SSI 3013 INFORMATION AND TECHNOLOGY IN SCIENCES

SEMESTER II

2016/2017

Tittle: Data Logger (Problem Based Learning: Endothermic and

Exothermic)

NAME Nur Afifah binti Khalid AT 16 (D20151070954)

Ong Suu Wan AT16 (D20151070971)
Nurul Syafiqah binti Arifin AT16 (D20151070981)

Lecture En Azmi bin Ibrahim

Group A

1.0 Introduction
1.1 Data Logger
In sciences laboratories or healthcare laboratories, several experiments and tests are carried
out for specific purpose. For example, testing hypothesis of scientific theory ( observing and
measuring the change of physical and chemical parameter), in transportation of vaccines,
blood products, organs and medical equipment; and for medical storage in fridges, freezer
and culture rooms. sterilization processes, cryogenic applications, and environmental
controls.

Instead of using traditional method to measure the physical or chemical change of the subject,
data logger can an alternative useful device.

What is data logger? Data logger is an electronic device that records data over time or in
relation to location either with a built in instrument or sensor or via external instruments and
sensors. It can act as a unit of multifunctional device or connected to computer which
captures and stores data. This technology includes several data capturing equipment such as
plug-in boards. They also include data acquisition devices such as serial communication
systems that utilize a main computer. The main computer acts as a real time data recording
system.

Instruments

Different data
logger take different measurements which
include: air temperature, relative humidity, AC/DC current and voltage, differential pressure,
time-of-use (lights, motors, etc.), light intensity, water temperature, water level, dissolved
oxygen, soil moisture, rainfall, wind speed and direction, leaf wetness, pulse signals, room
occupancy, plug load, and many more.

Structure of data logger generally composed of typically compact, battery-powered devices

with an internal microprocessor, data storage, and one or more sensors. A data logger may be
a single-unit, stand-alone device with internal sensors, which fits in the palm of a hand, or it
may be a multi-channel data collection instrument equipped with one or more external
sensors.
From the information obtained from internet, there are four main types of data
loggers are: stand-alone data loggers, web-based data logging systems, wireless data nodes,
and Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) data loggers.

Stand-alone USB data loggers are compact, reusable, and portable, and offer low cost
and easy setup and deployment. Internal-sensor models are used for monitoring at the
logger location, while external-sensor models (with flexible input channels for a range
of external sensors) can be used for monitoring at some distance from the logger.
Most stand-alone loggers communicate with a computer via a USB interface. For
greater convenience, a data shuttle device can be used to offload data from the logger
for transport back to a computer.

Web-based data logging systems enable remote, around-the-clock Internet-

based access to data via GSM cellular, WI-FI, or Ethernet communications. These
systems can be configured with a variety of external plug-in sensors and transmit
collected data to a secure web server for accessing the data.

Wireless data nodes transmit real-time data from dozens of points to a central
computer, eliminating the need to manually retrieve and offload data from individual
data loggers.

Bluetooth Low Energy data loggers measure and transmit data wirelessly to mobile
devices over a 100-foot range.

1.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Data Loggers

a) Advantages

For our information, data logger has many benefits to students and teachers in learning
process especially during an experiment. Data logger and sensors used in experiment can
motivate and increase interest of students and teachers to learn and teach in sciences. This is
because data loggers can automatically record and help in analysis data by produce graphs
according to the experiments and program setting. In the other words, data logger help
students to build their confidents to student during the experiment by limiting mistakes in
reading the results as data logger detected the measurement. For example, students will
misread the temperature easily using the scale on a thermometer. By using data logger, we
can read the scale of the equipment correctly and accurately. Unlike human, the
computer will not forget to take reading, sensor in data logger will take the measurement of
reading according to the time setting and conduct no parallax errors in measuring the results.
Besides, it is also positive to note that the teachers felt that the use of sensors allowed
learning for students at their own pace and speed, which would allow for better education in
classes where there are more advanced students alongside students who require more time to
learn difficult concepts. This autonomous learning is not contradictory to the teamwork which
the sensors also enhance pupils worked together, supporting and helping each other. Then,
data logging also allow students learn more about computer skills and Information,
communication and technology (ICT). These skills are very important nowadays due to the
increased use in ICT in many aspects.

b) Disadvantages

Firstly, most of students may not relates the science concept to microscopic and symbolic
system representations because all of the data only obtained by using the sensor that connect
to the computer system. So, student may not really understand the concepts they learned in
the classes or experiment that they carried out by using data logger. Besides, data logger also
give the negative impacts on students who are not exposed and does not like working on
computer system especially in rural area because the usage of technology in their place are
very limited to access. The students will feel lazy and produce the poor quality of work.

