Annotated Bibliography

Beckman, H., & Frankel, R. (1984). The Effect of Physician Behavior on the Collection of Data.

Retrieved April 19, 2017, from http://annals.org/aim/article/699136/effect-physician-

behavior-collection-data

This source discusses the effects of physician's role in asking and developing the patient's

concerns during a clinical encounter. A study of 74 office visits was recorded, and it was

found that in only 17 of the visits the patient was allowed to complete their opening

sentence of concerns. In 51 of the visits the physician interrupted and directed questions

toward a specific concern, and in only 1 of these 51 visits was the patient allowed to

complete the opening statement. In six return visits, no questions were asked by the

physician. This study was able to show that the physicians style of communication plays

a crucial role in gathering information from a patient and getting an accurate diagnosis.

This source refers to a scientific study conducted on 74 office visits to find a correlation

between physician communication strategies and patient satisfaction. The data recorded is

objective and non-biased. The authors and conductors of the study are both professors at

a medical school. Howard B. Beckman, M.D. is a professor at the University of

Rochester Medical Center, and Richard M. Frankel, Ph. D. is a professor at the University

of Indiana School of Medicine. Both of the experimenters have lengthy backgrounds in

Health Services and Outcome Research, making the data in this source reliable and

credible.

Beckman and Frankels research is useful for my argument because it gives statistics and

percentages to support my opinion that there needs to be better communication training

for medical professionals. I will mostly use the percentages and numbers the source

provides to support my argument in my letter. This source makes my argument stronger

 because it gives factual, indisputable evidence that this area of healthcare needs major

improvement for the sake of all patients health.

Nussbaum, J. F., Parrott, R., & Thompson, T. L. (2011). The Routledge handbook of health

communication. New York: Routledge.

This source gives the background information of patient-provider communication

research for the past 30 years. It is also gives a thorough history of what has been taught

in the past to healthcare professionals regarding communication, and the progress that has

been made throughout the years. It states that there is a desire to move away from a

paternalistic biomedical model of communication with patients to a patient-centered

biopsychosocial model. The source contains multiple charts that depict their findings

regarding past communication training.

This source is credible because it contains research from past communication training and

more unbiased, factual statistics. The source does acknowledge that there is no way to

cover all types of healthcare professional communication, so they stick solely to doctors

for their research. The authors of this source, Stefne Lenzemier Broz and Donald J.

Cegala, both have Ph. D.s and began their study of effective communication at Ohio

State University. Lenzemier Broz is now a communication professor at Wittenberg

University, and Cegala remains at Ohio State University specializing in family medicine

and communication. Their experience and backgrounds in the field of communication

and medicine make this a credible source.

This source is useful for my research because it gives the background of past

communication training and provides a foundation for my argument. It also provides

more research to support my argument that communication strategies being taught now

are unorganized, and somewhat unprofessional. In the book, the author refers to the need
 to move to a patient-centered form of communication which is the main focus of my

argument. I will use the statistics from the charts and the fact that the authors were unable

to find much transparency in what was being taught to support my point of view.

Smith, R.C. (2002). Patient-centered interviewing: An evidence-based method (Tape 1). East

Lansing, MI: Instructional Media Center, Michigan State University, from

http://patcom.jcomm.ohio-state.edu

This source describes evidence to support the switch to a patient-centered interviewing

style. It is a step-by-step process to guide healthcare professionals to have more efficient

communication with their patients. It describes the need for doctors to be educated better

regarding foundation interviewing skills in order to fully understand the patient-centered

interviewing process. Also, the source acknowledges that medical education has come a

long way in the past 20 years, but education involved with communicating with patients

is lacking. This means that the need for an overall objective form of communication, such

as the patient-centered interviewing style, is needed in order for proper treatments and

diagnoses to be made.

This source describes Dr. Robert Smiths research regarding the patient-centered

interviewing style. Dr. Smith has devoted most of his professional career to teaching and

scholarship about the medical interview. Smith is currently a professor at Michigan State

University, and the faculty acknowledges that he and his colleagues were the first to

systematize and define the patient centered interview. This source is credible because of

the research and evidence provided, and Smiths research is also known as being among

the most comprehensive, wise, practical, and scientifically valid.

Dr. Smiths findings are useful for my argument because it provides scientific evidence

that a patient-centered communication style is more effective than other styles being
 taught in medical schools. It introduces the need for all medical students to have a basic

framework of communication skills in order to learn this new style of interviewing. The

step-by-step process is explained in the source and gives details about how to be most

effective in each step. The information is detailed and supports my argument that medical

schools should start teaching an objective style of communication, specifically the

patient-centered interviewing style.

Cegala, D.J. (2005). The First Three Minutes. In Ray, E. B. Editor, Health communication in

practice. [electronic resource]: a case study approach. pp 28-738793. Mahwah, NJ:

Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.