So n
Ganguillet-Kutter C
0.00155 n
1 23
So R
0.00155 1
23
C 0.005 0.015
1 23
0.00155 0.015

0.005 4.13
C 76.769

Chezy velocity V C RSo
V 76.769 4.13 0.005
V 11.03 m/s
Discharge Q AV
Q 138 11.03
Q 1522.14 m3 /s

Activity 2.4
Find the equivalent Bazin coefficient m for the question in Activity 2.3
and compare the Chezy coefficients obtained from Kutter n & Bazin m.
Known A = 138 m2, P = 33.42 m, R = 4.13 m
Assume that for concrete with Kutter n = 0.015, Bazin m = 0.21
87
Bazin C
m
1
R
87
C
0.21
1
4.13
C 78.852 (fromBazin) 76.769 (from Ganguillet- Kutter)

Activity 2.5
A trapezoidal channel is 10.0 m wide and has a side slope of
1.5(H) : 1(V). The bed slope is 0.0003. The channel is lined with
smooth concrete n = 0.012. Compute the mean velocity and
discharge for a depth of flow of 3.0 m.
Given B = 10 m, y = 3.0 m, z = 1.5, So = 0.0003 and n = 0.012
A = By + zy2 = 43.5 m2,

P = B + 2y 1 z 2 = 20.817 m,
R = A/P = 2.090 m
1 y
z
B

2 1
1 3 2
Manning velocity V R So
n
2 1
1
V 2.090 3 0.00032
0.012
V 2.359 m/s
Discharge Q AV
43.5 2.359
102.625 m3 /s

Activity 2.6
In the channel of Example 2.5, find the bottom slope necessary to
carry only 50 m3/s of the discharge at a depth of 3.0 m.
Given B = 10 m, y = 3.0 m, z = 1.5 and n = 0.012

and A = 43.5 m2, P = 20.817 m, R = 2.090 m
2
1 3 12
Manning discharge Q AR So
n
2 1
1
50 43.5 2.09 3 So2
0.012
So 0.0000712
So 7.12 10 5

Activity 2.7
A triangular channel with an apex angle of 75 carries a flow of
1.2 m3/s at a depth of 0.80 m. If the bed slope is 0.009, find the
roughness coefficient C and n of the channel.
Given y = 0.80 m, So = 0.009, = 75, and Q = 1.2 m3/s
75
z tan tan 0.767 1 75 y
2 2 z
and A = zy2 = 0.491 m2, P = 2y 1 z 2 = 2.017 m,
R = A/P = 0.2435 m

2
1 3 12
Using Manning equation Q AR So
n
1 2
1
1.2 0.491 0.24353 0.009 2
n
n 0.0151
1 1
Using Chezy equation Q CAR S 2 2
o
1 1
1.2 C 0.491 0.2435 0.009 2 2
C 52.197

Activity 2.8
A trapezoidal channel of bottom width 25 m and side slope
2.5(H):1(V) carries a discharge of 450 m3/s with a normal depth of
3.5 m. The elevations at the beginning and end of the channel are
685 m and 650 m, respectively. Determine the length of the
channel if n = 0.02.
Given B = 25 m, z = 2.5, yo = 3.5, n = 0.02, and Q = 450 m3/s
A = By + zy2 = 118.125 m2
P = B + 2y 1 z 2 = 43.848 m
R = A/P = 2.694 m 1 y
z
B

2
1 3 12
Manning equation, Q AR So
n
2 1
1
450 118.125 2.694 3 So2
0.02
So 0.00155
z
Manning equation, So
LH
685 650
0.00155
LH
LH 22601.13 m

2.3 Conveyance
Conveyance K of a channel section is a measure of the carrying
capacity of the channel section per unit longitudinal slope. It is
directly proportional to discharge Q.
1 1 1
1. Chezy formula Q CAR S 2 2
o K CAR 2
2 2
1 3 12 1
2. Manning formula Q AR So K AR 3
n n

2.4 Section Factor
Section factor Z in the Manning formula is AR2/3, which is a function of
the depth of flow.
2
1 3 12
In Manning formula Q AR So
n
2
Qn
Therefore, AR
3
1
S 2
o
Section factor AR2/3 is normally used to compute the normal depth yo when the
discharge Q, bottom slope So and Manning roughness coefficient n are provided.
Computation of yo could be through either direct trial-and-error computation,
based on graph, or through provided design chart.

