aTC 5372

Wave Forces Acting on Rough Circular Cylinders

at High Reynolds Numbers
by Y. Kasahara, Nippon Kokan K.K.; W. Koterayama, Kyushu U.; and
K. Shimazaki, Nippon Kokan K.K.

Copyright 1987 Offshore Technology Conference

This paper was presented at the 19th Annual OTC in Houston, Texas, April 27-30, 1987. The material is subject to correction by the author. Permission
to copy is restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words.

ABSTRACT
Offshore structures consist mainly of cylinders
forces acting on rough circular
Hydrod~namic such as circular cylinders, of which the Reynolds
cylinders ln a harmonically oscillating flow at numbers are very hi gh ( 105 _10 7 ). It seems that
high Reynolds numbers were experimentally investi- the roughness effect especially at high Reynolds
gated. Especially the effects of the roughness pa- numbers should be investigated ( Ref.l ).
rameters, that is roughness height and roughness The roughness effect on a circular cylinder
density, were investigated. Two kinds of rough- in a uniform flow, was investigated first by Fage
ness height ( 5mm, 10mm ) and three kinds of rough- ( Ref.2 ) and later by Achenbach ( Ref.3, 4 ).
ness density ( 20%, 60%, 80% ) were used in the According to their results, the critical Reynolds
experiments. number decreases with increasing roughness, and
Experiments were carried out using a large the transition of boundary layers occur at lower
circular cylinder 1.2m in diameter and 1.5m in Reynolds numbers. The drag coefficients of rough
length at TSMB ( Tsu Ship Model Basin, NKK). End cylinders in the supercritical range of Reynolds
plates were set at the upper and lower ends of the numbers, is always larger than that of smooth
large cylinder to eliminate the three dimensional cyl i nders.
effects. In-line and lift forces acting on cylin- In harmonically oscillating flows, the rough-
ders were measured at Keulegan-Carpenter numbers ness effects on the hydrodynamic forces were inves-
from 6 up to 50 and at two Reynolds numbers ( tigated experimentally by Sarpkaya ( Ref.5, 6 ).
0.5X10 6 , 1.0X106 ). Experiments show that the He carried out a series of experiments with sand-
roughness has great effects on the hydrodynamic roughened cylinders, of which the relative rough-
forces even at high Reynolds numbers. The three di- ness is 0.001-0.02. He concluded that the drag,
mensional effects on hydrodynamic coefficients lift and inertia coefficients of rough cylinders
were investigated by using small cylinders. become constant for the sufficiently large values
of "roughness Reynolds numbers" and depend only on
Keulegan-Carpenter numbers and the relative rough-
ness. Matten used a more realistic roughness,
INTRODUCTI ON that is, rigid marine growth (Ref.? ). His re-
sults showed that roughness made no significant
Recently ocean development is spreading to difference to the lift force. But few exper-
the deep sea and arctic zones. Therefore, the iments were carried out at high Reynolds numbers.
high level technology is needed to design the off- The roughness effect becomes greater as the
shore structures to withstand the severe condi- marine foulings grow and occupy a large part of
tions. Hydrodynamic forces are a principal surface, but the effect of the increase in the ar-
condition of design and it is very important to es- eas covered with roughness, has not been investi-
timate the hydrodynamic forces acting on offshore gated very much. Therefore, not only roughness
structures for estimating the stability and the height but also roughness density should be adop-
workability of them. ted as a roughness parameter in experiments.
Marine foulings such as barnacles, attach to It was probable that the three dimensional ef-
the surface of offshore structures, but few off- fect on the hydrodynamic forces could not be com-
shore structures dock in order to have removed the pletely eliminated, because the aspect ratio of
foulings. Therefore, researching the effects of the cylinder was small ( L/D=1.25, L:length of cyl-
marine fouling is important to predict the inder, D:diameter ) and the end plates were not
hydrodynamic forces acting on offshore structures. large enough. Supplemental experiments were car-
ried out using small cyl1nders to lnvestlgate the
References and illustrations at end of paper. effects.
153

::~-:.:.-::~---=-::.=--'---_.
