1.

I. Define the term Hazard. Briefly explain the main hazards in working
environment
Hazard means a source of exposure to existing or potential danger.

Hazard is the Potential to cause damage (ill health, injury, property damage, and damage to
environment). Examples electricity, slippery floors, etc.

Source, situation, or act with potential for harm in terms of human injury or ill health or a
combination of these. (According to OHSAS 18001:2007 standard)
working on heights without safety belts worn

using machinery without permission or authorization
using defective tools and machinery
using hands for the work without using the proper tools for the work (tools or push sticks)
overloading, crowding or failing to balance materials or handling materials in other
unsafe ways, including improper lifting
failing to use and/or maintain, or improperly using personal protective equipment or
safety devices
disabling safety guards on a machinery
Creating unsafe, unsanitary or unhealthy conditions by improper personal hygiene, poor
workplace maintenance
Smoking in unauthorized areas.
Working under suspended loads, scaffolds, shafts, or open hatches without safety belts.

II. Explain the contributing factors for high rate of accidents in construction site

1. High proportion of unskilled workers due to self-employed persons and small sub
constructing firms.
2. Chain of subcontractors.
3. Verity of construction sites and comparatively short duration of construction.
4. High turnover of workers.
5. Large number of seasonable and migrant unskilled workers.
6. Different trades and occupations.
7. Fast changing working environment

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III. Name ten the significant risk factors in construction sites to be considered in safety
and health plan

Safety risks
Delivery and removal of materials (including waste) and work equipment, taking account of
any risks to the public, e.g. during access to or egress from the site.
Services, including temporary electrical installations.
Preventing falls.
Work with or near fragile materials.
Control of lifting operations.
Dealing with services (water, electricity, gas, communications cabling, etc.).
Maintenance of plant and equipment.
Poor ground conditions or contaminated ground.
Work in confined spaces.
Demolition.
Managing temporary works.
Traffic routes and segregation of vehicles and pedestrians, including access to and egress from
site.
Storage of materials (particularly hazardous materials) and work equipment.
Dealing with existing unstable structures.
Accommodating adjacent land use.
Any other significant safety risks.

Health risks
the removal of asbestos.
Dealing with contaminated land.
Manual handling.
Use of hazardous substances and animal hazards
Reducing noise and vibration.
Any other significant health risk. Dust

2.
I. Outline the factors which must be considered in site planning?

1. The site must be fenced in to keep out unauthorized persons, children in particular and
to protect public from site hazards.
2. Safe access and good visibility of vehicle equipment entering, leaving and moving
about the site have been provided.

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 3. There should be safe access to reach their work place, including safe roadways and
walkway, gangways and runs, staircases, ladders and scaffoldings.
4. Walkways are level as far as practicable and are free from obstruction.
5. Edge protection is provided for gangways, floors, staircases and landings from which
there is a drop of 2m or more.
6. There should be adequate lighting at places where it is intended to work in night or
poor lighting at day times.
7. There should be adequate arrangements for the safe storage of materials on the site.
8. Waste collection and disposal arrangements should be available in the site.
9. There must be adequate arrangement for meal rooms, sanitary conveniences, changing
room and lockers.
10. There must be adequate emergency arrangements at the site

II. What are the main hazard in excavation?

1. Unexpected collapse of the unsupported sides of a trench or inadequately supported

trenches.
2. Falling of materials in to the excavations.
3. Falling of trees nearby.
4. Workers falling in to the excavations.
5. Loading and unloading to close to trenches causing collapse of trenches.
6. Weather affects to collapse or unexpected flooding.
7. Presence of poisonous gases.
8. Damage to service lines.

3.
I. Explain two main fall protection system

Lifeline means a component consisting of a flexible line that connects to an anchorage at one
end to hang vertically (vertical lifeline), or that connects to anchorages at both ends to stretch
horizontally (horizontal lifeline), and which serves as a means for connecting other components
of a personal fall arrest system to the anchorage.
Body belt (safety belt) means a strap with means both for securing it about the waist and for
attaching it to a lanyard, lifeline, or deceleration device.