Activity 2.9
A trapezoidal channel 5.0 m wide and having a side slope of 1.5(H) :
1(V) is laid on a slope of 0.00035. The roughness coefficient n = 0.015.
Find the normal depth for a discharge of 20 m3/s through this channel.
Given B = 5.0 m, z = 1.5, So = 0.00035, n = 0.015, and Q = 20 m3/s
A = By + zy2 = 5y + 1.5y2
P = B + 2y 1 z 2 = 5 + 2 3.25y
A 5y 1.5y 2
R
P 5 2 3.25y
1 y
z
B
2
1 3 12
Manning equation, Q AR So
n
Arranging Manning equation as a function of section factor,
2
Qn
AR 3
1
S 2
o
2
5yo 1.5yo2 20 0.015
5yo 1.5y
3
2
By trial-and-error:

o 1
5 2 3.25y o
5y
5
0.000352
o 1.5y 2 3
o
yo (m)
5y 5 2 3.25y o
5 2
1.5y 2 3 3
o o
16.036
5 2 3.25y o
2
3 1 5.391
2 19.159
Therefore, yo = 1.820 m 1.8 15.706
Open Channel Hydraulics 1.820 16.035
Graphically,
5y
5
1.5y 2 3
o o
16.036
5 2 3.25y o
2
3
Therefore, yo = 1.820 m
5y
5
o 1.5y 2 3
o 2.5
yo (m)
5 2 3.25y o
2
3
2 yo = 1.82 m
1 5.391 1.5
1.5 11.198 y o (m)
1
1.7 14.115
0.5
1.8 15.706
16.036
1.9 17.387 0
0 5 10 15 20 25
2 19.159 AR 2/3

Design Chart is available,
Rectangular (z = 0)
y y 0.37
and
B do Circular
B
0.2194
2 2
AR 3
AR 3
8
and 8
3 3
B d o
2
At the x-axis, AR 16.036
3
2
AR 3 16.036
8
8
0.2194
3 3
B 5
Intersecting at z = 1.5 of trapezoidal channel gives

y
0.37
B
y 0.37 5
Therefore, yo = 1.85 m

Design chart for lined open drain from Urban
Stormwater Management Manual for Malaysia
(Department of Irrigation and Drainage, 2000)

Activity 2.10
A concrete-lined trapezoidal channel with n = 0.015 is to have a
side slope of 1(H) : 1(V). The bottom slope is to be 0.0004. Find the
bottom width of the channel necessary to carry 100 m3/s of
discharge at a normal depth of 2.50 m.
Given yo = 2.5 m, z = 1, So = 0.0004, n = 0.015, and Q = 100 m3/s
A = By + zy2 = 2.5B + 6.25
P = B + 2y 1 z 2 = B + 7.071
A 2.5B 6.25 1 y
R
P B 7.071 z
B

Manning equation as a function of section factor,
2
Qn
AR 3
1
S 2
o
2
2.5B 6.25 100 0.015
2.5B 6.25
3

B 7.071
1
0.0004 2
5
2.5B 6.25 3
2
75
B 7.071 3
By trial-and-error, B = 16.33 m

Activity 2.11
Water flows uniformly at 10 m3/s in a rectangular channel with a base
width of 6.0 m, channel slope of 0.0001 and Manning's coefficient n =
0.013. Using trial-and-error method, find the normal depth.
Given Q = 10 m3/s, B = 6.0 m, So = 0.0001 and n = 0.013
A = By = 6y
P = B + 2y = 6 + 2y
3y
R y
3 y
B

