ALGAE, FUNGI, PROTOZOA,

RIKETTSIA & Life cycle of

Plasmodium

(Dr.) Mirza Salman Baig

Assistant Professor (Pharmaceutics)
AIKTC, School of Pharmacy,New Panvel
Affiliated to University of Mumbai (INDIA)
ALGAE
 Introduction
Autotrophic
Photosynthetic
Eucaryotic
Aquatic/terrestrial habitat
Study of algae is 'Phycology'
 Morphology
Unicellular
Colonial
Filamentous
Multicellular/parenchymatous
 Unicellular
Unicellular algae consist of a single cell.
The single cell of the body contains a
chloroplast, which conducts
photosynthesis to create energy from
sunlight, and often contains a structure
called a pyrenoid that can store
energy and contractile vacuoles that
help to regulate the amount of water and
salts within the cell (i.e., osmoregulation).
Some unicellular algae such as
Chlamydomonas are motile because of
flagella.
 Colonial
Colonial algae include different numbers of
cells.
Gonium, consist of a small group of cells,
whereas others, such as Volvox, consist
of hundreds of cells.
Specialized colonies called coenobium
cannot survive alone like unicellular algae.
 Filamentous algae
Filamentous algae undergo cell division
but remain connected, forming long
filaments of attached cells.
Each cell within the filamentous alga has
its own internal structures, such as a
chloroplast, and is capable of
photosynthesis.
Spirogyra is one commonly-studied alga.
Under the microscope, Spirogyra reveals a
unique, spiral arrangement of chloroplasts.
 Parenchymatous
Multicellular structure that is termed
"parenchymatous."
Although the cells of algae do not
truly differentiate to form various
structures, these parenchymatous
algae often have parts that
resemble leaves, stems and
roots.
Ex. Kelp
Identify???
 Classification
Euglenophyta
Unicellular/Motile/chlorophyll
Pyrrophyta
Dinoflafellates/Xanthophyll
Chrysophyta (Diatoms)
Non-flagellar/Calcium/silica
Phaeophyta (brown algae)
Xanthophyll/carotene/Kelp/air bladder
Rhodophyta (Red algae)
non flafellate/ uni or multicellular/gelidium/
alginic acid
Chlorophyta (Green algae)
Chlorophyll/ vegetative division/
Chlamydomonas
Diatoms
 Reproduction
Vegetative
Asexual
Sexual
 Importance of Algae
They are useful cleaning sewage water
and decreasing water pollution
Blue-green algae like Nostoc, Oscillatoria,
Scytonema, Spirulina are used to modify
alkaline soil into fertile soils
10% of total photosynthesis carried out by
plants is carried out by the algae hence
they are important source for releasing
Oxygen
Used as food in some countries
 Ecomomic Importance
As fooder for cattel (Laminaria)
As fertilizer (blue green algae)
As food for fishes in pisiculture
Laminaria is used in the industry to
prepare iodine
Antibiotic Chlorellin, obtained from
Chlorella
 Contd...
Used in research
Solidifying culture media
Blue-green algae are used in studies on
nitrogen fixation
Chlorella, is used in investigations of
photosynthesis
For study of genetics and cytology
In space ships as oxygen
regenerating and food and water
recycling organisms
 Contd...
Some algae, like Acetabularia/ Gelidium
are used for treatment of kidney, bladder
and lung diseases
Certain algae like Macrocystic, Laminaria
are used for production of alginates
Carrageenan: used in food preparation,
textile manufacture, leather
manufacturing, raw material in
pharmaceutical industry
Fungi
 Culture Media
Low pH (HCl)
Aerobic (Oxygen/air)
25-30oC
Glucose/Sucrose
NaNO3
KCl
Agar
Specific media (Sabouraud media)
with antibacterial
 Saccharomyces
Elliptical
6-8 micro M
Asexual reproduction by budding
Scar remain present where bud has
formed
Ex- Saccharomyces cerevisiae
 Penicillium
Culture medium-
sabouraud's dextrose
agar
Septate vegetative
mycellium
Conidiospores
Used in ripenning of
cheese, producing
penicillin
notatum
 Aspergillus
Culture medium-
sabouraud's dextrose
agar
Septate hyphae
Conidiosphores
Flask shaped sterigmata
Fermentation citric acid
Amphotericin B used for
treatment
 Candida
Ovoid
3-5 micron
Culture medium-
sabouraud's dextrose agar
Albicans
Chlamydospores
When incubated in human
serum it produce green germ
tube
Skin infection
Drug - Nystatin/
Ketoconazole
Protozoa
 Eukaryotic
Microscopic
Non photosynthetic
Motile
Habitat- moist places
Complex life cycles
Classification
 Importance of Protozoa
Treatment of Industrial waste
Component of food chain in aquatic
environment
Bacteria feeding are used to
maintain ecological balance of
wetland and aquatic environment
 Morphology
Locomotor organells
Flagella (leishmmonia)
Cillia
Pseudopodia (amoeba)
Intracellular structure
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Paramecium
Trichomonas
 Reproduction
Asexual
Sexual
 Asexual reproduction
Binary fission (Transverse in
cilliates and longitudnal in
flagellates)
Budding (Formation two unequal
size daughter cells)
 Sexual reproduction
Formation of gamets (haploid cells
1n, they may be isogamet or
anisogamet)
Zygot (2n) is form by union of two
gamete (1n)
Zygot undergo multiple fission... to
form sporozoit
Plasmodium Life cycle
 Lifecycle of Plasmodium
2 stages
1) Sexual phase in the mosquito
2) Asexual phase in humans
a) Exoerthrocytic (Pre-erythrocytic)
shizogony
b) Erythrocytic shizogony
The infectious stage of malaria -
Sporozoite (found in the salivary glands
of female mosquitoes).
 Life cycle in humans