II. What are the causes of accident due to scaffoldings?

In most of the causes safe means of access and safe place of work have not been provided. Most
of the accidents are due to,
1. Fall of persons from a height.

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2. Fall of material and objects from a height.
3. The collapse of a scaffold or part of a scaffold.
4. The overloading of a scaffold.
5. Weather affects to work.

4.

I. Explain the requirements relating to guarding of machinery

Prevent contact machine guards must provide a physical barrier that prevents the
operator from having any part of his/her body in the danger zone during the machines
operating cycle;

Be secured in place or otherwise be tamper proof machine guards must be

secure and strong so that workers are not able to bypass, remove, or tamper with them.
They must be attached to the machine where possible. If the guard cannot be physically
attached to the machine it must be attached elsewhere;

Create no new hazard A safeguard defeats its own purpose if it creates a hazard of its
own such as a shear point, a jagged edge, or an unfinished surface which can cause a
laceration. The edges of guards, for instance, should be rolled or bolted in such a way that
they eliminate sharp edges. Machine guards should not obstruct the operators view; Allow
for lubrication with the guard still in place - If possible, one should be able to lubricate the
machine without removing safeguards. Locating oil reservoirs outside the guard, with a
line leading to the lubrication point, will reduce the need for the operator or maintenance
worker to enter the hazardous area.

Not interfere with the machine operation - Any safeguard which impedes a worker
from performing the job quickly and comfortably might soon be overridden or
disregarded. Proper safeguarding can actually enhance efficiency since it can relieve the
workers apprehensions about injury.

II. What are the periodic testing requirements of high risk machinery?

Hoist and Lifts - Every hoist or lift shall be thoroughly examined by a competent person at least
once in every period of twelve months, and a report of the result of every such examination in
such form and containing such particulars as may be prescribed shall be signed by the person
making the examination and shall within fourteen days be entered in or attached to the general
register.

Chain ropes and lifting tackles- All chains, ropes or lifting tackle shall be thoroughly examined
by a competent person at least once in every period of six months. The expression lifting tackle

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means chain slings, rope slings, rings, hooks, shackles and swivels.

Cranes and other lifting machines - Cranes and other lifting machines shall be thoroughly
examined by a competent person at least once in every period of fourteen months. The
expression-lifting machine means a crane, crab, winch, pulley block, gin wheel, transporter or
runway.

Air receivers- every air receiver and its fittings and attachments shall be thoroughly examined
by an authorized officer at least once in every period of twenty four months. This section the
expression air receiver means

(a) Any vessel (other than a pipe or coil, or an accessory, fitting or part of a compressor) for
containing compressed air and connected with an air compressing plant;
(b) Any fixed vessel for containing compressed air or compressed exhaust gases and used for the
purpose of starting an internal combustion engine; or
(c) any fixed or portable vessel (not being part of a spraying pistol) used for the purpose of
spraying by means of compressed air any paint, varnish, lacquer or similar material; or
(d) Any vessel in which oil liquid or similar substance is stored and from which it is forced by
compressed air or by any gas:

III. Explain the legal requirement for safe means of access and safe place of work

Safe means of access and safe place of work - There shall, so far as is reasonably practicable,
be provided and maintained safe means of access to every place at which any person has at any
time to work. Where any person is to work at a place from which he is liable to fall a distance of
more than six feet then, unless the place is one which affords secure foothold and, where
necessary, secure handhold, means shall be provided, so far as is reasonably practicable, by
fencing or other-wise for ensuring his safety. If a worker has to work in a place where he is
liability to fall more than 6ft, secure foot hold and hand hold should be provided.

