Joints Location
Manubriosternal joint
Xiphisternal joint
Joints of the heads of the ribs Thoracic region
Joints of the tubercles of the
ribs
Costochondral joints
Lumbosacral joint
Sacroiliac joint
Sternoclavicular joint
Acromiaclavicular joint
Bones involved Type of movements
Thoracic region 1. Manubrium
2. body of the sternum
Opposite the body of 1. Body of the sternum
T9 2. xiphoid process
* 1st,10th-12th ribs & their
corresponding vertebral body
* 2nd-9th ribs to their
corresponding vertebral body
Thoracic region 1. Tubercle of the rib
2. transverse process of the
corresponding vertebra
Thoracic region ???
Pelvis L5 & base of the sacrum
Pelvis 1. Sacrum
2. ilium bones
Pectoral girdle 1. Manubrium sterni
2. sternal end of clavicle
3. 1st costal cartilage
Pectoral girdle 1. Acromion of scapula
2. lateral end of the clavicle
Classification Ligaments
Small amount of angular fibrocartilaginous
movement during respiration
cartilaginous
* 1 synovial joint
* Synovial joint on the
body of their
corresponding vertebra &
that of the vertebra above
Synovial joint
No movement! cartilaginous
Synovial * posterior & interosseous sacroiliac ligaments
- support the sacrum between the 2 iliac bones
* rotatory movement is prevented * anterior sacroiliac ligament is thin
by ------------------- ---------------------- * sacrotuberous & sacrospinous ligaments
* small but limited amount of * iliolumbar ligament - connects the tip of transverse
movement process of L5 to the iliac crest
* Forward & backward movement Synovial * strong sternoclavicular ligaments
of clavicle in the medial double-plane joint * costoclavicular ligament (accessory)
compartment - runs from the junction of the 1st rib with the 5th costal
* Elevation & depression of the cartilage to the inferior surface of the sternal end of the
clavicle in the lateral clavicle
compartment
Gliding movement `when scapula Synovial plane joint * superior & inferior acromioclavicular ligaments -
rotates or when the clavicle is reinforce the capsule
elevated or depressed * coracoclavicular ligament (accessory)
- extends from the coracoid process to the undersurface of
the clavicle
- suspend the weight of scapula & upper limb from
clavicle
Shoulder joint Pectoral girdle 1. rounded head of humerus Flexion, extension, Synovial * glenohumeral ligaments
2. shallow, pear-shaped glenoid Adduction, abduction, ball-&-socket - 3 weak bands of fibrous tissue that strengthen the front
cavity of scapula Lateral & medial rotation, of the capsule
Circumduction * transverse humeral ligament
- bridges the gap between the 2 tuberosities
* coracohumeral ligament
- strengthen the capsule above & stretches from the root
of the coracoid process to the greater tuberosity of the
humerus
* coracoacromial ligament (accessory)
- protect the superior aspect of the joint
Elbow joint Upper limb 1. Trochlea & capitulum of Flexion, extension Synovial hinge joint * lateral ligament - triangular
humerus - attached by its apex to the lateral epicondyle of the
2. trochlear notch of ulna humerus & by the base to the upper margin of the anular
3. head of radius ligament
* medial ligament
- triangular & consists of 3 strong bands
Proximal radioulnar joint Upper limb 1. Circumference of the head of Pronation & supination of forearmSynovial pivot joint * anular ligament
(superior) radius - attached to the anterior & posterior margins of the radial
2. radial notch of ulna notch on the ulna
- forms a collar around the head of the radius
- continuous above with the capsule of elbow joint
- not attached to the radius
Distal radioulnar joint Upper limb 1. Rounded head of ulna Pronation & supination Synovial pivot joint * weak anterior & posterior ligaments
(inferior) 2. ulnar notch of radius - strengthen the capsule
