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The world of January 1, 2017 does not look so similar to that of just one year prior. The
experiment known as the EU has suffered a major blow; her strongest member, Britain, has
voted to withdraw. Meanwhile, nationalist parties in France, Germany, and Italy have surged in
the polls, as citizens wish to follow Britain's lead. In the united states, the controversial and
outrageous figure of Donald Trump has been elected President - an event professed as impossible
by almost every professional news outlet. These events are not anomalies. The world is in a state
of transition: globalism giving way to nationalism, elitism to populism, and the mainstream
media is far from safe from the turmoil. Cable TV is going the way of the dinosaur, and the
alternative press, operating through the internet on an open marketplace of ideas, has matured
into a significant competitor to the corporate news. As we look toward the future, it is clear that
much of the status quo is in danger of being left behind forever. Having sacrificed their
reputation in the political battles of 2016, it is unlikely that the mainstream media will ever
regain the dominance it once had over the hearts and minds of the people. A paradigm shift has
occurred. It is fair to say we entering the era of new nationalism and social media news.
There are a number of points I would like to convey in this paper. First I will clarify the
concept of nationalism, and why it has recently resurged, specifically in the form of civil (as
opposed to ethnic) nationalism. Next I will discuss the ongoing transition from corporate to
alternative media, the general reasons for the transition, and the major differences between the
two. I will then cite two recent events, the Brexit vote and the 2016 US Election, as examples of
an ongoing shift from globalist to nationalist sentiment, and will explain how each has acted as a
catalyst in the rise of alternative news sources. I will conclude with a brief overview of where
these trends are likely to take us, and how, despite the apparent turmoil, we are better off than we
were before.
Terms such as globalism and nationalism are not always clearly defined. Dictionary.com
(which is frequently closer to common usage than Oxford or Merriam Webster) provides the
following definition of nationalism: the policy or doctrine of asserting the interests of one's own
nation viewed as separate from the interests of other nations or the common interests of all
nations (dictionary.com). Specifically, nationalism is used to refer to the general idea that
governments should put the interests of its people first, with the natural connotation that they are
not doing so already. The alternative view, globalism, is defined as the attitude or policy of
placing the interests of the entire world above those of individual nations (dictionary.com).
Globalism is also refers to a group of ideologies that advocate the concept of globalization. It
tends to advocate for such policies as increases in immigration, free trade, lowering tariffs,
interventionism and global governance. (globalism). The common usage typically falls
There is also a cultural implication to the terms. With globalism associated with
multiculturalism, and nationalism with culture preservation. Those who identify as nationalist
may staunchly oppose each other on how the identify with their nation. Historically, the term
state referred to the government, country referred to the land, and nation referred to a
population, though these term are synonyms today. What was once considered to delineate a
nation was shared identity, typically in the form of shared language, culture, race, and heritage.
Under ethno-nationalism, national identity is determined by race, ethnicity, and heritage. This
was the dominant ideology in pre-WW2 europe. Civic nationalism, on the other hand, is more
american in origin, and is based on a shared conviction to make the (political, economic,
cultural) system work: Civic nationhood is meant to describe a political identity built around
shared citizenship it simply requires a disposition on the part of citizens to uphold their
political institutions, and to accept the liberal principles on which they are based (Stilz, 257).
Stilz also distinguishes between civic nationalism and cultural nationalism, claiming that, under
the former, the state need not endorse one national culture over others (258). Though this
distinction is, etymologically, correct, it is largely lost in the present day. The term civic
nationalist is frequently used by both groups, as they have more in common with each other than
The modern nationalist movement, of which Brexit and Trump are a part, is
predominantly civic nationalist in nature. In an interview with Marine Le Pen, front runner in the
upcoming french elections, she says I have respect for leaders who defend the interests of their
countries, associating herself with the fight for sovereign nations and the sentiment that The
French want to regain control of their own country ("Interview with Marine Le Pen."). The
nationalist movement (of which Brexit, Trump and Le Pen are a part), is predominantly
concerned with taking back control from globalists, involving a shrinking of government and
withdraw from foreign involvement. The civic nationalist movement is also populist in nature.