2.0 Engage

What is engage? In problem based learning process, engage is the first step taken to unearth
information and existing knowledge of the students regarding the topic. Before we go through
the experiment, we need to ask question to know the level of knowledge of the students. In
this experiment, we will carry out an experiment to test the endothermic reaction that
involves the absorption of heat. Firstly we shows the diagrams related to the topic which is
the melting of ice. Then we will give the students about two minutes to observe the picture.
After they looked into the picture, we would ask them regarding the picture.

Then, after they answered the questions, we will find out their prior knowledge about the
issue. Then, we will explain to them about the concepts of the topic which is exothermic and
endothermic reaction.
 DIAGRAM A DIAGRAM B

Questions:
1 What is your observation from the Diagram A?
2 Why the ice in the Diagram A is melting?
3 Which one of the diagram that released heat to the surrounding that makes
surrounding become hotter?

Answers:
1 In my observation, the ice in Diagram A is melting.
2 The ice melts because the ice absorbs heat from the surroundings. So, the heat can
break down the hydrogen bonds in the ice thus the bond between the ice will break
down. The ice change from solid state to liquid.
3 Diagram B.

3.0 Experiment (Empower)

Title : Endothermic and Exothermic Reaction

Objective

In this experiment, you will

To study exothermic and endothermic reaction

Become familiar with using Logger Pro
Collect and display data on a graph.

Introduction

In any chemical reaction, chemical bonds are either broken or formed. When chemical
bonds are formed, heat is released, and when chemical bonds are broken, heat is absorbed.
Molecules inherently want to stay together, so formation of chemical bonds between
molecules requires less energy as compared to breaking bonds between molecules, which
requires more energy and results in heat being absorbed from the surroundings.

Chemical reactions that release energy are called exothermic reactions. An exothermic
reaction is refer to the reaction that cause the temperature of a system increases due to the
evolution of heat. Exothermic reaction released heat into the surroundings, the heat or energy
opposes by the reaction ( source ) is decreasing which resulting in an overall negative
quantity for the heat of reaction. On the other hand, chemical reactions absorb energy is
called endothermic reactions. Endothermic reaction is refer to the reaction that cause the
temperature of an isolated system decreases, while the surroundings of a non-isolated system
gains heat. The heat or energy opposes by the reaction ( source ) is increasing. Endothermic
reactions result in an overall positive heat of reaction.

The difference in energy between the reactants and the products is known as the
enthalpy change of the system (H). The enthalpy change for a reaction can be calculated by
this equation: H = H(products) - H(reactants). In exothermic reactions, the enthalpy of the
products is less that the enthalpy of the reactants due to energy release, therefore H is
negative. In endothermic reactions, the enthalpy of the products is higher than the enthalpy of
the reactants due to energy absorption, therefore H is positive.

In this experiment, you will study the reaction of baking soda and vinegar and decide
whether it is an exothermic or endothermic reaction. Baking soda is sodium bicarbonate
(NaHCO3) and the key ingredient of vinegar is acetic acid (CH3COOH). When they react
together they produce carbon dioxide, water and sodium acetate.

Modules and Sensors

PC + NeuLog application
USB-200 module
NUL-203 Temperature logger sensor
Equipment and Accessories

100 ml conical flask

Sample container

The items above are included in the NeuLog Utility accessories, UTL-KIT

Materials
 20 ml of vinegar
2.5 of baking soda

Procedure(s)

Experiment setup

Caution :
It is recommended to wear personal protective equipment.

1. Set up the experiment as shown in the picture below.

2. Add 2.5 g of baking soda (approximately half of teaspoon) into conical flask, pour 20

ml of vinegar a conical flask.

3. Insert the temperature sensors probe in the conical flask.
4. Open the sample container.
5. Connect the USB-200 module to the PC.

Sensor setup

6. Check that the temperature sensor is connected to the USB-200 module.

Note :
The following application functions are explained in short. It is recommended to
practice the NeuLog application functions (as described in the user manual)
beforehand.
7. Run the NeuLog application and check that the temperature sensor is identified.

Settings

8. Click on the On-line Experiment icon in the NeuLog main icon bar.

9. Click on the Experiment Setup icon and set the : Experiment duration to 2
minutes Sampling rate to 60 per minute.

Testing and measurements

10. Wait until the temperature stabilizes.

11. Click on the Run Experiment icon to start the measurement.

12. Wait for about 10 seconds and then slowly add the 2.5 g of baking soda to the vinegar.
Shake the flask from time to time.
13. Observe the changes in the temperature (stop the measurement if the value has
stabilized)
14. When the measurement is over, touch the flask, can you feel the temperature
difference?
15. Click on the Zoom fit icon (or click on the Icon and locate the mouse cursor
at a point above the graph and press its left button, keep it pressed and create a
rectangle that includes the whole graph).
16. Save your graph.

