ABSTRACT

Compressed air as a source of energy in different uses in general and as a non-

polluting fuel in compressed air vehicles has attracted scientists and engineers for
centuries. Efforts are being made by many developers and manufacturers to master the
compressed air vehicle technology in all respects for its earliest use by the mankind.
Today, the heavy vehicles are known for producing a large amount of harmful gases
like CO, CO2, SO2 etc. which act as the major source for global warming and
environmental pollution. So research is going on to find a light weight vehicle which
does not pollute the environment. While developing of compressed air vehicle, control
of compressed air parameters like temperature, energy density, requirement of input
power, energy release and emission control have to be mastered for the development
of a safe, light and cost effective compressed air vehicle in near future.
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

Light weight vehicles are the next advancement in the development of

automobiles. Reducing the weight of the vehicle has many advantages as it increases
the overall efficiency of the vehicle, helps in improving maneuverability, requires less
energy to stop and run the vehicle. The latest researches are going on around the
world in order to come up with innovative ideas. But global warming is also one of
the problems which is affecting the man. The temperature of the earth is increasing
drastically and this in turn is causing climatic changes. The fossil fuels are widely
used as a source of energy in various different fields like power plants, internal &
external combustion engines, as heat source in manufacturing industries, etc. But its
stock is very limited and due to this tremendous use, fossil fuels are diminishing at
faster rate. So, in this world of energy crisis, it is necessary to develop alternative
technologies to use renewable energy sources, so that fossil fuels can be conserved

The first compressed air vehicle was established in France by a Polish

engineer Louis Mekarski in 1870. It was patented in 1872 and 1873 and was tested in
Paris in 1876, another application of the compressed air to drive vehicles comes from
Uruguay in 1984, where Armando Regusci has been involved in constructing these
machines. He constructed a four-wheeler with pneumatic engine which travelled 100
km on a single tank in 1992.

Because of global problems such as greenhouse effect, ozone layer depletion, acid
rain, air pollution, the life of our planet is reducing day by day. Due to these factors
more developments are aiming towards alternative energy sources. Some of them are
electrical powered, solar powered, hydrogen powered, etc. but before we utilize and
Compressed air is having energy stored within. This energy can be converted into
required output by expanding it to atmospheric pressure. This air without external
chemical or physical support is having potential to generate output work. As it is
green and clean type of energy, environment and roadside issues can be neglected.
 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
Anirudh Addala et. al. [1] examines the performance of a car which takes air as the
working medium. Air car is a car currently being developed which is still in the R&D
stage all over the world.Compressing a gas into a small space is a way to store energy.
When the gas expands again, that energy is released to do work. That's the basic
principle behind what makes an air car move.
A.A.Keste et. al. [2] describes the working of a vehicle which works on pneumatic
power. In this system a double acting pneumatic cylinder is operated as a slider crank
mechanism which converts the linear reciprocation of the cylinder piston rod into
oscillatory motion of the driver crank about the pinion shaft.
S. S. VermaS.L.I.E.T., Longowal et. Al.[3] introduce to the latest developments of a
compressed-air vehicle along with an introduction to various problems associated
with the technology and their solution. Compressed air as a source of energy in
different uses in general and as a nonpolluting fuel in compressed air vehicles has
attracted scientists and engineers for centuries.
Dr. S.S. Thipse et.al.[4] describes the development of compressed air engine. MDI is
one company that holds the international patents for the compressed air engine. .
Although it seems to be an environmentally-friendly solution, one must consider its
well to wheel efficiency.
B. R. Singh et.al.[5] studied about alternative fuel for automobile engines with a
special emphasis on compressed air driven engine. In view of the enormous potential
of air as working fluid an engine is being designed to run on compressed air
Saurabh Pathak, Kontham Swetha et.al.[6] states the effective application of
pneumatic power. Pneumatic vehicle will replace the battery operated vehicles used in
industries. Pneumatic powered vehicle requires very less time for refueling as
compared to battery operated vehicle. On the whole, the technology is just about
modifying the engine of any regular IC engine vehicle into an Air Powered Engine
S.S. Verma et.al.[7] briefly summarize the principle of technology, latest
developments, advantages and problems in using compressed air as a source of energy
to run vehicles. Compressed air for vehicle propulsion is already being explored and
now air powered vehicles are being developed as a more fuel-efficient means of
transportation.

