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Which implies that y(t) = t2 solves the DE. (One may easily check
that, indeed y(t) = t2 does solve the DE/IVP.
Exercises
In 1-8, solve the ODE/IVP using the Laplace Transform
1. y 00 + 4y 0 + 3y = 0, y(0) = 1, y 0 (0) = 0
2. y 00 + 4y 0 + 3y = t2 , y(0) = 1, y 0 (0) = 0
3. y 00 3y 0 + 2y = sin t, y(0) = 0, y 0 (0) = 0
4. y 00 3y 0 + 2y = et , y(0) = 1, y 0 (0) = 0
5. y 00 2y = t2 , y(0) = 1, y 0 (0) = 0
6. y 00 4y = e2t , y(0) = 0, y 0 (0) = 1
7. y 00 + 3ty 0 y = 6t, y(0) = 0, y 0 (0) = 0
8. y 00 +ty 0 3y = 2t, y(0) = 0, y 0 (0) = 1 (You will need integration
by parts or use technology)
Example 5.20 Plot the graphs of (a) u(t), (b) u(t 1), (c) u(t)
u(t 1) (d) (sin t) [u(t) u(t 1)]
158 CHAPTER 5. LAPLACE TRANSFORMS
Solution:
Note that the general plot of u(t a) u(t b), where a < b is shown
in the plot below:
Note that if
f1 (t) t0 < t < t1
f2 (t) t1 < t < t2
f (t) = .. ..
. .
f (t)
n tn1 < t
then we would express f (t) as
More generally,
Proof: By definition
Z
L[u(t a)f (t a)] = est u(t a)f (t a) dt
0
Since u(t a) = 0 for t < a, and u(t a) = 1 for t > a, this integral
becomes Z
est f (t a) dt.
a
or Z
esa esw f (w) dw = esa L[f (w)](s) = esa L[f (t)](s)
0
Substituting:
L[u(t 7)t2 ] = L[u(t 7)(t 7)2 ] + 14L[u(t 7)(t 7)] + 49L[u(t 7)]
7s 2 14 49
=e + 2 +
s3 s s
Substituting:
L[u(t 4) sin 2t] = L sin[2(t 4)] cos 8 + cos[2(t 4)] sin 8
4s 2 s
=e cos 8 2
+ sin 8 2
s +4 s +4
6
Solution: We know for F (s) = s4
that f (t) = t3 . So
4s 1 1 1 4s 6 1
L 1
e 4
= L e 4
= u(t 4)(t 4)3
s 6 s 6
and plot its graph from 0 t 3. Explain the behavior if this were a
spring-mass system and find amplitude of the steady state.
1
s2 Y (s) 1 + Y (s) = 10[es e2s ]
s
so
1 1
Y (s) = 10[es e2s ] + .
s(s2 + 1) s2 + 1
After partial fractions
s 2s A Bs + C 1
Y (s) = 10[e e ] + 2 + .
s s +1 s2 +1
we see that A = 1, B = 1, C = 0 So
s 2s 1 s 1
Y (s) = 10[e e ] 2 + 2 .
s s +1 s +1
164 CHAPTER 5. LAPLACE TRANSFORMS
Therefore
Since for t > 2, both u(t ) and u(t 2) equal 1, this will reduce
to
y(t) = 10 cos(t ) + 10 cos(t 2) + sin t
X
X
f (t) = fT (tkT ) = f (tkT ) [u(t kT ) u(t (k + 1)T )] ,
k= k=
but note that this function is not actually defined at the values of
t = 0, , 2T, ..., since the unit step functions are not defined there.
Note that if we only only care about f (t) when t > 0, then
X
X
f (t) = fT (t kT ) = f (t kT ) [u(t kT ) u(t (k + 1)T )] .
k=0 k=0
X
fe(t) = f (t kT ) [u(t kT ) u(t (k + 1)T )] .
k=0
Note that this function is actually undefined for: t = 0, T, 2T, 3T... This can
be rewritten as:
X
fe(t) = f (t) + [f (t kT ) f (t (k 1)T )] u(t kT ).
k=1
166 CHAPTER 5. LAPLACE TRANSFORMS
Example 5.27 Suppose that f (t) = t and we want to create fT (t) for
T = 2 and extend it to a periodic function fe(t). Plot the graph of fe(t)
on [0, 10] and express fe(t) in terms of unite step functions on [0, 10].
X
fe(t) = (t 2k) [u(t 2k) u(t 2(k + 1))] .
k=0
X
=t2 u(t 2k)
k=1
Solution: Since
X
fe(t) = t 2 u(t 2k)
k=1
1 X
e2ks
(s2 + 1)Y (s) = 2
s2 k=1
s
1 X
e2ks
Y (s) = 2 2 2
s (s + 1) k=1
s(s2 + 1)
X
1 1 1 s
Y (s) = 2
2 2 2 e2ks
s s +1 s s +1 k=1
so
X
y(t) = t sin(t) 2 (1 cos(t 2k))u(t 2k).
k=1
1 X
L[fe(t)] = F T (s) = F T (s) ekT s ,
1 eT s k=0
Therefore,
1
L[fe(t)] = FT (s).
1 esT
5.4. UNIT STEP FUNCTIONS AND PERIODIC FUNCTIONS 169
Note that we have a the form of the sum of an infinite geometric se-
quence, namely:
1
= 1 + esT + e2sT + ...
1 esT
So
X
L[fe(t)] = FT (s) ekT s .
k=0
Exercises
In 1-5, write the function in terms of unit step functions and take
the Laplace Transform
1 t<1
1. f (t) =
et t > 1
2.
sin t t <
f (t) =
cos t t >
3.
sin(2t) t < 2
f (t) =
0 t > 2
4.
1 0<t<2
f (t) = 2 2<t<4
6 t>4
5.
t2 0<t<2
f (t) = 8 t2 2 < t < 5
3t
e t>5
6. Solve y 00 + 2y 0 + 4y = u(t 2) u(t 3), y(0) = 0, y 0 (0) = 0.
7. Solve y 00 + 2y 0 + 4y = t2 u(t 2) t2 u(t 3), y(0) = 0, y 0 (0) = 0.
8. Solve y 00 + 2y 0 + 4y = et [u(t 2) u(t 3)], y(0) = 0, y 0 (0) = 0.
9. Graph the function f (t) = 1 u(t 1) + u(t 2) u(t 3) + ....
170 CHAPTER 5. LAPLACE TRANSFORMS