CHAPTER 4

1 LAW OF
ST

THERMODYNAMICS
Learning Outcomes of Chapter 4
Identify the first law of thermodynamics as a statement
of the conservation of energy principle for closed (control
mass) and control volume (open) systems.
Develop the general energy balance applied to closed
systems and solve energy balance problems that involve
heat and work interactions.
Develop and apply the conservation of mass principle for
steady-flow control volumes.
Apply the first law of thermodynamics as the statement of
the conservation of energy principle to control volumes.
Solve energy balance problems for common steady-flow
devices such as nozzles, compressors, turbines, throttling
valves, mixers, heaters, and heat exchangers.
INTRODUCTION
The first law of thermodynamics, also known as the
conservation of energy principle or energy balance states
that energy can be neither created nor destroyed during a
process but can only change forms.
The conservation of energy principle can be expressed as:
The net change (increase or decrease) in the total energy
of the system during a process is equal to the difference
between the total energy entering and the total energy
leaving the system during that process:

Total energy Total energy Change in the total

entering the system leaving the system energy of the system
or, Ein Eout Esystem

This relation is applicable to any kind of system undergoing

any kind of process.
 Energy Balance for any system
Ein Eout
Energy transfer of a system
Energy transfer are
recognized at the system
boundary as they cross it
represent the energy gained
or lost by a system during a
process.
Energy can be transferred
to or from a system in three
forms: heat, work, and mass
flow.
Only two forms of energy
interactions associated with
a closed system are heat
transfer and work.
Esystem
Energy changeof a system
Energy change of a system during a
process = difference of the energy of
the system at the beginning and at
the end of the process:
Esystem=Efinal-Einitial =E2-E1
Energy is a property the value of a
property does not change unless the
state of the system changes the
energy change of a system is zero if
the state of the system does not
change during the process.
The change in the total energy of a
system during a process is the sum of
the changes in its internal, kinetic,
and potential energies:
E system= U + KE + PE
 Energy Balance for closed systems
Ein Eout Esystem

Net energy transfer by Changein kinetic, potetial,
work, heat & mass internal, etc. energies

For closed systems, only Q and The change in the total energy
W involved. = sum of the changes in its
internal, kinetic and potential
By using the sign convention of
energies:
heat and work, heat to be
transferred into the system E U KE PE
(heat input) in the amount of Q
and work to be done by the with, U mu2 u1
KE 12 mv22 v12
system (work output) in the
amount of W:
Q-W=E PE mg z 2 z1

Q W U KE PE
with, W Wb Wother Overall 1st Law of
thermodynamics
for closed systems
 Energy Balance for closed systems
(closed tank, rigid tank, piston-cylinder device)
Q W U KE PE with, W Wb Wother

STATIONARY SYSTEMS (KE=PE=0)

Q W U with, W Wb Wother

CONSTANT VOLUME PROCESS CONSTANT PRESSURE PROCESS

/ ISOCHORIC PROCESS (V=0) / ISOBARIC PROCESS (P=0)

RIGID TANK / PISTON- PISTON-CYLINDER DEVICE (W=Wb)

CYLINDER DEVICE
Q Wb U
V=0 Wb=0
Q U Wb
Q=U
Q
U
PV
Entalphydefinition

Q H
Energy change for a cycle
For a closed system undergoing a cycle, the initial and final
states are identical:
Esystem = E2 - E1 = 0.
Then the energy balance for a cycle simplifies to Ein - Eout = 0
or Ein = Eout.
A closed system does not involve any mass flow across its
boundaries, so the energy balance for a cycle can be expressed
in terms of heat and work interactions the net work output
during a cycle is equal to net heat input:

Qnet Wnet
 IST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS FOR CLOSED SYSTEMS
(Ein-Eout=Esystem)

GENERAL
Q-W=U+KE+PE
with, W=Wb+Wother

STATIONARY SYSTEMS (KE=PE=0)

Q-W=U

RIGID TANK (W=0) PISTON-CYLINDER DEVICE & CYCLIC PROCESS (U=0)

Q=U ISOBARIC PROCESS (P=0) Q=W
Q-Wother=H

ONLY INVOLVE Wb (Wother=0)

Q=H
ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CONTROL VOLUMES
An open system or a control volume (CV) = a properly selected
region in space and usually encloses a device that involves mass
flow in and out of the system such as a compressor, turbine or
nozzle.
Besides heat transfer and work across the boundary, the mass
and energy content of a control volume can change when the
mass flows in and out of the system.