Mosquito takes a blood meal Sporozoites

released into humans blood infect liver cells
EXO-ERYTHROCYTIC STAGE :-
Parasites inside heparocyte Shizont (containing
thousands of merozoites) infected hepatocytes
release about 30,000 Merozoites (asexual,
haploid forms) quickly infect red cells.

* [P. vivax and P. ovale form latent Hypnozoites in

hepatocytes, which cause relapses of malaria long
after initial infection]
ERYTHROCYTIC STAGE :-

Within the red cells the parasites grow in a

membrane-bound digestive vacuole,
hydrolyzing haemoglobin through secreted
enzymes.
A) Continuation of asexual reproduction -
Most of the parasites develop into
Trophozoites Schizont multiple
chromatin in schizonts develop into
Merozoites Red cell lysis & merozoites
infect other red cells.
B) Production of gametocytes - Some
parasites develop into sexual forms called
Gametocytes infect the mosquito.
 Rikettsia

Obligate intracellular parasite

 Species
Rikettsia prowazekii
Rikettsia typhi
Orientia tsutsugamushi
Coxilla burnetti
 Introduction
Gm -ve bascilli
Properties between bacteria and
virus
Parasite of anthropods (lice, fleas,
mites)
Discoverd by Howard Taylor Ricketts.
 Characters
Multiply by binary fission
Posses both RNA and DNA
Contain muramic acid in cell wall
Grow on yolk of chick sac embriyo
They produce only endotoxins.
 Pathogenesis
Transmitted by blood sucking
arthropods vector.
Enter blood then go to endothelial
cell lining and multiply
This cause thrombosis and necrosis
of blood vessels
 Diseases
Epidemic typhus (common in Russia
and Europe)
Endemic typhus (mild)
Scrub typhus
Spotted fever (multiply in nucleus)
Rocky Mountain spotted fever
Rickettsial pox
Q-fever (Cox. Burnetti)- Contaminated milk
Trench fever (Bortonella Quintana)
 Chlamydia

Obligate intracellular parasite

 Species
Chlamydia trachomatis
Chlamydophila psittaci
Chlamydophila pneumoniae
 Characters
Multiply by binary fission without
'eclipse phase'
Posses both RNA and DNA
Cell wall and ribosomes present