One-way Analysis of Chi Square Analysis Spearman Rho Pearson Product Simple Linear

Variance (Anova) (0 to Infinity- always Correlation Moment Regression

positive) Correlation
Overview:
1.Parametric (DV must 1.Non parametric (It should 1.Non parametric 1.Parametric 1.Parametric
be normally distributed) be categorical (DV &IV 2. Inferential and 2. Calculate r to 2. Two type of
2.Total variance is ) (and uses association) descriptive determine direction hypothesis to be
partitioned into between 2.Chi square distribution has 3. Hypothesis test (positive/ negative tested which are
Group and Within only one parameter- df relationship X & Y which determine by regression model, and
Group (determine normality by 4. At least one sign +-) and slope.
3. The different is shape of bell) variable is not normal strength/ 3. Have inferential &
considered significant if 3. As increase the value of 5. Calculation based magnitude (using Descriptive ( to derive
the between group is df, it would confirm normality on ranking Guildfords of
prediction equation)
BIGGER than within 6. Correlation thumb)
group variance Coefficient, r range 3. Have inferential
from -1 < r > 1 & Descriptive

Purpose: Purpose: Purpose: Purpose: Purpose:

Compare differences 1.Goodness of fit (1 Determine Determine 1.Determine
between more than 2 variables) relationship between relationship relationship between
group Test assumption distribution two rank ordered between 2 2 variables generally
categorical variables variables variables generally between IV & DV
Examples: 3:1 female to between IV & DV 2. Make prediction of
male DV based on IV
2. Test of independence
(2 Variables)
Test association between 2
categorical variables and
determine the strength
association
Requirement/ Scale of Requirement: Requirement: Requirement: Requirement:
measurement: 1.Goodness of fit: DV: Ordinal DV- Interval/ Ratio DV: Interval/ Ratio
DV: Interval/ Ratio One categorical variables IV: Ordinal IV- Interval/ Ratio IV: Interval/ Ratio
IV: Nominal/ Ordinal (k (Nominal/ Ordinal) Or
>2) Calculation based on: DV: Interval/ Ratio R will never be
Note k = number of O- observed frequency IV : Interval/ Ratio negative, range from
group E- Expected frequency Data are not normally 0 to 1
E= np distributed -r to + r, if r = 0, there
n= sample size is no relationship
p= probability/ proportion
2. Test of Independence
DV- Nominal/ Ordinal Guildford rules: F range from 0 to
IV- Nominal/ Ordinal < 0.2 negligible infinity, for chi square
Extra notes: At least one variable is relationship
value
1.Interval/ Ratio can be nominal scale (Y? because < 0.2 -0.4 low
normally distribution, or we are interested in relationship
not. However, nominal strength, not direction) < 0.4- 0.7 Moderate
used for non- parametric relationship
2.Non parametric (1 or < 0.7 -0.9 High
two variables not relationship
normally distributed)
3. Inferential: to test
hypothesis
4. When there is 3 group,
which are Chinese, Malay
and India, we use Anova!

Assumption: Types of Chi square: Assumption: Assumption:

1.The dependent variable 1. Goodness of fit: 1.The score for To apply regression
must be normally To test certain assumption on No assumption both IV and DV analysis
distributed for each distribution of a categorical must be normally 1.The IV and DV
population variables (1 variable test for distributed variables are bivariate
Examples DV 1, DV 2. assumption) 2. The cases normally distributed in
2.The variables of the 2.Test of independence: present random the population
dependent variables are Test on association between sample 2. The cases present
the same for all variables regarding random sample
population contingency tables Guildford rules:
(homogeneity/ equality (Relationship between 2 < 0.2 negligible
of variance categorical variables relationship
3. The case represent association) < 0.2 -0.4 low
random samples from 3. Test of Homogeneity: relationship
population and test score Test on difference/ < 0.4- 0.7 Moderate
on test variable are comparison or proportion relationship
independent of each between 2 group (t test or < 0.7 -0.9 High
other anova) relationship