2
Qn
AR 3
1
S 2
o
2
3y o 10 0.013
3
6y o
3 yo
1
0.00012
2
3y o 3
y o 2.167
3 yo
By trial-and-error, yo = 1.942 m

Activity 2.12
A sewer pipe of 2.0 m diameter is laid on a slope of 0.0004 with
n = 0.014. Find the depth of flow when the discharge is 2 m3/s.
D2
Area A = 2 sin2
8
Perimeter P = D
r D
2
yo

2
Qn
Manning equation: AR 3
1
S 2
o
2
2 0.014
AR 3
1
0.0004 2
2
AR 3 1.4
For design chart:
8
8
3 3
D 2
2
AR 3
8
0.2205
3
D
yo
Intersecting at circular section gives 0.6
D
yo 0.6 2 = 1.20 m
Design Chart:
Rectangular (z = 0)
y y 0.6
and
B do Circular
B
0.2205
2 2
AR 3
AR 3
8
and 8
3 3
B
d o
Simplification for Wide Rectangular Channel
yo
Wide channel: 0.02
B
y
For wide channel, o is small, therefore R yo
B
Or simply, R yo
Discharge per unit width

Normally used in rectangular channels.
Q
Discharge per unit width q or q yV
B
Unit is m3/s/m.
Activity 2.13
Water flows through a very wide channel at a rate of 2.5 m3/s/m.
The channel has a base width of 60 m, channel slope of 0.005 and
Manning's coefficient of 0.013. What is the normal depth?
Given: q = 2.5 m3/s/m, B = 60 m, So = 0.005, n = 0.013

For a wide rectangular channel, R = y
Manning equation: q yoV
2
1 3 12
q y o R So
n
5 1
1
q y o3 So2
n
5 1
1
2.5 yo3 0.0052
0.013
yo 0.6272 m
2.5 Best Hydraulic Section (Most Effective Section)
A non-erodible channel should be designed for the best hydraulic
efficiency.
Best hydraulic section gives minimum area for a given discharge.
Referring to the channel conveyance,
2
1 3
K AR
n
for a constant flow area A, the conveyance increases with increase
in hydraulic radius R or decrease in the wetted perimeter P.
Simply, Qmax, Rmax and Pmin gives best hydraulic section.

Pmin - reduces construction cost (less lining material), and
- reduces friction force.
Table. Best hydraulic sections
Cross Side Wetted Hydraulic Top width Hydraulic Section
Area A
section slope z perimeter P radius R T depth D factor Z
1 y 4 3 3 3 2.5
Trapezoid 3y 2 2 3y y y y
3 2 3 4 2
y
Rectangle - 2y2 4y 2y y 2y 2.5
2
2y y 2 2.5
Triangle 1 y2 2 2y 2y y
4 2 2
y y
Semicircle - y2 2y y y 2.5
2 2 4 4
4 2 2 8 2 y 2 8 3 2.5
Parabola - y y 2 2y y y
3 3 2 3 9

Activity 2.14
What is the best hydraulic section for a rectangular channel?
For a rectangular channel, A By

P B 2y
dP
For best hydraulic section 0
dy y
B
Let's first assume A to be constant:
A
P 2y
y
dP A
2 2
dy y
A
For best hydraulic section 2 2 0
ye
A 2ye2
A
Bye 2y 2
e P B 2ye R
P
B 2ye P 2ye 2ye 2y e2
R
P 4 ye 4ye
ye
R
2

Activity 2.15
Show that the best hydraulic trapezoidal section is one-half
of a hexagon.
For a trapezoid,
A By zy 2
P B 2y 1 z 2
1 60
dP 1
For best hydraulic section 0 z
dy 3
A
Let's first assume A and z to be constant: B zy
y

