CHEMISTRY 106 LAB REPORT

Course Code : CHEM 106

Course Title : General Chemistry II with Lab

Name : Andrew Ng Lip Heng

Student ID : 0326287

Lab Instructor : Ms Kalarani Vellasamy

Experiment 3 : Enthalpies in Physical and

Chemical Changes

Date of Experiment: 1st of March 2017

Date of Submission: 8th of March 2017

Introduction
 According to Texas A&M University, enthalpy (H) is defined as the sum of the
internal energy of the system (U) plus the product of the pressure of the gas in the system (p)
and its volume (V). It can also be defined using a formula: H = U + pV. However, for this
definition to hold truth, certain conditions such as the system must be at constant pressure.
Physical changes are changes that involve the form of the chemical substance while chemical
changes are changes that alter the chemical composition of a substance. In these changes,
energy is either released or consumed. The amount of energy needed to melt a solid is called
the heat of fusion whereas the amount of energy required to boil a liquid is the heat of
vaporization. The heat involved in many changes is also called enthalpy. Both melting and
boiling require energy input and are endothermic. The reverse processes, condensation and
freezing evolve energy and are exothermic. When an ionic compound dissolves in water,
energy is required to break up the crystal lattice but energy is released by the formation of
bonds between ions and the water (energy of hydration). When the energy of hydration is
greater than the crystal lattice energy, the dissolving process is exothermic and causes a
temperature increase. When crystal lattice energy exceeds the energy of hydration, the
dissolving process is endothermic and the temperature of the system will drop. In chemical
reactions, the breaking of bonds requires energy while formation of new bonds gives off
energy. The balance determines if a reaction is exothermic or endothermic.

A. Enthalpy of fusion of ice

mi = 8.53 g mw = 106.56 g cw = 4.18 J/g K Td = To - Ti

Ew = mw cw Td = 15C - 24C
Ew = (106.56) (4.18)(-9) m cw T = (8.53)(4.18) (24) = -9C

= -4008.79 J/g K = 855.73 J/g K

mw Cw Tdm Cw T
Hf = m

(4008.79 ) (855.73)
= (8.53)

= 369.64 J/g K
B. Enthalpy of solution

Ionic Compounds Initial Temperature (C) Final Temperature (C)

Lithium Chloride 22.00 65.00

Ammonium Chloride 23.00 9.00

C. Enthalpy of reaction

Initial temperature of Initial temperature of Final temperature

Test Tube
first reagent (C) second reagent (C) (C)
1 23.00 22.00 31.00
2 22.00 23.00 31.00
3 23.00 22.00 33.00
4 22.00 23.00 40.00
5 21.00 21.00 41.00
6 23.00 23.00 27.50
7 22.00 23.00 38.00

Discussion

In experiment A, the enthalpy of fusion of ice is calculated using the formula

mw Cw Tdm Cw T
Hf = m where mw = mass of water and the melted ice,

cw = specific heat of water, Td = temperature change, Ti = initial temperature,

m = mass of ice. The final result is 369.64 J/g K, and it is significantly higher compared to
other lab participants. There is one major error that have been made which leads to the
deviation of the result. The procedure of the experiment called for the mass of ice to be in
between 10 g and 20 g. However, I took exactly 10 g of ice without taking the account of it
melting, which after wiping away the excess liquid of the ice, it weight 8.53 g, less than what
the procedure called for. This mistake have affected the total mass ( mw), temperature change

(Td), and eventually the final result.

 In experiment B, two ionic compounds namely, lithium chloride (LiCl), Ammonium
Chloride (NH4Cl), is mixed with 15 mL of water. After some vigorous shaking, the
temperature of LiCl solution increases from 22 C to 65 C and the body of the test tube feels
hot. Thus, it can be said that the reaction is exothermic as it releases heat to the surrounding.
This is because the energy of hydration, which is the energy released by the formation of
bonds between ion and water, is greater than the crystal lattice energy that holds the ions of
lithium chloride together in its solid state; whereas, the temperature of NH 4Cl solution
decreases from 23 C to 9 C while the body of the test tube feels cold. Hence, it can be said
that this reaction is endothermic as it absorbs heat from the surrounding. This is because the
crystal lattice energy exceeds the energy of hydration, the energy required to break the bonds
to form ions is greater than the energy released by the formations bonds between ion and
water.

In experiment C, all the chemical reactions are acid-base neutralization reactions and
in this case all the chemical reactions are exothermic as they release heat. The exothermicity
of the reaction is dependent on the proticity of the acid and base. The stronger the base and
acid is reacted against each other, the more heat will be released. The reaction between
hydrochloric acid (HCl) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) gave the same results for run 1 and
run 2 because the concentration of both the acid and the base are the same. Potassium
hydroxide is a stronger base therefore the enthalpy change for potassium hydroxide is higher
than that of sodium hydroxide. Sulfuric acid has the highest change in enthalpy followed by
nitric acid and then hydrochloric acid. This is because sulfuric acid is a strong diprotic acid,
whereas nitric acid and hydrochloric acid are weaker than sulfuric acid and hence, producing
lower enthalpy values. In runs 6 and 7 of the experiment, different concentrations of
hydrochloric acid affect the change in enthalpy. A higher concentration of hydrochloric acid
produces a higher change in enthalpy. All reactions will stop once the limiting factor is
completely consumed, in this case the concentration of sulfuric acid (H 2SO4) and
hydrochloric acid (HCl) in run 5 and run 6.

While carrying out these experiment, some precautionary steps must be taken to avoid
any undesirable results. Taking reading from the meniscus level will avoid parallax error,
while rinsing the apparatus with distilled water before hand will remove any impurities that
may tempered with the results. Furthermore, before taking any temperature reading the
solution is stirred continuously to ensure an even distribution of the solution. Also, the bulb
of the thermometer is carefully immersed into the solution to prevent it from breaking which
the mercury will then spill out and is hazardous to our health.
Conclusion

In a system, if the value of change in enthalpy is negative, the reaction is said to be an

exothermic reaction. An exothermic reaction occurs when the energy used to break the bonds
in the reactants is less than the energy released when new bonds are made in the products.
This extra energy is given off as heat and there is a temperature rise around the surroundings
of the reaction; and if the value of change in enthalpy is positive, the reaction is said to be an
endothermic reaction. An endothermic reaction occurs when the energy used to break the
bonds in the reactants is greater than the energy given out when bonds are formed in the
products. This means that overall the reaction takes in energy, therefore there is a temperature
decrease in the surroundings. Factors that affect the enthalpy of reaction is the concentration
of acid and base. The higher the concentration, the higher the change in enthalpy as there are
more hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions available to form bonds. Other than that, proticity of
the acid and base also plays the role in determining the change in enthalpy. A reaction
between strong acid and a strong base will produce a higher change in enthalpy compared to
a weak acid and a weak base due to the acid and base only partially dissociated in water.

Works Cited

Blaber, Michael. "Heat and Enthalpy Changes." Welcome to MikeBlaber.org. N.p.,

1996. Web. 7 March 2017.

"Energy, Enthalpy, and the First Law OfThermodynamics." Purdue University

College of Science Welcome. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 March 2017.

"Various Enthalpy Change Definitions." Various Enthalpy Change Definitions. N.p.,

n.d. Web. 7 March. 2017.