Globalist policies, while aiding multinational corporations, hurt the lower classes. Mass
immigration devalues labor, and free trade incentivises outsourcing. Naturally, civic nationalists
consider these policies elitist. Liberals frequently turn support for globalist policy (open borders,
free trade, etc.) into litmus tests for moral respectability (Haidt, 47). In turn, the nationalist has
associated itself with a rejection of political correctness, which is perceived as disingenuous and
a form of censorship.
To further clarify important terms as they will be used in this paper: the corporate media,
mainstream media or msm, and legacy media, refer to entities of the press which are associated
with a (reasonably large) company. This includes TV news networks such as CNN and Fox
News, as well as newspapers and online news sites such as The Washington Post. The alternative
media refers to individuals or small companies which engage in activities of the press, typically
through sites like youtube, facebook and blogs, leading to the term social media news.
The mainstream media peaked in influence in the early 2000s, and has been losing
ground to alternative media ever since. The early 2000s saw the explosion of the blog, and by
2007 twitter, facebook, and youtube had come into existence, and while these sites grow, TV is
slowly becoming obsolete. Subscriptions to cable TV, the most lucrative media for corporate
news, dropped 7 billion (over 15%) between 2010 and 2015, and the industry overall made 12
billion less in 2015 than it did in 2013 (TV Cable Subscriber Statistics). Senior citizens are now
the primary consumers of cable news. The median age of viewers of fox news, msnbc, and cnn
are all over 60, while viewers of the OReilly Factor have a median age over 72 (Hadas).
Without young people tuning in, the cable industry and cable news face the very real possibility
of losing their status as mainstream in the next decade, and it for this reason that some have
As these companies are forced to make the transition to a primarily internet based
existence, they are forced to compete with a rapidly growing alternative press, competition they
simply did not have in the TV era. The Young Turks, arguably the largest online news show,
averages about 2 million views on their youtube channel per day (socialblade.com), not to
mention views on their website. By comparison, the OReilly Factor, the most watched cable
news program, averaged an audience of 2.8 million viewers per night in 2015 (Marisa). Across
the board, growth of the alternative press skyrocketed in 2016, particularly on youtube. Rebel
media went from 66k to 500k subscribers, and garnered between one and six thousand views
daily. The Young Turks gained a million subscribers. Individuals such as Paul Joseph Watson
gained 900 thousand subscribers, and Sargon of Akkad now gets over 200k views per day.
Smaller channels grew as well. News analyst styxhexenhammer666 had his channel more than
triple in size over the course of the year, and Lauren Southern, a rebel media reporter, gained
almost 100 thousand subscribers in the month after going independent, in addition to getting
white house press access (socialblade.com). Of the examples given, The Young Turks would be
described as liberal, while the rest reside somewhere between conservative and libertarian, with
varying levels of support for the nationalist movement. While there are plenty of alternative
media sources which lean liberal, the majority lean conservative or libertarian. This is an
inversion of the corporate media, which typically leans left (Fox News being an exception).
Alternative media appeals to those alienated by the mainstream media, which occurs
The transition away from cable comes down to technology. Cable TV has to compete
with netflix, youtube, and social media for consumers attention: services built leveraging the full
power of the modern internet. Cable TV, created when such things were a pipe dream, has
become largely outdated, and networks have more competition on the open internet than they
ever did on cable. However, the success alternative media can only be partially explained by this
technology shift; the transition also has to do with populism. It should be noted that while
nationalists in particular are concerned with elitism in government and media, they are not the
only ones. The Young Turks, while opposing nationalist movements, is known for being critical
of the establishment (The Young Turks, 2:43), sporting the tagline Together we can change
the media, make it more representative of you, and not the powerful (9:42). Many people today
feel the MSM, in addition to varying political biases, have a common corporate bias which
makes them out of touch with common people. American trust in media is 32%, and the number
is 26% for those under 50 (Swift). As discussed earlier, political correctness and professionalism,
both central tenants of the mainstream media, may now be seen as elitist. The ability of the
alternative media to be casual, swear openly, and present their unrestricted personality gives
viewers (and particularly the youth) something they can identify with. When people nowadays
like to talk about the merger of news and entertainment (see article News as entertainment is
sadly becoming the norm by David Shaw), they miss the point; news has always been
entertainment. What The Young Turks, Alex Jones, and Bill OReilly have in common is that
they attract viewers because of their personalities, but the rants which are so big a part of the
former twos appeal are something one simply cannot get away with on a major network.