Wrist joint Upper limb 1. Distal end of radius Flexion, extension, Synovial ellipsoid joint * anterior & posterior ligaments
(radiocarpal joint) 2. Articular disc above Adduction, abduction, - strengthen the capsule
Scaphoid, lunate, triquetral Circumduction * medial ligament - attached to the styloid process of ulna
bone (ROTATION IS IMPOSSIBLE) & to the triquetral bone
* lateral ligament - attached to the styloid process of
radius & to the scaphoid bone
Intercarpal joints Hand - between individual bones of Small amount of gliding Synovial plane joint * strong anterior, posterior & interosseous ligaments
distal row of the carpus
Midcarpal joint - between the proximal & distal
rows of carpal bones
carpometacarpal joint Thumb 1. Trapezium Small amount of gliding, Synovial * anterior, posterior & interosseous ligaments
2. Saddle-shaped base of the 1st Flexion, extension, Saddle-shaped joint
metacarpal bone Adduction, abduction,
Rotation (opposition)
Metacarpophalangeal joints
Interphalangeal joints
Hip joint
Knee joint
Proximal tibiofibular joint
(superior)
Hand & fingers 1. Heads of the metacarpal Small amount of gliding, Synovial condyloid joint * anterior, posterior & interosseous ligaments
bones Flexion, extension, * palmar ligaments
2. Bases of the proximal Adduction, abduction - strong & contain some fibrocartilage
phalanges - filmly attached to the phalanx but less so to the
metacarpal bone
* deep transverse metacarpal ligaments
- hold the heads of the metacarpal bones together
* collateral ligaments - cord-like bands present on each
side of the joints
- taut when flexed & lax when extend
Fingers Synovial hinge joints
Pelvis 1. Hemispherical head of the Flexion, extension, Synovial * iliofemoral ligament
femur Adduction, abduction, Ball-&-socket joint - strong, inverted Y-shaped
2. Cup-shaped acetabular of the Lateral & medial rotation, - prevents overextension during standing
hip bone Circumduction * pubofemoral ligament - triangular
- limits extension & abduction
* ischiofemoral ligament - spiral-shaped
- limits extension
* transverse acetabular ligament
- bridges the acetabular notch
- converts the notch into a tunnel through which the blood
vessels & nerves enter the joint
* ligament of the head of the femur
- flat & triangular
Lower limb 1. a. Rounded condyles of the (some degree of rotatory is * Synovial joint of hinge EXTRACAPSULAR
femur - above possible) --------------------- variety (femur & tibia) * Ligamentum patellae
b. Condyles of the tibia & Flexion, extension * synovial joint of the * lateral collateral ligament
their cartilaginous menisci Medial & lateral rotation plane gliding variety * medial collateral ligament - flat band
- below (femur & patella) * oblique popliteal ligament - tendinous expansion
2. a. Lower end of the femur - strengthens the posterior aspect of the capsule
b. patella - in front INTRACAPSULAR
* cruciate ligaments - main bond between the femur &
tibia throughout the joints range of movement
anterior cruciate -- prevents posterior displacement of the
femur on the tibia
-- prevents the tibia from being pulled anteriorly
Posterior cruciate -- prevents anterior displacement of the
femur on the tibia
-- prevents the tibia from being pulled posteriorly
Menisci -- C-shaped sheets of fibrocartilage
-- deepen the articular surfaces of the tibial condyles to
receive the convex femoral condyles
-- serve as cushions between the 2 bones
Lower limb 1. Lateral condyle of tibia Small amount of gliding during Synovial plane gliding * anterior & posterior ligaments
2. Head of fibula movements at the ankle joint joint - strengthen the capsule
* interosseous membrane - connects the shafts of tibia &
fibula together; greatly strengthens the joint
Distal tibiofibular joint
(inferior)
Ankle joint
Subtalar joint
Talocalcaneonavicular joint
