Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Sadanand Patel
HBTI-K
Layout of
Presentation
Refining (Physical/Chemical)
What is Deodorization?
Effect of Deodorization
Chemistry of Odour
Sources of Odour
Principles
Laws
Process Variables
Process Steps
Operation(Batch, Semi-continuous and Continuous)
Equipment
Effect of Deodorization on Oil Quality
Losses
Newer Developments
Utilities Consumption
Deodoriser safety
Refining
(Physical/Chemical)
OILSEEDS
Mechanical Pressing
Oil Extraction Deoiled Meal
Solvent Extraction
Crude Ol
Gums LECITHIN
Water degumming
Chemical Physical
Soapstock WDG Oil
Acid Gums Acid degumming
Alkali Neutralisation
Spent
Bleaching bleaching earth
Bleaching
Pressure
Time
Stripping
Steam
Variables
Process
Deodorization
Temperature
Temperature has its influence on deodorization because the vapour pressure is
directly proportional to it.
T Rate of removal of Volatile Substances
Short chain fatty acid deodorized at low temp and hydrogenated oil deodorized at
higher temp because of higher FFA content and distinctive odor it imparts.
Heat Bleach Effect is higher at higher temperature:
Higher Temperature is avoided because:
Insufficient thermal stability of oils
Economy of the process (high energy
consumption)
Deodorization
Pressure
Deodorization time also increases with the height of the oil in the
deodorizer, i.e., with the thickness of the oil layer that the stripping
stream has to penetrate.
External pressure of the gas adds to the Vapour pressure of volatiles in deodorizer and
speed up their removal.
Stripping agents with the lowest possible molecular weights are selected. In most
cases, steam is the best solution, but sometimes nitrogen is preferred.
Since the surface area of the oil is increased by bubble formation, the mass transfer
and consequently the distillation rate is increased.
The height of the oil in the vessel also influences the consumption of steam because the
steam has to work against the hydrostatic pressure to be able to penetrate the oil
before being sucked off or distilling off from its surface.
where S is the total moles of steam, V, is the initial molar concentration of the volatile
component in the oil, and V, is the final molar concentration of the volatile component in the
oil. When the initial FFA content is low, as in the case of a classical deodorization, (Va- Vo)
becomes so small that the equation can be simplified as follows:
The amount of gas required for deodorization is directly proportional to the amount of oil
and the absolute pressure in the deodorizer and inversely proportional to the vapour
pressure of the pure volatile component at the process temperature and the overall
vaporization efficiency E.
On the surface of the steam bubbles, the oil/steam contact must be maximized; there the
sparge gas has its lowest specific volume, equivalent to the highest relative surface area.
Athanassiadis (1991) postulated that 300,000 m3 was a minimum contact area of oil/steam
for every kilogram of gas injected to ensure good deodorization efficiency.
Process
Optimization
To achieve a proper deodorization, an optimal deodorizing temperature, operating pressure,
and amount of stripping gas are required. These are determined not only by the type and state
of the oil (chemically or physically refined), but also by the deodorizer design.
Today, most deodorizers used in the refining of soft oils operate at temperatures between
230 and 26OoC, a pressure of 3 mbar or even lower, with a stripping steam consumption of
~10 kg/ton of processed oil.
Refining chemical physical
Tocopherol retention 70 90 % 60 80 %
Source@alfalaval
Bleached Oil Unit operations of
deodorization &
Processing Steps
Degassing
Deaeration
Heating Up Heating
Stripping
Thermal action
Deodorization
Cooling
Polishing
Cooling
Polishing
Deodorized Oil
De-aeration
To avoid excessive oxidation and hence risk of polymerization.
Soft oils dissolve readily between 4 and 10% of their own volume of air and other
gases at ordinary temperature.
Solubility increase with increasing in temperature. The relation between solubility
(S) and temperature (t) can be expressed as:
The bleached oil is sprayed into a tank under reduced pressure. The lower the pressure applied,
the lower the residual oxygen in the oil. Usually the oil is heated to at least 80C and sprayed
into a tank, which is kept at a pressure of 40 mbar. Some refiners even use the low pressure of
the deodorizer or add some sparge steam in the spraying tank to improve deaeration.