The alternative media is made up predominantly of individuals and small groups making
modest profits, frequently through donations from their supporters. The inherent populism of the
movement makes it necessarily related to the civic nationalist movement, which is equally
populist. Both trends are fueled by a rejection of the elitism seen in government and media. To
deviate for a moment, it is important to discuss the concept of narrative as it pertains to media
bias. A narrative simply means a story. Anyone who has an opinion on how the world is and
where it is going has a narrative they are subscribing to: a story of the world. Interpretations of
current events and the way we report on them is affected by the narrative we frame them in. This
is commonly called a bias, and it is unavoidable in journalism. Beneficial or not, people tend to
gravitate toward news media which tells the same narrative they subscribe to. During the events
of Brexit and the 2016 US Election, the mainstream media pushed a narrative inconsistent with
reality, and which failed to acknowledge the nationalist aspect of the movements. By and large,
the alternative media presented a more accurate narrative, and one more acceptable to a large
The Brexit movement was an inherently populist and civic nationalist movement, and in
fact represents the first major victory for the civic nationalist movement on a global scale.
Following the result of the referendum, Nigel Farage, leader of UKIP, was asked how much
economic cost he was willing to accept to bring about the change he wanted. He responded, you
cannot put a price on freedom or independence, and what we did last Thursday is we voted to
take back our country. To take back our laws, our courts, our borders, our pride and self respect,
adding at the end in trade terms, we're going to do better than we did before (CNN, Nigel
Farage on Brexit, 5:20). The order is important. For farage, economics is a secondary concern
compared to sovereignty. The things farage associates with pride and self respect are facets of
the state (i.e. laws, courts, borders), indicative specifically of civic nationalism. Farages
sentiments are representative of the typical Brexit voter as well. The top three reasons cited for
voting leave were nationalist rather than economic, with the number one reason being The
principle that decisions about the UK should be made in the UK (Lord Ashcroft Polls, fig. 5).
By contrast, the top reasons cited by those who voted remain involved economic weariness (fig.
5). This was not a battle between British and european loyalties, but between populist civic
nationalism, and the economic reservations about deviating from the status quo.
The corporate media, mainly the British corporate media, repeatedly cast the Brexit
debate as an economic matter, ignoring the real sentiments behind the movement. The BBC
article Vodafone boss warns Brexit threatens digital influence, reports that chief executive of
the seventh largest company listed on the London market warns of the potential negative
impact on the digital services market. This is largely irrelevant to the common British Citizen,
and may be seen as pandering to corporate interests. Meanwhile, the Sky News headline Leave
Rejects Brexit Pound Plunge Warning puts the leave campaign squarely on the defensive, while
placing additional focus on economics, a trend which persists even when discussing foreign
reactions (see BBC Yellen: Brexit significant economic repercussions). It is almost always
supporters of the remain campaign which are given headlines, and their positions are covered
disproportionately in articles. Article titles such as, Cameron urges voters to 'think of children'
before EU choice (BBC) make it fairly obvious, which side these news organisations are on.
The journalists later cited misinformation as a major factor in the Brexit result (EU referendum:
British public wrong about nearly everything, the independent). Many news outlets focused
one of the top three reasons for voting leave had to do with money. It was not long before the
MSM began to seriously cover the idea of a re-vote, which would have amounted to making
democracies revote after getting the wrong answer (Sargon, 16:25). Though it is difficult to
make objective claims of bias on a per article basis, on aggregate the British corporate media
pushed the narrative that Brexit was an economic issue, with remain as the only informed,
The alternative media allowed for a different narrative, one that accurately portrayed
Brexit as a movement for populism, civic nationalism, and sovereignty. After the Brexit result,
youtube personality Sargon of Akkad posted a video titled Britain chooses Freedom over Fear,
noting that a principle has won out over pragmatism (Sargon, 1:17). Among other youtubers
supporting Brexit was Stefan Molyneux, who described the Brexit result as another nail in the