17. In order to calculate the temperature change, click on the Select Zone icon and
select the part between the beginning and ending of the measurement.
Result

Time (second) Temperature ( )

0 24.5
9.3 24.5
18.6 23.5
27.9 22.0
37.2 21.0
46.5 20.5
55.8 20.3
65.1 20.1

Data Analysis

20.1
1
Final temperature, t
24.5
2
Initial temperature, t
Temperature change t 4.4

Graph

Discussion
 Conclusion

In the end of the experiment, students able to determine the exothermic and
endothermic reaction. When energy is released in an exothermic reaction, the temperature
of the reaction mixture increases. When energy is absorbed in an endothermic reaction,
the temperature decreases.

Students can monitor changes in temperature by placing NUL-203 Temperature

logger sensor in the reaction mixture. The data easily collected by PC, students able
become familiar with using Logger Pro.

Question

1. Is the H positive or negative for this reaction? Explain.

Answer : Positive. In endothermic reactions, more energy is absorbed when the bonds
in the reactants are broken than is released when new bonds are formed in the
products.
2. Name uses of endothermic and/ or exothermic reactions.
Answer : Exothermic reactions could be harnessed to power machines or heat homes,
while endothermic reactions could be used for treating injuries or cooling. By
classifying reactions as exothermic or endothermic, we understand which reactions
are best suited to meet specific challenges.
3. Did you see bubbles after adding the baking soda? Why do you think they formed?
Answer : Yes. The reaction mixture bubbled, so one of the products must have been a
gas. By considering the reactants, the bubbles must be carbon dioxide.

4.0 Enhance

In our daily life, there any many application of endothermic and exothermic reactions around
us. First, the melting of ice is an endothermic reaction. As we know, the process of melting of
things like ice occurs when the ice absorbs heat from the surrounding environment to break
the hydrogen bonds on the water molecules. In our knowledge of science since primary
school, we know that hydrogen bond is the strongest bond compared to dipole-dipole and
London Dispersion forces. And since, First Law of thermodynamics, or the law of
conservation of energy or heat tells us when the two object contact to each other with an
object of higher temperature comes to contact with object that has lower temperature, a
process takes into place where the heat flows between the two objects until the temperature of
both is brought into equilibrium. The loss of heat energy is balance by the increasing in
entropy. Thus, heat is transferred between them in order to attain a balance of heat (energy).
Then, the second application that we found out is the refrigerator. The refrigerator uses a
liquid that absorbs heat turning the liquid to gas. This is an endothermic reaction that keeps
your refrigerator cold and your food, milk and others from going sour and turns to the
unpleasant smell. Besides, the refrigerator also used exothermic reaction concept. There has
to be an exothermic reaction to balance the refrigerator. For our information regarding the
refrigerator, in the back of the refrigerator there is a condenser that turns the gas back into a
liquid. This reaction requires energy to be put into the reaction and releases heat into the
environment.

The process of burning generates heat. This makes it an exothermic reaction. While burning
of things occurs, the process release heat to the surrounding that make the surrounding
getting hotter and the temperature will increase.

4.0 Conclusion

Data logger is useful in conducts the experiments of endothermic and exothermic as it

involve change of temperature, some reactions of endothermic or exothermic only have
slightly change of temperature which is difficult to measure with thermometer and random
error can occurs easily due to environmental factor. However, teachers should use data logger
wisely because not all students able to learn the subject effectively use electronic device and
computer software. Teachers should also aware that data logger is a high-price instrument
which should be handle carefully by the students and staffs.

Meanwhile, problem based learning is also an attractive teaching method as it is students-

centered pedagogy. Problem based learning involve steps such as engage, empower and
enhance. In engage, students are given opportunity to explore the issue and list "What do
we know?". Students will gather information and learn new concepts, principles,
or skills as they engage in the problem-solving process. Next, in empower session,
students is empowered to take responsible role in their learning. Therefore, students may
carry out experiment to test and support the theory or knowledge their learned. After that,
Steps enhance in problem based learning, is the review of the problem that had been solved
and the knowledge that
References

Chemistry Phenomenon: Endothermic/Exothermic Reactions in Everyday Life. (2010, April

21). Retrieved March 15, 2017, from http://www.simplechemconcepts.com

A Noton (2010, August). The Importance Of A Data Logger. Retrieved at 17 March 2017
from http://ezinearticles.com/?The-Importance-Of-A-Data-Logger&id=4828095
Wikipedia. (2017). Data logger. Retrieved at 17 March 2017 from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_logger

Onset. What is a Data Logger? Retrieved at 17 March 2017 from

http://www.onsetcomp.com/what-is-a-data-logger