- -
 WAVE FORCES ACTING ON ROUGH CIRCULAR CYLINDERS AT HIGH REYNOLDS NUMBERS
In the present study, an attempt is made to
investigate the roughness effects on hydrodynamic
forces acting on a circular cylinder in a harmon-
ically oscillating flow. Such a large cylinder
was used in experiments to obtain high Reynolds
numbers. Roughness elements and patterns modeled
of the marine foulings attached to a ship, were
used for the purpose of investigating the realis-
tic roughness effect. As a roughness parameter,
not only roughness height but also roughness densi-
ty was adopted and four kinds of roughness pattern
were used.
EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS
The profile of the large circular cylinder
model with 1.2m diameter and 1.5m length is shown
in Fig.1. The cylinder is made of aluminum. To
prevent the three dimensional effect, the cylinder
is divided into three vertical ones and the only
forces acting on the middle cylinder, were mea-
sured by the lower and upper dynamometers. Each
of the upper and lower dummy models are 0.5m long.
The gap between the cylinders are all covered with
thin rubber sheets, besides, the model is equipped
with two rectangular end plates with 3.5m length
and 2.25m width ( Ref.8 ).
Rough circular cylinders were covered with
roughened sheets. Roughness elements were modeled
after the marine foulings attached to the bottom
of a ship for the purpose of investigating the re-
alistic roughness effect. Most of the foulings at-
tached to the ship were barnacles. The four rough
cylinders have two roughness parameters, that is
roughness height ( k=5mm, 10mm ) and roughness den-
sity ( Sk/S=20%, 60%, 80%). The roughness densi-
ty is defined as the ratio of the area covered
with roughness elements to the total surface area
of the cylinder. In the originally modeled rough-
ened sheet, the typical height of the roughness el-
ements, that is the roughness height, was about
5mm and the roughness density was about 20%. The
roughness height of the 80% roughened sheet were
twice as high as that of the original elements.
The kinds of roughness patterns are shown in Table
1 and Fig.2.
The experiments about the large circular cyl-
inder were conducted at TSMB ( Tsu Ship Model
Basin, NKK ), which is 240m long, 18m wide and 8m
deep. The cylinder was fixed to the main car-
riage, which was forced to surge harmonically by
the inputed velocity signal. The draught of the
upper end plate of the cylinder was always 0.5m.
The obtained data were recorded with the sampling
frequency of 4 Hz. Experiments were carried out
in the range of Keulegan-Carpenter numbers
Kc=6-50 ) with
6
two constant Reynolds numbers (
Re=0.5x10 and 1.0x106 ). The experiments at
Kc=6-18, Re=1.0x10 6 would not be carried out, be-
cause the acceleration of the main carriage was
limited.
The cylinder was too large for long cylinders
or large end plates to be used even in a large tow-
ing tank, such as TSMB. It was probable that the
three dimensional effect was not eliminated
completely. In a uniform flow, three dimensional
- - - - - - - - ~~~~~-~~~-~~~~------------------------
OTC 5372
effects have been widely investigated experimental-
ly, however, harmonically oscillating flows have
not. Therefore, supplemental experiments were car-
ried out by using the small model, which is a one
tenth the size of the large cylinder.
Two kinds of experimental programs, a dummy
model series and an end plate series, were conduct-
ed. In the dummy model series, the dummy model
varies in length--- 0.05m ( standard ), 0.25m,
0.5m, 1.0m but not the end plate. On the other
hand, in the end plate series, the end plate var-
ies in the length of its side, 0.35mxO.225m (
standard ), 0.45mxO.45m, 0.6mxO.6m.
All of the supplemental experiments were car-
ried out at the Experimental Tank for Sea Disaster
of Research Institute for Applied Mechanics of
Kyushu University. The small cylinders were
forced to surge harmonically by a forced surging
apparatus. The small cylinder was also divided in-
to three cylinders, and the gaps between them were
covered with thin rubber sheets. The draught of
the upper end plate was always 0.05m. The ob-
tained data were recorded on a digital data record-
er with the sampling frequency of 100Hz.