coffin of the general media which cried wolf, cried armageddon and then nothing happened
(Molyneux, Brexit Aftermath). Molyneux is at mostly correct, while the pound did initially
fall, it has since rebounded, and UK markets have expanded (Cunningham). That the media was
so wrong (both in the effects of a Brexit and their forecast of a remain victory) has certainly
With regards to populism, one CNBC article hits the nail on the head when they mention
that expert predictions are increasingly unpersuasive to voters (Rosenfeld, Brexit 101). The
media reliance on so called experts is merely another form of elitist. An idea should stand on its
merits and a fact on its evidence, neither require experts. Increasingly, people want ideas they
can understand and evaluate for themselves; this is readily available from the alternative press. A
debate between Sargon of Akkad and Thunderfoot (who was resolutely opposed to Brexit),
represented both sides of the issue quite well, with Sargons arguments primarily based on
principle, while Thunderfoots are practical, claiming the EU is stable as it is and that Brexit is
a very expensive way [to achieve] a distinction without a difference (Thunderfoot, 1:00). The
two and a half hour video has over a quarter of million views. By comparison, the British
network Sky News only pulls about 100,000 viewers for its 10pm newscast (Foster). It is
important to recognise that the alternative press represented a wide range of opinions regarding
Brexit, and that a great deal of critical conversation occurred there. The refusal of the MSM to
fairly cover both sides of the issue, and to report on the nationalist side of the debate meant that
the alternative press could offer something that the public could not get from mainstream
sources. In 2016, British trust in media fell from 36% to 24% (Grierson), while the alternative
The momentum of Brexit likely spilled over to the United States, where Donald Trump
won the presidency with a populist, nationalist campaign. Trumps platform, confusing to some
as it is typical of neither democrats nor republicans, may be summed up with the phrase:
Americans first. Trump takes up the nationalist view on immigration, his campaign site stating
that any immigration plan must improve jobs, wages and security for all Americans
(donaldjtrump.com, Immigration). His campaign further pushed the populist line promising trade
deals which will serve the interests of American workers not Wall Street insiders
(donaldjtrump.com, Trade), and tax reform Reducing or eliminating ... loopholes available to
the very rich (donaldjtrump.com, Tax Reform). Although not all of Trumps policies were
related, his major talking points, his promises to drain the swamp, and especially his slogan of
Make America Great Again all played on rising national sentiments. It is worth noting that this
effect was not exclusive to the right. In the democratic primaries Bernie Sanders was a viable
populist candidate. Though a professed socialist, his platform had some nationalist elements,
such as his position on trade deals, and his determination to take back control from the
multinational corporations.
Like Brexit, Trump appealed to civic nationalism, not ethnonationalism. His interests are
in the political system, not in culture, race, or ethnicity, and making america better for all
americans was a major part of his message. In a speech to congress, Trump stated My job is not
to represent the world; my job is to represent the United States of America (Press Secretary),
and in his victory speech immediately following the election, he made clear his conviction to be
president for all americans (Rosenfeld, Remarks...). The propaganda casting Trump as a bigot
is universally unsubstantiated, and the claim that Trumps appeal stems from racism, sexism, and
bigotry does not hold up to scrutiny either. In the general election Trump a received a greater
percentage of the hispanic and african american vote than either Mitt Romney or John McCain
did in past elections, and the gender margin was no different than past elections (Tyson). It is
impossible to believe that Trumps support is based in hatred of certain groups if those groups
were no less likely to support him than they were a typical republican. However, Trumps
offensive comments and political incorrectness, which are often the source of such accusations,
were an important part of his success. Trump refused to act like a politician, appealing to those
who were sick of politicians. His clashes with the corporate media and political establishment
earned the support of people fed up with elitism. Everyday people could identify with trump:
everyday people arent politically correct, they arent always consistent, they change their minds,
and make offensive jokes, and they think the governments a racket. When Trump said that the
biggest problem in this country is political correctness, he endured himself to a lot of people.