D.Ravi et.al.[8] analyzed the Climate change and energy security require a reduction
in travel demand, a model shift and technological innovation in the transport sector. .
Through a series of press releases and demonstrations, a car using energy stored in
compressed air produced by a compressor has been suggested as an environmental
friendly vehicle of the future.
 CHAPTER 3
COMPONENTS AND DESCRIPTION
The components that are used in the project COMPRESSED AIR VEHICLE
Are as follows.
Air tank
Air gun
Chain drive
Sprockets
Frame
Pressure gauge

Air Tank
Storage can be used to control demand events (peak demand periods) in a
compressed air system by reducing both the amount of pressure drop and the rate n of
decay. Storage can be used to protect critical pressure applications from other events
in the system. Storage can also be used to control the rate of pressure drop in demand
while supporting the speed of transmission response from supply. For some systems,
it is important to provide a form of refill control such as a flow control valve. Many
systems have a compressor operating in modulation to support demand events, and
sometimes strategic storage solutions can allow for this compressor to be turned off.
Air tank is a container designed to hold gases or liquids at a pressure
substantially different from the ambient pressure. The pressure differential is
dangerous, and fatal accidents have occurred in the history of pressure vessel
development and operation.
Consequently, pressure vessel design, manufacture, and operation are
regulated by engineering authorities backed by legislation. For these reasons, the
definition of a pressure vessel varies from country to country, but involves parameters
such as maximum safe operating pressure and temperature, and are engineered with a
safety factor, corrosion allowance, minimum design temperature (for brittle fracture),
And involve nondestructive testing, such as ultrasonic testing, radiography, and
pressure tests, usually involving water, also known as a hydro test, but could be
pneumatically tested involving air or another gas. The preferred test is hydrostatic
testing because it's a much safer method of testing as it releases much less energy if
fracture were to occur (water does not rapidly increase its volume while rapid
depressurization occurs, unlike gases like air, i.e. gasses fail explosively). In the
United States, as with many other countries, it is the law that vessels over a certain
size and pressure be built to Code, these vessels also require an Authorized Inspector
to sign off on every new vessel constructed and each vessel has a nameplate with
pertinent information about the vessel such as maximum allowable working pressure,
maximum temperature, minimum design metal temperature.

Air Tank Safety Measures

(a) Each air tank shall be protected by 1 or more safety valves and other indicating
and controlling devices that will insure safe operation of the tank. If the tank has a
volumetric capacity in excess of 2,000 gallons, it shall be fitted with at least 2 safety
valves, the smallest of which shall have a relieving capacity of at least 50 percent of
the relieving capacity of the largest valve.
(b) Safety relief valves shall:
Be constructed and installed in accordance with ASME Boiler and Pressure
Vessel Code, Be located and installed so that they cannot be readily rendered
inoperative. No valve of any description shall be placed between the required safety
valve or rupture disc and the air tank.
The opening or connection between the tank and safety valve or valves shall
have a cross-sectional area at least equal to the combined areas of all attached safety
valve inlets. Be of the direct spring-loaded type. The springs shall not be adjusted to
carry more than: 10 percent greater pressure than the set pressure stamped on the
valve up to and including 250 psig; or 5 percent greater pressure than the set pressure
stamped on the valve above 250 psig.
For pressures of 2000 psig or less safety valves shall be equipped with a
substantial lifting device so that the disc can be easily lifted from its seat not less than
1/8 the diameter of the seat when the pressure in the tank is 75 percent of that at
which the safety valve is set to open. For pressures exceeding 2000 psig: the lifting
device may be omitted providing the valve is removed for testing at least once each
year and a record kept of this test and made available to the qualified inspector;
Be set to open at not more than the allowable working pressure of the tank.
Have a relieving capacity sufficient to prevent a rise of pressure in the tank of more
than 10 percent above the allowable working pressure when all connected
compressors are operating with all unloading devices rendered inoperative. Not have
seats or discs of cast iron. Be tested frequently and at regular intervals to determine
whether they are in good operating condition.
(C) Discharge pipes from safety valves and rupture discs installed on air tanks shall:,
Have a cross-sectional area at least equal to the combined outlet areas of all
valves discharging into them. Be designed and installed so that there will be no
interference with the proper operation or discharge capacity of the safety valve or
rupture disc. Have no valve of any description. Be fitted with open drains which will
prevent the accumulation of liquid above the safety valve or rupture disc.
Be installed and supported in a manner that will prevent undue stresses on the
safety valve or rupture disc. Be led to a safe place of discharge.
Each air tank shall be equipped with a suitable pressure indicating gage with
the dial graduated to approximately double the operating pressure, but in no case less
than 1.2 times the pressure at which the safety-relieving device is set to function.
Each air tank shall be equipped with a manually operated, Valve drain located
at the lowest point where water can collect. The valve for this drain shall be suitably
located for convenient operation.
Automatic drains shall not be considered as complying with this order unless
also equipped with a manually operated by-pass.