Experiments were carried out at Kc=6-26,
Re=0.9x10 5
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
(1) ANALYSIS METHOD
The analysis method is based on the so-called
Morison's equation for both large and small cylin-
ders and is shown as below. The surge motion is
written as
Y = Va 5 i nwt . . . (1)
where Ya denotes the amplitude of the motion and w
the circular frequency. The surging velocity Y
and the acceleration Vare given by
Y= wYacoswt
2
(2)
Y = -w Yas;nwt
Applying Morison's equation, the in-line force can
be expressed as
F = Fd + Fa
=-0.5pACdw.YacoswtlwYacoswtl (3)
-( p'V'Ca + M ).wz'Ya,sinwt
( where P density of the water
A Dx L
V. displacement volume of the cylinder
M actual mass of the cylinder
Cd drag coefficient
Ca added mass coefficient
Fd means the drag force and Fa the inertia
force. Fd is expanded as a Fourier series and the
first term of the series is
154
 OTC 5372
The measured in-line force
Fourier series.
Fexp = Fo +}) An'cosnwt + Bnsinnwt
Comparing Eq. (2)-(4), Cd and Ca are obtained.
Cd 3rrA 1 /(4pAw 2 Ya 2 )
In a harmonically oscillating flow, the
hydrodynamic forces on obstacles depend consider-
ably on the Keulegan-Carpenter number, besides the
Reynolds number has a great effect on those of cir-
cular cylinders ( Ref.9). The Keulegan-Carpenter
number ( Kc ) and the Reynolds number ( Re ) are
defined as
Kc ~ UmT/D = 2rrYa/D
Re :: UmD/v
where T=2rr/w,
viscosity.
(2) THREE DIMENSIONAL EFFECTS
Experiments were carried out changing the pe-
riods and amplitudes of the motion to keep the
Reynolds number constant.
The drag coefficients of the small cylinders
in the dummy model series, are shown in Fig.3.
The aspect ratio of the small cylinder, of which
the dummy length is 1.Om, is so large that the vi-
cinityof the middle cylinder is almost a two di-
mensional flow field. Drag coefficients are the
same except that of the standard model. At Kc<15,
the drag coefficients of the standard model are
larger than those of other cylinders. That is of
much interest, because the three dimensional ef-
fect usually makes drag coefficients smaller in a
uniform flow. With end plates connected both
ends, the three dimensional diffusion and transfor-
mation of vortexes become smaller and the vortexes
interfere with and intensify each other.
The drag coefficients of the end plate series
are shown in Fig.4. It is apparant that the sizes
of the end plates have a little effect on drag
forces.
The added mass coefficients of both series
are shown in Fig.5, 6. They are almost the same
values in each series.
Before conducting the experiments, it was
probable that the drag coefficients were reduced
by considerable three dimensional effects, but it
does not seem that the small aspect ratio has a
considerable effect on hydrodynamic forces in har-
monically oscillating flows. Therefore the exper-
imental results of the large cylinder were not
modified.
(3) ROUGHNESS EFFECTS
For example,
_~=-_==-- -=_._-=-_--_=-~-~_~---~-~--.==~_-_~-_-_~---~-_-::"-:"'--~~-----
_.
~.=-= -"~. o=~== . __ ~--- _ .. -- . 0" __ .-:::-
-- -- -__----=-,.-_::::',,--=...::--:;:::--'" ----:: .. --
~~;;;.:...-~--:--.:::-:::.~~.:-~~~=--'-=-~-;,-,-;, ---':::::.-~-=- -.=-=---
____--,--_- _ ==_~
_ ~-~~=c-''-='--'O----_~'~'-''- =-_--=..=:..-=--=--------=- __ -=~--~~ =--__~-'----=-"=--"__"_______:.'_:-
KASAHARA, KOTERAYAMA AND SHIMAZAKI 3
is also expanded as forces of the large smooth and rough cylinders at
Kc=12, Re=O.5X10 6 are shown in Fig.? It is
N apparant that the forces of the rough cylinder are
(5) much larger than those of the smooth one. The
n phase of the in-line force on the rough cylinder
is close to that of the drag force, because the
drag force on rough cylinders is larger than that
on smooth cylinders.