A
Substituting B P zy 2y 1 z 2
y
dP A
2 z 2 1 z2
dy y
A
For best hydraulic section 2 z 2 1 z2 0

ye
A 2 1 z 2 z ye2
A A
And, P zy 2y 1 z 2 Therefore, R
y P

P 2ye 2 1 z 2 z R

ye2 2 1 z 2 z

2y e 2 1 z 2 z
ye
R
2

If z is allowed to vary, A 2 1 z 2 z ye2
A
ye
2 1 z2 z

Substitute into P, P 2ye 2 1 z 2 z
P 2
A
2 1 z2 z
2 1 z2 z

P 2 A 2 1 z2 z
dP
When 0
dz
1
ze
3
1
When ze ,
3

P 2ye 2 1 z 2 z
P 2 3ye
P B 2y 1 z 2
B P 2y 1 z 2
2
B ye
3

A 2 1 z 2 z ye2
A 3ye2
Activity 2.16
A slightly rough brick-lined trapezoidal channel carrying a
discharge of 25.0 m3/s is to have a longitudinal slope of 0.0004.
Analyse the proportions of
(a) an efficient trapezoidal channel section having a side of

1.5(H) : 1(V),
(b) the most efficient-channel section of trapezoidal shape.
Rough brick-lined gives Manning roughness n = 0.017

(a) Fixed side slopes of 1.5(H) : 1(V),

For best hydraulic section A 2 1 z z y 2
2
e and R
ye
2
A 2.1056ye2
2
1 3 12
From Manning equation, Q AR So
n
2
1
25
1 y 3
2.1056ye2 e 0.0004 2
0.017 2
ye 2.8298 m
A By zy 2
2.1056ye2
B 1.5ye
ye 1 2.830 m
B 1.7137 m 1.5
1.714 m
(b) If the side slope is not fixed, the side slope and other channel
characteristics for most-efficient trapezoidal section are
1
ze ze 0.5774
3
ye
A 3ye2 R
2
2
1 3 12
From Manning equation, Q AR So
n 2
1
2.1056ye2 e 0.0004 2
1 y 3
25
0.017 2
ye 3.045 m
2
B ye Be 3.516 m
3 1 3.045 m
0.5774
by Tan Lai Wai et al. (laiwai@uthm.edu.my) 3.516 m
2.6 Channels of Compound Sections
Compound sections channel - channels that are composed of several
distinct subsections with each subsection different in roughness from
others.
Manning equation is applied separately to each subsection to
determine the mean velocity.
n
Q Vi Ai
i 1
Or
n 12
K i So
V i 1
A

Activity 2.17
[Final exam question, Semester I, Session 2013/2014]
A composite channel as shown is designed to convey 19.8 m3/s of
water. The channel on a longitudinal slope So = 1:2000 is to be
lined with concrete (n = 0.017). Determine the normal depth of
flow based on graphical method.
3m 2
3
4m
Assignment #2
Q1. [Final Exam Sem II, Session 2008/2009]
(a) What is conveyance factor K?
(b) Figure Q1(b) shows a compound channel and its dimensions.
The channel has bottom slope of 0.0036 and side slope of 1.5(H)
: 0.75(V). Determine the value of Chezy resistance coefficient C
and velocity of flow if flowrate is 10 m3/s.
1.5 m
0.2 m
0.5 m
Figure Q1(b)
Q1. (c) A very wide rectangular channel has a slope of 0.0004 and
Manning n = 0.02. If 2.54 m3/s/m flow is to be conveyed in this
channel, estimate the normal depth.
(d) A trapezoidal channel is to carry 18 m3/s of flowrate on a
bottom slope of 0.0009. Given that Manning's n is 0.026 and the
sides of channel are inclined 63.44 to the vertical, determine
the bottom width, depth and velocity for the best hydraulic
section.

Q2. [Final Exam Sem I, Session 2010/2011]
(a) Utilizing the concept of section factor, prove that the section in
Figure Q2(a) gives
2
4.58y 10y
Z 4.58y 2 10y
2 3
15.94
8.12y
when the discharge of the uniform flow is 33.6 m3/s, bed slope
So = 0.001 and Manning coefficient n = 0.015.
yo
yo
10 m 2 60
yo
45
2yo
Figure Q2(a)
Q2. (b) Determine the depth of flow yo of the channel if the best
hydraulic section is needed for a composite section as in Figure
Q2(b) to convey 6.5 m3/s of flow. Manning coefficient n and bed
slope are 0.015 and 0.0015, respectively.
4.5 m
y2
yo
y1
Figure Q2(b)