PRESSURE GAUGE
Many techniques have been developed for the measurement of pressure and
vacuum. Instruments used to measure and display pressure in an integral unit are
called pressure gauges or vacuum gauges. A manometer is a good example as it uses a
column of liquid to both measure and indicate pressure. Likewise the widely
used Bourdon gauge is a mechanical device which both measures and indicates, and is
probably the best known type of gauge.
A vacuum gauge is an absolute pressure gauge used to measure the pressures
lower than the ambient atmospheric pressure.
 Other methods of pressure measurement involve sensors which can transmit
the pressure reading to a remote indicator or control system (telemetry).
Everyday pressure measurements, such as for vehicle tire pressure, are usually
made relative to ambient air pressure. In other cases measurements are made relative
to a vacuum or to some other specific reference. When distinguishing between these
zero references, the following terms are used:
Absolute pressure is zero-referenced against a perfect vacuum, using
an absolute scale, so it is equal to gauge pressure plus atmospheric pressure.
Gauge pressure is zero-referenced against ambient air pressure, so it is equal
to absolute pressure minus atmospheric pressure. Negative signs are usually
omitted. To distinguish a negative pressure, the value may be appended with
the word "vacuum" or the gauge may be labeled a "vacuum gauge." These are
further divided into two subcategories: high and low vacuum (and
sometimes ultra-high vacuum). The applicable pressure ranges of many of the
techniques used to measure vacuums have an overlap. Hence, by combining
several different types of gauge, it is possible to measure system pressure
continuously from 10 mbar down to 1011 mbar.
Differential pressure is the difference in pressure between two points.

FRAME
This is made of mild steel material. The whole parts are mounted on this frame
structure with the suitable arrangement. Boring of bearing sizes and open bores done
in one setting so as to align the bearings properly while assembling. Provisions are
made to cover the bearings with grease.

SPROCKETS
A sprocket or sprocket-wheel is a profiled wheel with teeth, cogs, or even
sprockets that mesh with a chain, track or other perforated or indented material. The
name 'sprocket' applies generally to any wheel upon which radial projections engage a
chain passing over it. It is distinguished from a gear in that sprockets are never
meshed together directly, and differs from a pulley in that sprockets have teeth and
pulleys are smooth.
 Sprockets are used in bicycles, motorcycles, cars, tracked vehicles, and
other machinery either to transmit rotary motion between two shafts where gears are
unsuitable or to impart linear motion to a track, tape etc. Perhaps the most common
form of sprocket may be found in the bicycle, in which the pedal shaft carries a large
sprocket-wheel, which drives a chain, which, in turn, drives a small sprocket on the
axle of the rear wheel. Early automobiles were also largely driven by sprocket and
chain mechanism, a practice largely copied from bicycles.
Sprockets are of various designs, a maximum of efficiency being claimed for
each by its originator. Sprockets typically do not have a flange. Some sprockets used
with timing belts have flanges to keep the timing belt centered. Sprockets and chains
are also used for power transmission from one shaft to another where slippage is not
admissible, sprocket chains being used instead of belts or ropes and sprocket-wheels
instead of pulleys. They can be run at high speed and some forms of chain are so
constructed as to be noiseless even at high speed.

CHAIN DRIVE
Chain drive is a way of transmitting mechanical power from one place to
another. It is often used to convey power to the wheels of a vehicle, particularly
bicycles and motorcycles. It is also used in a wide variety of machines besides
vehicles.
Most often, the power is conveyed by a roller chain, known as the drive
chain or transmission chain, passing over a sprocket gear, with the teeth of the gear
meshing with the holes in the links of the chain. The gear is turned, and this pulls the
chain putting mechanical force into the system. Another type of drive chain is the
Morse chain, invented by the Morse Chain Company of Ithaca, New York, United
States. This has inverted teeth.
Sometimes the power is output by simply rotating the chain, which can be
used to lift or drag objects. In other situations, a second gear is placed and the power
is recovered by attaching shafts or hubs to this gear. Though drive chains are often
simple oval loops, they can also go around corners by placing more than two gears
along the chain; gears that do not put power into the system or transmit it out are
generally known as idler-wheels. By varying the diameter of the input and output
gears with respect to each other, the gear ratio can be altered. For example, when the
bicycle pedals' gear rotate once, it causes the gear that drives the wheels to rotate
more than one revolution.