Work in confined space - Special precautions are laid down for work in confined spaces where
workers are liable to be overcome by fumes and harmful liquids. Where work has to be done
inside any chamber, tank, vat, pit, pipe, flue or similar confined space, in which dangerous
fumes, toxic substances or harmful liquids are liable to be present or a deficiency of oxygen is
liable to occur, to such an extent as to involve risk of person being overcome thereby,

(a) the confined space shall, unless there is other adequate means of egress, be provided with a
manhole, which may be rectangular, oval, or circular in shape, and shall be not less than eighteen
inches long and sixteen inches wide or (if circular) not less than eighteen inches in diameter, or
in the case of tank wagon and other mobile plant not less than sixteen inches long and fourteen
inches wide or (if circular) not less than sixteen inches in diameter; and

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 (b) No person shall enter the confined space for any purpose unless the following requirements
are complied with:-

(i) all practicable steps shall be taken to remove any fumes, toxic sub-stances or harmful liquids
which may be present and to prevent any ingress of fumes and, unless it has been ascertained by
a suitable test that the space is free from dangerous fumes, toxic substances or harmful liquids,
the person entering shall wear a belt to which there is securely attached a rope of which the free
end is held by a person outside; or

(ii) The person entering shall wear a suitable breathing apparatus;

(c) suitable breathing apparatus and a suitable reviving apparatus and suitable belts and ropes
shall be provided and maintained so as to be readily accessible and shall be periodically
inspected in such manner as may be prescribed; and

(d) A sufficient number of the persons employed shall be trained and practiced in the use of such
apparatus and in the method of restoring respiration:

Fire safety - Sufficient and adequate number of firefighting equipments should be provided,
located in prominent places of the factory and maintained. Adequate training should be given to
workers on use firefighting equipment. At least two doors should be provided to workplaces and
also these doors must be open outwards or slides (sliding doors). Effective provision shall be
made for giving warning in case of fire, which shall be clearly audible throughout the building.
Workers shall be familiar with evacuation routes.

5.

I. What are the main welfare requirements according to factories ordinance?

Drinking water- There shall be provided and maintained at suitable points conveniently
accessible to all persons employed an adequate supply of wholesome drinking water from a
public main or from some other source approved in writing by the District Factory Inspecting
Engineer for the district, such approval not to be withheld except on the ground of the
unwholesomeness of the water.

The Factories (Washing facilities General) Regulations - There shall be provided and
maintained in every factory for the use of employees adequate and suitable facilities for washing.
Such facilities shall include soap, nail brushes or other suitable means of cleaning facilities for
drying, such facilities shall be conveniently accessible and shall be kept in a dean condition.
Where washbasins are provided every basin having a separate tap shall be not less than 20 inches
in length. Such a basin shall be provided for every 20 persons employed at any one time.
Accommodation for clothing - There shall be provided and maintained for the use of employed
persons adequate and suitable accommodation for clothing not worn during working hours; and
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such arrangements as are reasonably practicable or, when a standard is prescribed, such
arrangements as are laid down thereby shall be made for drying such clothing.

First aid

(1) There shall be provided and maintained so as to be readily accessible a first-aid

box or cupboard of such standard as may be prescribed, and where more than one
hundred and fifty persons are employed an additional box or cupboard for every
additional one hundred and fifty persons.
(2) Nothing except appliances or requisites for first-aid shall be kept in a first-aid box
or cupboard.
(3) Each first-aid box or cupboard shall be placed under the charge of a responsible
person who shall, in the case of a factory where more than fifty persons are
employed, be trained in first-aid treatment, and the person in charge shall
always be readily available during working hours.
(4) A notice shall be affixed in every workroom stating the name of the person in
charge of the first-aid box or cupboard provided in respect of that room.