Heating
It is Conducted at a temperature between 230 and 260 oC, at a pressure between 2 and 4
mbar and under injection of 0.5-2% sparging steam. From a thermodynamic point of view,
the stripping agent takes over the part of the total pressure equal to its partial pressure. As
a consequence, the vapour-liquid equilibrium is reached at a lower molar fraction, xi,
resulting in the removal of significantly more volatile substances only.
Nitrogen
- inert and non-condensable gas
- lower losses (no hydrolysis) and higher distillate quality
- more powerful vacuum system required
- profitability is very uncertain
Steam (Superheated)
- most evident choice
- Boost up the vacuum when condensed
- But support hydrolysis
The sparge gas is introduced into the oil through special steam distributors. These can be
sparge coils with very fine holes (between 0.5 and 2.5 mm) or even sintered metal pipes
Thermal action
Batch Processing
Semi-Continuous Processing
Continuous Processing
- Vertical Deodorizer
- Horizontal Deodorizer
Horizontal deodorizer
Continuous
Processing
Vertical deodorizer
Steam
SoftColumn
column
Packed column technology
(Alfalaval Soft column)
Cooling
High pressure water
Steam
steam boiler
Deaerator Cooling
water
Steam Acid oil
Economizer
Polishing
Cooler
Heater filters
Steam
Citric acid
Oil in Oil out
Inlet
filters
Steam
Packed column technology Continuous
(Crown Works, MaxEfficiency Processing
Deodorizing System)
Equipment
Scrubber
Single Scrubber
Double Scrubber
Stripping Column
Horizontal Column
Vertical Column
Vacuum System
Ejector Booster
Ice Condensation
Scrubber
The pre-treated and heated oil flows either by gravity or under pressure from the final
heater to the distributor on the top of the column. The distributor spreads the oil evenly
over the cross-section of the column. This oil then trickles down the structured packing,
flowing as a thin layer on this extended surface until it reaches the bottom of the column.
It then continues to the next process step. The counter current flow of the steam is
achieved via a steam distributor installed in the bottom of the column or from another
source. The oil in the column meets the stripping steam in a counter current flow.
The column is under vacuum, so exposing the oil to the vacuum at a high temperature
removes volatile substances and the steam carries them out to the vacuum outlet at the
top of the column. The height of the column is a function of the number of desired
distillation steps.
Horizontal
Column
Vertical
Column
Effect of Deodorization
on Quality of Oil
Losses in
Losses by evaporation Deodorization
FFA are among the most easily
evaporated materials in fats and oils.
Normally reduced to below 0.03%
by deodorization.
Losses by entrainment
Sterols, tocopherols and other
unsaponifiable matter may make up Deodoriser distillate always contains
a large portion of the fatty matter a certain amount of neutral oil
are distilled from the oil. which has been mechanically
entrained from the oil.
Mono- and diglycerides which have
been produced during refining, as Mechanical entrainment (carryover)
they have a lower molecular weight. of oil by stripping steam is the main
unwanted loss in deodorization.
Newer
Developments
Thin Film
Technology
The first plant for large scale (250 MT/d) thin film seed oil deodorization was
started in 1996.
It had been known for some time that thin-film stripping theoretically had
considerable advantages over tray stripping. Because the steam passes over a very
thin oil film in a true counter-current operation, the contact between steam and oil
is optimized.
The surface area of the oil can be further increased by a special design of the
packed column. Other means to enhance mass transfer are eddy currents caused
by wall heat transfer in the falling film design or centrifugal action if rotating disks
are used.
9 m3 at T 6C
Cooling Water (30C) 4 m3 at T 6 TC with ice condensation
The deodoriser is operated at the highest temperature of the refining plant. The oil is
kept under non-combustible conditions, due to the absence of air in the deodoriser. A
fire hazard is possible when air is entrained in the deodoriser at high temperature.
The following preventative measures should be used to avoid this situation:
The high-pressure boiler develops up to 90 bar pressure. Its condition and safety
system integrity must be periodically checked.