5 Hypothesis step: 5 hypothesis Step: r= Calculate r, Derive prediction

Step 1: State Null For Goodness of fit r= equation:
hypothesis and Step 1: State null
alternative hypothesis hypothesis and To describe nature of b1 =
alternative hypothesis relationship between
Ho: Ho: Statement of two variable in term
Ha: not all means are assumption of:
equal Ha: Statement opposite of Direction ( + - )
assumption Strength ( Guildford
Step 2: Calculate test rules) bo =
statistic
Step 2: Calculate test
statistic 5 hypothesis step: To describe the
1.Sum of Squares (state nature of
Calculation based on: Step 1: State Ho Y=
formulae) relationship
O- observed frequency and Ha Prediction equation
SST= between the two
E- Expected frequency Ho:
E= np Ha: variable in term:
n= sample size Direction
SSB= Positive / negative
p= probability/ proportion
Strength or
Formulae: magnitude- Using
Step 2: Report r For every unit increase
Guildford rule of
SSW= SST SSB If n < 10, report r, no for X, Y will increase in
thumb
2. Determine degree of additional statistic is ____ unit
freedom: required, make 5 hypothesis step: The amount of
a) df b= k 1 decision and Step 1: State Ho increase/ decrease in Y
b) df w= N k O n (0- (O- conclusion and Ha. is based on b1
p E) E)
c) df t= N 1 2
n> 10, calculate test Ho:
0 statistic Ha: Inferential part
State Formula: (t Hypothesis
3. Calculate Mean square Contingency table critical from table) Step 1: State Ho and
a. MSB= Step 2: Calculate Ha.
Step 3: Determine Critical test statistic Ho:
value: t= Ha:
b. MSW= 1.Significant level
2. Degree of freedom
df= k 1 Step 3: Determine Less error more
critical value precise,
4. Calculate F ratio Step 4: Decision Sample size and
F= Reject Ho: alpha Step 3: Critical
Fail to reject Ho: Step 4: Decision value Step 2: Calculate
Reject Ho: df = n 2 test statistic (F ratio)
Fail to reject Ho: One tail alpha 1.Calculate sum of
Step 5: Conclusion
Two tail alpha square
Reject Ho: Significant
SS df MS F Step 5: Conclusion: SST =
different from assumption
BG SS k MSB F
B 1 rati Fail to reject Ho: No Reject Ho: Step 4: Decision
o significant different from Significant Reject Ho:
WG SS N MS assumption relationship between Fail to reject Ho:
W k W SSR =
Tota SS N the two variables (IV
l T 1 Hypothesis test for DV) Step 5:
Independence Conclusion
Step 3: Determine Fail to reject Ho: No Reject Ho: SSE= SST- SSR
critical value (CV) Step 1: State Ho and Ha significant relationship Significant
Based on: Ho: DV is independent of IV between two variables relationship 2. Determine degree
Significance level, Ha: DV is dependent on IV ( IV-DV ) between the two of freedom
Degree of freedom (State variables (IV DV) Regression p
F) Step 2: Calculate test Error /Residue n p
statistic
 1.Calculate Expected count Fail to reject Ho: 1
formulae: No significant Total n 1
E= relationship
between two S. SS df MS F
Step 4: Decision: variables ( IV-DV ) Reg SS p MS F
R R
Reject Ho: Erro SS n-p- MS
Fail to reject Ho: 2. Calculate chi square value r E 1 E
Tota SS n-1
This is contingency table
l T