AIR GUN
A chuck is a specialized type of clamp. It is used to hold an object with radial
symmetry, especially a cylinder. In drills and mills it holds the rotating tool whereas
in lathes it holds the rotating workpiece. On a lathe the chuck is mounted on the
spindle which rotates within the headstock. For some purposes (such as drilling) an
additional chuck may be mounted on the non-rotating tailstock.
Many chucks have jaws, (sometimes called dogs) that are arranged in a
radially symmetrical pattern like the points of a star. The jaws are tightened up to hold
the tool or workpiece. Often the jaws will be tightened or loosened with the help of
a chuck key, which is a wrench-like tool made for the purpose. [1] Many jawed chucks,
however, are of the keyless variety, and their tightening and loosening is by hand
force alone.
Keyless designs offer the convenience of quicker and easier chucking and
unchecking, but have lower gripping force to hold the tool or workpiece, which is
potentially more of a problem with cylindrical than hexagonal shanks. Some lathe
chucks have independently moving jaws which can also hold irregularly shaped
objects (ones that lack radial symmetry). Collet chucks, rather than having jaws,
have collets, which are flexible collars or sleeves that fit closely around the tool or
workpiece and grip it when squeezed. A few chuck designs are more complex yet, and
they involve specially shaped jaws, higher numbers of jaws, quick-release
mechanisms, or other special features.

NON RETURN VALVE

A check valve, clack valve, non-return valve or one-way valve is a valve that
normally allows fluid (liquid or gas) to flow through it in only one direction.
Check valves are two-port valves, meaning they have two openings in the body, one
for fluid to enter and the other for fluid to leave. There are various types of check
valves used in a wide variety of applications. Check valves are often part of common
household items. Although they are available in a wide range of sizes and costs, check
valves generally are very small, simple, or inexpensive. Check valves work
automatically and most are not controlled by a person or any external control;
accordingly, most do not have any valve handle or stem. The bodies (external shells)
of most check valves are made of plastic or metal.
An important concept in check valves is the cracking pressure which is the
minimum upstream pressure at which the valve will operate. Typically the check
valve is designed for and can therefore be specified for a specific cracking pressure.
Heart valves are essentially inlet and outlet check valves for the heart ventricles, since
the ventricles act as pumps.

BEARING WITH BEARING CAP

The bearings are pressed smoothly to fit into the shafts because if hammered
the bearing may develop cracks. Bearing is made up of steel material and bearing cap
is mild steel.

INTRODUCTION
Ball and roller bearings are used widely in instruments and machines in order
to minimize friction and power loss. While the concept of the ball bearing dates back
at least to Leonardo da Vinci, their design and manufacture has become remarkable.
This technology was brought to its present state of perfection only after a long period
of research and development. The benefits of such specialized research can be
obtained when it is possible to use a standardized bearing of the proper size and type.
However, such bearings cannot be used indiscriminately without a careful
study of the loads and operating conditions. In addition, the bearing must be provided
with adequate mounting, lubrication and sealing. Design engineers have usually two
possible sources for obtaining information which they can use to select a bearing for
their particular application:
a) Textbooks
b) Manufacturers
Catalogs Textbooks are excellent sources; however, they tend to be overly
detailed and aimed at the student of the subject matter rather than the practicing
designer. They, in most cases, contain information on how to design rather than how
to select a bearing for a particular application. Manufacturers catalogs, in turn, are
also excellent and contain a wealth of information which relates to the products of the
particular manufacturer. These catalogs, however, fail to provide alternatives which
may divert the designers interest to products not manufactured by them. Our
Company, however, provides the broadest selection of many types of bearings made
by different manufacturers.

For this reason, we are interested in providing a condensed overview of the subject
matter in an objective manner, using data obtained from different texts, handbooks
and manufacturers literature. This information will enable the reader to select the
proper bearing in an expeditious manner. If the designers interest exceeds the scope
of the presented material, a list of references is provided at the end of the Technical
Section. At the same time, we are expressing our thanks and are providing credit to
the sources which supplied the material presented here.