" (6) The drag coefficients of both rough and
smooth cylinders, are shown in Fig.8. Both drag
coefficients have a maximum at Kc=12. This tenden-
cy is also found at lower Reynolds numbers (
Ref.10 ). As compared with the smooth cylinder,
the maximum value of the rough cylinder is empha-
sized. At Kc=12 the drag coefficients of the
rough cylinder are 2.5-2.8 times as much as that
of the smooth cylinder. The roughness height has
a greater influence on the forces than the rough-
ness density within the range of the roughness pa-
rameter used in the experiments. The Reynolds
( 7) number does not affect the drag coefficients in
these ranges.
Added mass coefficients are shown in Fig.9.
Um=wYa and v denotes ki nemati c In contrast to the drag coefficients, added mass
coefficients have a minimum at Kc=12, which is al-
so emphasized for rough cylinders. The added mass
coefficients of rough cylinders (Sk/S=20%, 60% )
are larger than that of the smooth cylinder at the
Keulegan-Carpenter number over 30. This might be
caused by the experimental errors, because the add-
ed mass forces are very small in the range.
The maximum lift coefficients are shown in
Fig.IO. They are defined as
Cl = FYmax/(0.5.p.Um 2 .D.L) (8)
FYmax denotes the maximum lift force averaged for
four periods. It did not fluctuate in experiments
so much. Maximum lift coefficients have a maximum
near Kc= 12. The maximum lift coefficients of the
rough cylinder are 1.6-1.8 times as much as that
of the smooth cylinder. The maximum value becomes
larger as the roughness elements become larger or
the density greater. That is different from the
experimental results reported by Sarpkaya that the
maximum lift coefficients of smooth cylinders are
larger than that of rough ones ( Ref.6 ).
The maximum lift coefficients of rough and
smooth cylinders have the next peaks near
Kc=16-18, which are also shown in the experimental
data obtained by Sarpkaya ( Ref.11). Tv denoting
the period of the lift force, T/Tv becomes 3 from
2 around this range of the Keulegan-Carpenter num-
bers. Drag and added mass coefficients also change
at that range.
The periods of lift forces are shown in
Fig.11. Lift forces were expanded as a Fourier se-
ries and the period of the largest term was de-
fined as that of lift force. The periods of lift
forces were also obtained with spectral analysis,
but only little differece between them was found.
At Kc<14, the periods of lift forces Tv
equals T/2, that is two primary sets of vortexes
are shed for a period of motion. Around Kc=16-18,
Tv becomes T/3. Roughness does not affect the pe-
riods of lift forces considerably at Kc<18. T/Tv
becomes large almost in proportion to the
Keulegan-Carpenter number.
the motion, in-line and lift
155
__ ~~ """'~"""'iiiiii_iiiiiiiioo.
__~ -';;;;;;;_
-
~_o---=- __ ,-...o=:.-~~~;"~ c_ -.;:;:---:~~_~
-
_ ~--~----=-
--
-
-~-"-~=~='<-:;;:;::";:: -- ---- .. ~.~--,-;,,-.=-. -'----=-
__ -_ -- _ _ __ =-~ ~;:"'_""'''-'::'- . c,,__: :'''_=C-=-_: -- ~--=-_----,---=---,~;;;: __=-__-~,._-c--~.-
-,.:;;-"---=-C- ----::...,::-----:::-=..0...- _...- _.~~-:-:::: =~
~- ~=-~ -=--,------ ---,------ -='--=.-=-:-'------
, ----:.:..._--::-=~-c:-:--::i.~---=--=-- _-="'-"0...--- -_ --= ~~::::_=_~ ~-=:;_":_~-~-"'--~=--=?-:...-' .:...::=:'_~_=__~:_=='"'---:...,~."..;-...:---~~=-=:"~-=-=_=_ ~:.....: _
<_c::.-"_~~=-_=__ ---= - _;---=--~::_-_=_='~ __
~~~~~~"~~~--~~:c~2~~~-=i:..~~ii~~~:;__==-_-~~e_=_;~-=-=O;~-;~:'- -~ = ----=---==:c~=_o-~~?"='_~-~=-_~,_=___c=.~~~~"'=-
-
-- - -
 WAVE FORCES ACTING ON ROUGH .-
CIRCULAR CYLINDERS AT HIGH REYNOLDS NUMBERS OTC 5372
I
The Strouhal number ( St ) in a harmonically REFERENCES
oscillating flow, is defined as
(1) Garrison,G.J.:AReview of Drag and Inertia
StsD/(Um*Tv) . . . . . . . . . ...(9) Forces on Circular Cylinders, Offshore
Technology Conference, OTC 3760 (1980)
From Eq.( 7 ) and ( 9 ) T/Tv may be expressed as
(2) Fage,A. and Warsap,J.H. :The Effect of