Gen Hig Mo Lo R
h d w Tot Step 3: Critical
Step 5: Conclusion:
al value
Reject Ho: Significant Mal 93 70 12 17
difference among the e (10 (59 (10 5
group means
Fem
5.5)
87
.5)
32
.5)
6 12
F
Fail to reject Ho: No ale (75) (42 (7. 5
significant difference .5) 5) Step 4: Decision
among the group means C 180 10 18 30
Reject Ho:
Tota 2 0
l Fail to reject Ho:
Post Hoc:
When null hypothesis is Step 5: Conclusion
rejected, the conclusion Reject Ho: The
just indication a regression model fits
significant mean the data at alpha value
difference among the Fail to reject Ho: The
group regression model does
To identify pair of group Step 3: Determine critical not fit the data at
significantly different, value _____ (alpha value)
use Post Hoc comparison. 1.Significant level
Use Turkey HSD for this 2. Degree of freedom
purpose. Df = (R 1) (C 1) Coefficient of
determination,
Post HOC: (when we Step 4: Decision: R2
reject Ho, then we used Reject Ho:
HSD) Fail to reject Ho: Amount of variance in
1.Calculate HSD statistic
2. formula to find used n
If the value of n different,
used n.
Y explained by X
Step 5: Conclusion Range from
Reject Ho: _______________
DV is significantly dependent Explain in term of %
on IV
Multiple correlation
Fail to reject Ho: Coefficient
DV is not significantly
dependent on IV R = R (+ / -)
Measures of association,
The positive and
(formulae) relationship
negative developed
1.Phi square coefficient
from sign located at
(df=1)
b1
( 2 x 2 table contingency)

2. Calculate mean Relationship between

difference X and Y
I J (IJ) Range from
1 2 Mean ( 1 ____________
2)
3 Mean ( 1 2. Contingency coefficient (df
3) > 2) Hypothesis for slope:
2 3 Mean ( 2 Step 1: State Ho and
3) Ha.
Ho:
3. Compare mean Ha:
difference
Sig diff: mean diff > HSD
No sig diff: mean diff < Step 2: Calculate
HSD test statistic
t=
3. Cramer V coefficient (df >
Effect Size: 2)
Eta square formulae:

Step 3: Critical
value
df = n 2

Proportion of variance of Step 4: Decision

dependent variable that Reject Ho:
is attributed to Fail to reject Ho:
independent variables.
Must be explain through Step 5: Conclusion
percentage % Reject Ho :
X contribute
significantly towards Y
Fail to reject Ho:
X does not contribute
significantly towards Y
SPSS SPSS:
Purpose: Purpose: For regression
Compare differences Test the assumption State Bo (constant)
between more than two pertaining to the distribution B1- variable
group means. of a categorical variable Take unstandardized
coefficient
Requirement: Requirement: 1.State the Ho and Ha
DV: Interval / Ratio DV: Nominal/ Ordinal 2.Report Alpha value =
IV: Nominal/ Ordinal (k > IV: Nominal/ Ordinal 3. F value and F
2) At least one variable is significant
normal 4. Decision
Assumption: Reject Ho: Sig F <
1.The dependent variable Decision criteria Alpha value
must be normally Reject Ho: Fail to reject: Sig F >
distributed for each Fail to reject Ho: alpha value
population
Examples DV 1, DV 2. Conclusion: For Slope,
2.The variables of the Reject Ho: 1.State the Ho and Ha
dependent variables are There is significant 2.Report Alpha value =
the same for all association between IV and 3. T value and T
population DV significant
(homogeneity/ equality Fail to reject Ho: 4. Decision
of variance There is no significant Reject Ho: Sig T <
3. The case represent association between IV and Alpha value
random samples from DV Fail to reject: Sig T >
population and test score alpha value
on test variable are
independent of each
other

Step in answering SPSS

1.State the scale
measurement:
DV: Interval/ Ratio
IV: Nominal/ Ordinal

2. Assumption of
normality?
Refer to table
homogeneity variances,
look at levene statistic,
and compare with Alpha
value. Since the sig value
> alpha value, we use
equal variance.

3. State hypothesis:
Ho:
Ha:
Value of statistic:
F significance F
4. Decision:
Reject Ho: Sig F < Alpha
value
Fail to reject: Sig F >
alpha value

5. Decision:
Reject Ho:
There is significant
difference in DV among
IV group

Fail to reject Ho:

There is no significant
difference in DV among
IV group
 Created by :
Nina