election focused on character assassinations on both Trump and his supporters. CNN editorials
like Is Mike Pence OK with Trumps bigoted remarks? (Obeidallah) and By inviting Trump,
black pastor gives bigot access to his flock (Balley) are common, while those representing the
opposing view are non-existent. In the former article, the author accuses Trump of spewing
sexism, racism and bigotry (Balley), alienating those even partially sympathetic to the Trump
movement. Part of the media narrative cast Trump as a misogynist for having insulted individual
women. In a quote which shows the bias of the article, The Washington Post reported: Megyn
Kelly confronted Donald Trump with his own words -- you know, various little comments he's
made about and to women over the years (Ross). Trump was well known for insulting the
appearance of both men and women, so having called individual women pigs, dogs, slobs
By and large, the media did not comprehend the populism of the Trump movement.The
CNN video showing Trumps remarks to supporters (following a win in the Nevada Caucus) was
titled Trump: I love the poorly educated. With their choice of headline, it seems clear CNN
was trying to be anything but flattering, but at the same time it shows a grave mistake. Should
Trump, or CNN for that matter, not respect the poorly educated? They make up a substantial
demographic, and are voters and consumers of news media. Typically it is the democratic party
which claims to represent the disadvantaged classes who cannot afford higher education. Similar
articles sport headlines which alienate the lower classes, a block which is traditionally dominated
by the democrats but who voted for Trump in higher numbers than they did for either Romney or
McCain (Tyson). The narrative that Trump supporters are uneducated, with the implication that
the poorly educated arent qualified to make political judgements, had the predictable effect of
encouraging populism and widing Trumps support base. To be fair, not all news sites shared in
the folly, with some pointing out the problem, but in aggregate the narrative remained.
One critical failure of the mainstream media was the certainty with which they predicted
a Clinton victory. The voting day advantage of nationalist movements is now a recurring
phenomenon. Both Brexit and Trump outperformed their polling by about four percent, enough
to secure an unexpected win. Despite Brexit, the MSM cited Clintons lead in the polls to
proculde the possibility of a trump victory. The alternative media was, as a whole, more sensible.
Cenk Uygur, of the The Young Turks, noted that the rest of the media is still in denial they
think Hillary Clinton is going to win, it's taken as a given he [Trump] is in very good shape
right now, and Hillary Clinton is not (The Young Turks, 1:38-6:58). The media underestimated
Trumps viability throughout the entire campaign. Scandals which the media assumed would be
major setbacks to his campaign, which admittedly would have destroyed any other politician,
had negligible (or positive) effect on his polls. Much of the media reported on the the access
hollywood tape as if it were the end of Trumps campaign. Scott Adams, who predicted the
Trump presidency as early as aug. 2015, sums up the reality in a tweet: Trump's bid for
Sainthood officially ended today. I think he's still available for Kennedy-type jobs (Adams). In
the end, after everything else, it was fairly unlikely any still undecided voters would care about
some lewd comments Trump made in 2009. Overall, it was the alternative media which
accurately called the election. The media's repeated underestimation of Trump makes them look
foolish in hindsight, and their coverage of the election is almost certainly the cause for the sharp
drop in American trust in media. One letter to the editor of the Los Angeles Times laments a lack
The media share a large part of the blame for this outcome. They have sensationalized the
claims of each campaign and independently gone even further to search out more
personally damaging material. Very little effort seems to have been made to honestly
analyze the positions of Democratic nominee Hillary Clinton and Republican Donald
Trump and the implications of those ideas for the country. (Baker)
The analysis which Baker wanted was readily available from the Alternative Media, and some,
such as Tarl Warwick (styxhexenhammer666), had their audience triple in size, compensating for
a biased and sensationalist corporate news media, which had failed to understand or give credit
So what can we learn from all this? How can the trends seen in 2016 be extrapolated to
the future? First, recognise that these transitions are ongoing, and not likely to stop any time
soon. The media reporting on Wilders lost in the Dutch Elections was far too quick to declare
populism on the decline. Wilders party still displaced the Labor Party as the second largest in
the Dutch government, and there will be more elections to come; they have momentum.
Similarly, it is foolish to discount Marine Le Pen on the basis of polls. Considering the voting
day advantage of nationalist movements, shes likely to pull off an unexpected victory, and if she
does then Frexit is right around the corner. Other european nations will follow. The EU will fall,
eventually reduced to a collection of German satellite states. With regard to Donald Trump, he
will be neither as good nor as bad as people expected. There is only so much he can do, and if
you make men into heroes and devils, you are likely to be disappointed. I expect his presidency
to be a net positive. As nationalism gains more power in the state, it will begin to subside as a
movement. Populism is a tool for when the government fails to obey the people, and hopefully it
will not be so needed in the future. Similarly, the transition to alternative media has a natural
limit. Though the days of Cable TV are numbered, there are services for which the corporate
news is needed, and for this they will continue to exist. The alternative press will continue to
gain influence, but as it grows, its largest members will resemble more and more the corporate
media they originally rejected. The system will reach equilibrium. However, as we look head
into 2017, the transitions, the turmoil, and the political upheaval are still very much active and
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