Calcaneocuboid joint
Cuneonavicular joint
Cuboideonavicular
Intercuneiform &
cuneocuboid joints
Tarsometatarsal &
intermetatarsal joints
Metatarsophalangeal &
interphalangeal joints
Temporomandibular joint
Lower limb 1. Fibular notch at the lower end Small amount of movement
of tibia
2. Lower end of fibula
Lower limb 1. Lower end of tibia
2. The 2 malleoli
3. Body of the talus
Tarsals 1. Inferior surface of the body
of Talus
2. Facet on the middle of the
upper surface of Calcaneum
Tarsals 1. Rounded head of the talus
2. Upper surface of the
sustentaculum tali
3. Posterior concave surface of
navicular
Tarsals 1. Anterior end of he calcaneum Eversion & inversion
2. Posterior surface of the
cuboid
Tarsals 1. (3) cuneiform bones
2. Navicular bone
Tarsals 1. Cuboid
2. Navicular
Tarsals
big toe
foot
Head & neck 1. Articular tubercle
2. Anterior portion of the
mandibular fossa of the
temporal bone - above
3. Head (condyloid process) of
the mandible - below
during movements at the ankle
joint
Dorsiflexion
Plantar flexion
Gliding
Rotatory movement
Eversion & inversion
Gliding
Rotatory movement
Eversion & inversion
Adduction, abduction
Depression, elevation,
Protrusion, retraction,
Rotation (Lateral chewing)
of the mandible
Fibrous joint * interosseous ligament - strong, thick band of fibrous
tissue
* anterior & posterior ligaments
* inferior transverse ligaments
Synovial hinge joint * medial or deltoid ligament
* lateral ligament - weaker & consists of 3 bands
* anterior talofibular ligament
* calcaneofibular ligament
* posterior talofibular ligament
Synovial plane joint * medial & lateral (talocalcaneal) ligaments
- strengthen the capule
* interosseous (talocalcaneal) ligament - strong & main
bond of union the 2 bones
Synovial joint * plantar calcaneonavicular ligament -
Synovial plane joint * bifurcated ligament
* long plantar ligament
* short plantar ligament
Synovial joint of gliding * dorsal & plantar ligaments
variety
Fibrous joint * dorsal, plantar & interosseous ligaments
Synovial plane joint * dorsal, plantar & interosseous ligaments
Synovial plane joint * dorsal, plantar & interosseous ligaments
* deep transverse ligaments
Synovial joint * lateral temporomandibular ligament
- strengthens the lateral aspect of the capsule
- limits the movement of mandible in a posterior direction
& protects external auditory meatus
* sphenomandibular ligament - thin band
- lies on medial side of the joint
- represents the remains of the 1st pharyngeal arch
* stylomandibular ligament
* articular disc - oval plate of fibrocartilage
- divides the joint into upper & lower cavities
Atlanto-occipital joint Head & neck 1. Facets on the superior surface Flexion, extension Synovial joint * anterior atlanto-occipital membrane
of the lateral masses of atlas Lateral flexion * posterior atlanto-occipital membrane
2. Occipital condyles (no rotation!)

Atlanto-axial joint Head & neck 1. Upper surface of atlas Extensive rotation of the atlas & 3 Synovial joints * apical ligament
2. Axis thus of the head on the axis * alar ligaments
* cruciate ligament
* membrana tectoria
Joints of the vertebral column Vertebral column Mobile vertebrae - Cartilaginous joints
below the axis except atlas & axis between the bodies
- synovial joints between
the articular processes

Joints between 2 vertebral Upper & lower bodies of Fibrocartilaginous joint * anterior & posterior longitudinal ligaments
bodies adjacent vertebrae
Joints between 2 vertebral Superior & inferior articular Synovial joints * supraspinous ligament
arches processes of adjacent vertebrae - between tips of adjacent spines
* interspinous ligament - connects adjacent spines
* intertransverse ligaments
- between adjacent transverse process
* Ligamentum flavum
- connects the laminae of adjacent vertebrae