The provisions of Part V with respect to special regulations for safety and health

Removal of dust or fumes- In every factory in which, in connation with any process carried on,
there is given off any dust or fume or other impurity of such a character and to such extent as to
be likely to be injurious or offensive to the persons employed, or any substantial quantity of dust
of any kind, all practicable measures shall be taken to protect the persons employed against
inhalation of the dust or fume or other impurity and to prevent its accumulating in any 19
workroom, and in particular, where the nature of the process makes it practicable, exhaust
appliances shall be provided and maintained, as near as possible to the point of origin of the dust
or fume or other impurity, so as to prevent it entering the air of any workroom.

Precautions where asphyxiate or irritant, gas or vapor -

(1) Where ammonia, chlorine, carbon dioxide or other asphyxiate or irritant gas or vapor is used
or is liable to be present in any factory, the plant or equipment in which such asphyxiate, gas or
vapor is used or liable to be present shall be located in such part of the factory premises where
persons are not ordinarily employed in any work.

(2) There shall be provided, properly maintained and readily available in any factory where any
such asphyxiate, gas or vapor is used or liable to be present, breathing apparatus or other
equipment of a type approved by the Chief Factory Inspecting Engineer.
(3) No person shall be employed to work at or near the outlet of any stack, culvert, drain, flue or
sewer or other such place from which dangerous gases or fumes are liable to be discharged:-

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(a) unless a responsible person in the factory has certified in writing that effective measures have
been taken to prevent such discharge; or

(b) Unless:-
(i) Such person is wearing breathing apparatus approved by the Chief Factory Inspecting
Engineer while carrying out such work;
(ii) such person is wearing a harness with a rope or ropes or tackle securely attached to
the harness and the other end of such rope or ropes is so placed as to enable such person
to be rescued in the event of any danger; and
(iii) the work is being carried out under the supervision of a responsible person in such
factory.

II. Explain the legal requirements relating to eye protection

Protection of eyes - Where any process or operation carried on in any factory involves a special
risk of injury to the eyes of persons employed in such process or operation or to the persons
working close to the place where such process or operation is in progress, there shall be provided
suitable eye protection for such persons.

The Factories (Protection of Eyes) Regulations, 1979

1. Effective and suitable screens, shields, goggles of spectacles corrected if necessary for
defective vision shall be provided in every factory in which my of the following processes or
operations are carried on, for the protection of persons employed in, or in the immediate vicinity
of, such processes or operations :-

(a) Dry grinding of metals or metal articles by the application of such metal or such articles to a
revolving wheel or disc driven by mechanical power.

(b) Turning (external or internal) of non-ferrous melds, or of cast iron, or of articles of such
metals or such iron and where such work is done dry, even in the case of precision work.
(c) Welding or cutting of metals by means of electrical, oxy-acetylene gas or similar process.

(d) The following processes or operations when carried on by means of hand tools, or other
portable tools that is to say, fettling of metal casting involving the removal of metal or cutting out
or cutting off (not including drilling or punching back) of cold rivets or bolts from boilers or
other planes or from ships, or chipping or scaling of boilers or ship plates, or breaking or
dressing of stone. Concrete or sing.

(e) The handling of corrosive liquids.

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(f) Processes or operations where persons employed therein are exposed to fumes which would
cause injury or discomfort to the eyes.

(g) Processes where persons are employed in arc-welding oxy-acetylenes welding, for renounce
work, or any other operations where eyes are exposed to glare, flicker or any radiation.

(h) Any other process or operation likely to cause injury to the human eye.

6.

I. Explain the accident notification under factories ordinance

(1) Where any accident occurs in a factory which-

(a) Causes losses of life of a person employed in that factory: or

(b) disables any such person for more than three days from earning full wages at the work at
which he was employed; or

(c) makes any such person unconscious as a result of heat, exhaustion, electric shock or
inhalation of irrespirable or poisonous fumes or gases, written notice of the accident shall
forthwith be sent to the District factory inspecting engineer (DFIE) by occupier or manager or
superintendent in form 10 and followed by form CFIE1

II. What are the dangerous occurrences which shall be reported under factories
ordinance?

Dangerous occurrences such as explosion, fire, collapse of buildings, collapse of a crane

accident to plant and machinery, etc., shall forthwith be notified to the DFIE.