T/Tv=St*Kc . . . . . . . . . . . (10) Turbulence and Surface Roughness on the Drag
of a Circular Cylinder, Aero. Res. Corn.,
If the periods of lift forces in a harmonically os- London, Reports and Memoranda, No.1283
cillating flow are determined by the maximum veloc- (1930)
ity and the Reynolds number is constasnt, T/Tv is
in proportion to the Keulegan-Carpenter number (3) Achenbach,E. :Influence of Surface Roughness
with the inclination of St ( Ref.12 ). At Kc<16 on the Cross-Flow around a Circular
T/Tv is independent of the Keulegan-Carpenter num- Cylinder, Journal of Fluid Mechanics,
her. That means that the period of shed vortexes VO1.46, part 2 (1971)
depends considerably on the motion in the range of
small Keulegan-Carpenter numbers. It seems that (4) Achenbach,E. and Heinecke,E.:On Vortex
the phenomenon similar to lock-in in a uniform Shedding from Smooth and Rough Cylinders in
flow occur in th that range. The inclinations of the Range of Reynolds Numbers 6X103 to
T/Tv for rough cylinders are smaller than that for 5X106, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, VO1.1O9
small cylinders. Roughness parameters do not af- (1981)
feet them clearly.
(5) Sarpkaya,T. :Vortex Shedding and Resistance
in Harmonic F1OW about Smooth and Rough
Circular Cylinders, Proceedings of an
CONCLUSIONS International Conference Boss76 (1976)

The roughness effects on hydrodynamic forces (6) Sarpkaya,T. :In-Line and Transverse Forces
acting on circular cylinders were investigated ex- on Cylinders in Oscillatory Flow at High
perimentally in a harmonically oscillating flow at Reynolds Numbers, Journal of Ship Research,
high Reynolds numbers ( Re=0.5X106, 1.0X106 ). VO1.21, No.4 (1977)

(1) The roughness has a great effect on (7) Matten,R.B. :The Influence of Surface
hydrodynamic forces even at high Reynolds Roughness upon the Drag of Circular
numbers. Around Kc=12, drag coefficients Cylinders in Waves, Offshore Technology
of rough cylinders are about 2.5-2.8 times Conference, 0TC2902 (1977)
as much as that of the smooth cylinders
and maximum lift coefficients of about (8) Bishop,R.E.D. and Hassen,A.Y.:The Lift and
1.6-1.8 times. Drag Forces on a Circular Cylinder in a
Flowing Fluid, Proc. Roy. Sot., VO1.277
(2) The difference in roughness parameters (1964)
does not have such a considerable effect
on the hydrodynamic forces, but within the (9) Keulegan,G.H. and Carpenter,L.H.:Forces on
range of the roughness parameters used, Cylinders and Plates in Oscillating Fluid,
roughness height has a greater effect on Journal of Reseach of the National Bureau of
forces than that of roughness density. Standards, VO1.60, No.5 (1958)

Supplemental experiments, which include two (10) Koterayama,W. :Wave Forces Acting on a
programs, that is a dummy model series and an end Submerged Horizontal Circular Cylinder in
plate series, were conducted by using the one Oblique Waves and on a Vertical Cylinder in
tenth model of the large cylinder to investigate Deep Waves, Ocean Engineering, VO1.7 (1980)
the three dimensional effects on hydrodynamic
forces. ( Re=0.9X105 ). The experiments show that (11) Sarpkaya,T. :Forces on Cylinders and Spheres
the drag coefficients of the circular cylinder in a Sinusoidally Oscillating Fluid,
with a small aspect ratio ( L/D ), are larger than Journal of Applied Mechanics, Transactions
those of the circular cylinder with a large one, of ASME, VO1.42, Ser.E, No.1 (1975)
and the sizes of the end plates have a little ef-
fect on the drag forces. (12) Koterayama,W.:Wave Forces Acting on a
Vertical Circular Cylinder with a Constant
Forward Velocity, Ocean Engineering,
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Vol.11, No.4 (1984)

The authors wish to express the appreciation

to Dr.N. Matsumoto and Mr.N. Kodan, NKK for valu-
able discussions. They would also like to thank
Mr.M. Nakamura and the colleagues of TSMB and
Research Institute for Applied Mechanics for their
contribution to the experiments.