Q3. [Final Exam, Sem I, Session 2007/2008]
(a) Water flows at a depth of 2.5 m in a rectangular concrete
channel (n = 0.013) of width 12 m and bed slope 0.0028. Find
the velocity and rate of flow.
(b) A housing area needs a channel to convey 9.8 m3/s of runoff. A
trapezoidal channel is proposed with 3 m width and side slope
3(horizontal) : 4(vertical). If the channel is concrete-lined (n =
0.013) and bottom slope So is 1 : 2000, determine the normal
depth using graphical method.
Q4. [Final Exam, Sem I, Session 2007/2008]

(a) Prove that the most efficient cross section for triangular channel
is half of a square.
(b) A concrete-lined irrigation channel with Manning's n = 0.020 is
needed to convey 12.5 m3/s of flow. The channel has a
trapezoidal section with bottom slope So = 0.0015. Determine
the most effective size of the channel if the side slope is
restricted to 3(horizontal) : 1(vertical).
by Tan Lai Wai et al. (laiwai@uthm.edu.my) - End of Question -
Lecturers
Dr. Tan Lai Wai (laiwai@uthm.edu.my)
Dr. Mohd Adib Mohammad Razi (adib@uthm.edu.my)
Dr. Hartini Kasmin (hartini@uthm.edu.my)
Dr. Mohd. Shalahuddin Adnan (shalahudin@uthm.edu.my)
Dr. Mohd Ariff Ahmad Nazri (ariffn@uthm.edu.my)
Dr. Siti Nazahiyah Rahmat (nazahiya@uthm.edu.my)
Mdm. Zarina Md Ali (zarinaa@uthm.edu.my)
Mdm. Noor Aliza Ahmad (aliza@uthm.edu.my)

THANK YOU


Topic 2 OCHydraulics

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Open Channel Hydraulics

Topic 2 | Uniform Flow in Open Channel

i. Understand the concept of uniform flow

Open Channel Hydraulics

Steady Unsteady Uniform Non-Uniform

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Open Channel Hydraulics

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Natural channel Rectangular channel Velocity distribution

Open Channel Hydraulics

Two most common equations used in the uniform flow computations:

Thus, the general uniform flow equation: V constant R x Sox

Open Channel Hydraulics

Factors determining the roughness are surface roughness, vegetation,

Open Channel Hydraulics

The Chezy two assumptions are:

2. The effective component of the gravity force causing the flow

Open Channel Hydraulics

Open Channel Hydraulics

Since for uniform flow, p1 p2 and M1 M2

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Given B = 2.0 m, y = 0.5 m, So = 0.0004 and C = 73.6

Open Channel Hydraulics

Given y = 2.0 m, z = 1.5, So = 0.0002 and C = 67.4

A = zy2 = 6 m2, P = 2y = 7.211 m, R = A/P = 0.832 m, D = A/T = 6/2zy = 1 m

V 67.4 0.832 0.0002

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Open Channel Hydraulics

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Manning roughness coefficient n

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Manning roughness coefficient n

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Open Channel Hydraulics

Open Channel Hydraulics

Manning roughness coefficient n

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Table 2.2 Values of Manning

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Given B = 20 m, y = 6.0 m, z = 0.5, So = 0.005 and n = 0.015

A = By + zy2 = 138 m2,

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C 78.852 (fromBazin) 76.769 (from Ganguillet- Kutter)

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Given B = 10 m, y = 3.0 m, z = 1.5, So = 0.0003 and n = 0.012

A = By + zy2 = 43.5 m2,

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Open Channel Hydraulics

Given B = 10 m, y = 3.0 m, z = 1.5 and n = 0.012

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Given y = 0.80 m, So = 0.009, = 75, and Q = 1.2 m3/s

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Open Channel Hydraulics

Given B = 25 m, z = 2.5, yo = 3.5, n = 0.02, and Q = 450 m3/s

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Open Channel Hydraulics

Open Channel Hydraulics