7.

I. What are the duties of person employed according to factories ordinance

Any person employed in the factory

Shall not willfully interfere with or misuse any means appliance, convenience or other things.

Shall use the means or appliance provided.

Shall willfully and without reasonably cause do anything likely to endanger himself and others.

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 II. Explain the major fines under factories ordinance?

Fines for offences for which no-express penalty provided- Section 109

(1) Subject as hereinafter in this Ordinance provided, any person guilty of an offence under this
Ordinance for which no express penalty is provided by this Ordinance shall be liable-

(a) In the case of a first offence, to a fine not less than five thousand rupees;

(b) In the case of a second offence (not being an offence in respect of a continuation of an
offence referred to in subsection (2)), to a fine not less than five thousand rupees but not
exceeding twelve thousand five hundred rupees;

(c) in the case of a third or subsequent offence (not being an offence in respect of a continuation
of an offence referred to in subsection (2)), to a fine exceeding twelve thousand five hundred
rupees but not exceeding twenty-five thousand rupees.

(2) Where any person convicted of an offence and punished under subsection (1) continues the
contravention in respect of which he was so convicted and punished he shall (subject to the
provisions of section 110) be guilty of a further offence and liable in respect thereof to a fine not
exceeding five hundred rupees for each day on which the contravention was so continued.

If any person is killed, or dies, or suffers any bodily injury, in consequence of the occupier or
owner of a factory having contravened any provision of this Ordinance or of any regulation or
order made there under, the occupier or owner of the factory shall, without prejudice to any other
penalty, be liable to a fine not exceeding one hundred thousand rupees; and subject to the
provisions of subsection (4) to (9) of section 17 of the Code of Criminal Procedure Act, the
whole or any part of the fine may be applied for the benefit of the injured person or his family
death or injury.

Penalty of persons actually committing offence for which occupier is liable- Section
114
Where an act or default for which an occupier or owner is liable under this Ordinance is in fact
the act or default of some agent, servant, worker or other person, that agent, servant, worker or
other person shall be guilty of an offence and liable to the like fine as if he were the occupier or
owner, as the case may be.

8. Explain the hierarchy of control by giving examples?

Hierarchy of control

Control: the measures we take to eliminate or reduce the risk to an acceptable level.

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Hierarchy of Control: The order in which controls should be considered when selecting
methods of controlling a risk.

1. Elimination
2. Substitution
3. Engineering control
4. Administrative control
5. Personal protective equipment

1) Elimination - The best method of dealing with a hazard is to eliminate it. Once the hazard has
been eliminated the potential for harm has gone.
Eg; if employees have to work high above the ground, the hazard can be eliminated by moving
the piece they are working on to ground level to eliminate the need to work at heights.

2) Substitution - this involves substituting a dangerous process, method or substance with one
that is not as dangerous. This may not be as satisfactory as elimination as there may still be a risk
(even if it is reduced).
Eg; replacing asbestos sheets with aluminum sheets. To be an effective control, the new product
must not produce another hazard.

3) Engineering control - Structural changes to work environment, machine guards, devices to

prevent contact with dangerous parts, exhaust devices, ventilation etc. Eg. In case of working at
heights, provide guard rails, hand rails, safety nets etc. In case of high noise equipment apply
noise reduction methods such as building up attenuators, install silencers etc.

4) Administrative control - Administrative solutions usually involve modification of the

likelihood of an accident happening. This can be done by reducing the number of people exposed
to the danger reducing the amount of time exposed and providing training to those people who
are exposed to the hazard. Job rotation is one of the best examples.

5) Personal protective equipment - Provision of personal protective equipment should only be

considered when all other control methods are impractical, or to increase control when used with
another method higher up in the Hierarchy of Control.

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