1. (a) Explain what is singlet state.

(5%)
(b) Consider a molecule with a T1 ground state and a triplet excited state. Does molecule emit
fluorescence or phosphorescence from the triplet excited state to the ground state. Give
your reasons. (10%)
(c) Determine the number of vibrational modes for a linear polyatomic molecule with N-atoms.
Justify your answers. (5%)
2. (a) Explain what is abc law. (5%)
(b) If a sample for spectrophotometric analysis is placed in a 10-cm cell, the absorbance will be
10 times greater than the absorbance in a 1-cm cell. Will the absorbance of the reagent-
blank solution also be increased by a factor of 10? Give your reasons. (5%)
3. Nitrite ion, NO2-, is used as a preservative for bacon and other foods. It has been the center
of controversy because it is potentially carcinogenic. A spectrophotonetric determination
of NO2- makes use of the following reactions:

Here is an abbreviated procedure for the determination:

Step 1. To 50.0 ml of unknown solution containing nitrite is added 1,0 ml of sulfanilic acid
solution.
Step 2. After 10 min, 2.0 ml of 1-aminonaphthalene solution and 1.0 ml of buffer are added.
Step 3. After 15 min, the absorbance is read at 520 nm in a 5.0-cm cell.
The following solutions were analyzed:
Solution A. 50.0 ml of food extract known to contain no nitrite; final absorbance = 0.153.
Solution B. 50.0 ml of food extract suspected of containing nitrite; final absorbance =
0.622.
Solution C. Same as B, but with 10.0-liter of 7.510-3 M NaNO2 added to the 50.0 ml
sample; final absorbance = 0.967.
(a) Calculate the molar absorptivity of the colored product. (10%)
(b) How many micrograms of NO2- were present in 50 ml of food extract? (20%)
4. (a) If you are extracting a substance from water into ether, is it more effective to do one
extraction with 300 ml of ether or three extractions with 100 ml? Give your reasons. (5%)
(c) A solute with a distribution constant of 4.0 is extracted from 10 ml of phase 1 into phase 2.
What is the total volume of solvent 2 needed to remove 99% of the solute in three equal
extractions? (15%)
5. Solvent passes through a column in 3.0 min but solute requires 9.0 min.
(a) Calculate the capacity factor, k'. (5%)
(b) What fraction of time is the solute in the mobile phase in the column? (10%)
(c) The volume of stationary phase is one-tenth of the volume of the mobile phase in the
column. Fine the distribution coefficient, K, for this system. (10%)
6. A chromatographic procedure separates 4.0 mg of unknown mixture on a column with a length
of 40 cm and a diameter of 0.85 cm.
(a) If the column length is kept at 40 cm long, what column diameter would you use to separate
100 mg of the same mixture? (6%)
(b) If the flow is 0.22 ml/min on the small column, what volume flow rate should be used on the
large column? (9%)