---
13b
 TABLE 1CHARACTERISTICS OF ROUGHNESS MODELS

S F:Typical Roughness height

~
200 60 80 o
fi
S: Surface Area of Circular
cylinder ~
5 000
&~o~elArea of Roughness
+
10 o ~k=~~%,
~
LO
E.-
o
4&
Roughness Model
4
Surface of CircularCylinder
1 (s)-----
,//
SE
u Fig. 1Large circular cylinder model.

b
a

c d

Fig. 2Patterns of roughness models: (a) k = Iomm, Sk/S = aO%; (b) k= 5mm, SW = aO%; (c) k = 5mm, SW = 60Yo;
and (d) k=5mm, Sk/S= 20%.

157

.-
- .
--=- q_ ._a.A ._ ._ ~ ._
CD

%
0.5

Fig. 3Drag coefficients of small cylinders (dummy model series).

0.5 -

I-Ed m
01 1 ! (

10.0 20.0 30.0

Kc= Uy.T

Fig. 4Drag coefficients of smaii cylinders (end plate series).

10.0 20.0 um.T 30.0

Kc=~
Fig.5Added mass coefficients of small cylinders (dummy model series).

158
 1.0
,V
CA

lr--vbnpz
0
i!
05
-.. 1-
... ~ ~or~ Size of ErM Plate
m (B5x Bd)
m 35cm x 22.5cm
0 (Standard Model )
L

~~ ;_ Em::::
B
1 1 I
01
10.0 20.0 u~.T 30.0
KC=T

Fig. 6Added mass coefficients of small cylinders (end plate series).

3.0

Re =0.5x106, Kc=l 2
4
CD
Y
o
IMI 1
4
o 50 150
100 T [s~c.1
2
2.0-
FX
[KGFI

-2

FY
[KGFI

1.0-
2

Fig. 7Time series obtained from forced oscillation tests on large

circular cylinder6 [ smooth cylinder, -- rough cylinder
(k= 10mm, Sk/S= 80%)].
d

o~
0 10 20
,C= & j

Fig. 8Drag coefficients of smooth md rough circular cylinders.

159

..=..___..
..._=_.= ____. . . ._=_. _
~ . -=.. : ~__ _ __ .+_____
-= s-. -_ S__..=. .+. .=.

.. .. .-- .+:- .--

 U
v

1 1 1 1 I
o 10 20 30 40 50 10 20 30 40 50
Um.T Um.T
Kc=~ Kc=~

Fig. 9Added mass coefficients of smooth and rough circular cylinders.

Fig. 10Maximum lift coefficients of smooth and rough circular
cylinders.

12-
Mark E S /SRXXIOS
1

HA
Tv % 0.5
~ I& 80
I.0
Io- m
~- 5 80 0.5
,,

~560 0.5 /
8-
A,/;/
;:: //
-:-5 20 ,0
-s- Smooth 0:5
6- ,(A?
Cylinder 1,0
/
,
//

4-
.&-

2] 4

J
0 10 20 30 40 50
~c=~

Fig. 11 Periods of lift forces of smooth and rough circular cylinders.

160

.-
- .
--=- q_ ._a.A ._ ._ ~ ._