To simplify the energy analysis of CV, the conservation of mass

principle for CV should be firstly defined and the system should
be assumed undergoing steady-flow process before the 1st Law
of Thermodynamics can be applied to control volumes.
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STEADY-FLOW PROCESS
A large number of engineering devices such as turbines,
compressors, and nozzles operate for long periods of time under
the same conditions as steady-flow devices.
Steady-flow process = a process during which a fluid flows
through a control volume steadily the fluid properties within
the control volume may change with position but not with time.

Therefore, the volume V, the mass m, and the total energy

content E of the control volume remain constant during a steady
flow process:
dmCV
m CV 0
dt
dECV
E CV 0
dt
 Conservation of Mass Principle
The conservation of mass principle for a control volume: The net mass
transfer to or from a control volume during a time interval t is equal to
the net change (increase or decrease) in the total mass within the
control volume during t:
Also known as mass balance and
applicable to any control volume
undergoing any kind of process

Total mass entering Total mass leaving Net change in mass

CV during t CV during t within CV during t
m in mout mCV For control volumes
m in m out m CV dmCV dt undergoing steady-

0 flow process
m m
in out

For control volumes, mass and volume normally expressed in the rate
forms mass flow rate and volume flow rate. The mass and volume flow
rates are related by:

V

m V or
V A
m Vav A av kg s
v v
 Conservation of Energy Principle
The conservation of energy principle (1st Law of Thermodynamics) for
control volumes has the similar definition with that of closed systems:
E in E out E system (kW)

Rate of net energy transfer across Rate of changein internal, kinetic, For steady-flow
CV by heat, work and mass potentialetc energies of CV
process,=0

E in E out

Rate of net energy transfer in Rate of net energy transfer out
by heat, work and mass by heat, work and mass

Qin Win m Qout Wout m
in out

2 2
V V
Qin Win m
Pv u gz Qout Wout m
Pv u gz
in h 2 out h 2
= energy
2 2 per unit mass
V V
Qin Win m h gz Qout Wout m h gz flowing in and
in

2 out

2 out of CV
for each inlet for each outlet
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998
 Energy Balance for control volumes
2 2
V V
Qin Win m h
gz Qout Wout m h
gz

in 2 out 2
for each inlet for each outlet

2 2
Vi Ve
Qin Win m

hi
gzi Qout Wout m

he
gze
2 2

Q net Q in Q out
for each inlet for each outlet

2 2
V V
Q net W net m
he e gze m

hi i gzi

2 2


for each inlet for each outlet

Wnet Wout Win

Q W H K E P E
Overall 1st Law of
thermodynamics for CV
undergoing steady-flow
process
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998
1st LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS FOR CONTROL VOLUMES
(in-out=CV)

STEADY-FLOW PROCESS (CV=0) UNSTEADY-FLOW

Q W H KE PE PROCESS (CV0)

STATIONARY SYSTEM (KE=PE=0)

Q W H

NO WORK (W=0) ADIABATIC PROCESS (Q=0)

Q H H W
Steady-flow Engineering Devices
Nozzles and Diffusers
Nozzles and diffusers are commonly utilized in jet engines, rockets,
spacecraft, and even garden hoses.
A diffuser = device that A nozzle = device that increases
increases the pressure of the velocity of a fluid at the
a fluid by slowing it down expense of pressure

The rate of heat transfer between the fluid flowing through a nozzle or a
diffuser and the surroundings is usually very small (Q0), involve no work (W=0),
any change in potential energy is negligible (pe0) but involve very high velocities
the kinetic energy changes must be taken into account (ke0).

M ass balance : m in m out m 1 m 2 m

Energy balance : E in E out
2 2
V V
m h1 1 m h2 2
2 2


V2 2h1 h2 V12
 Turbines
Control
Surface
1
W

In steam, gas, or hydroelectric power plants, the device that drives

the electric generator turbine. As the fluid passes through the
turbine, work is done against the blades, which are attached to the
shaft shaft rotates, and the turbine produces work produce
power output.
By ignoring the change in KE and PE energies through an adiabatic
turbine (Q=0) with a single stream (one inlet-one outlet) that
undergoes a steady flow process:
in m
M ass balance : m out m
1 m
2 m

Energy balance : E E
in out

m h2 W
h1 m
W m h h
1 2
Compressors and Fans
Compressors, as well as pumps and fans, are devices used to increase
the pressure of a fluid. Work is supplied to these devices from an
external source through a rotating shaft involve work inputs
require power input.
The differences between the three devices:

A fan increases the pressure of a gas slightly and is mainly used to

mobilize a gas at low pressure.
A compressor is capable of compressing the gas to very high
pressures.
Pumps work very much like compressors except that they handle
liquids instead of gases.
Heat transfer, kinetic and potential energies are also negligible for
compressors (Q=0, pe=0, ke=0):

Control in m
M ass balance : m out m
1 m
2 m

Surface Energy balance : E E
in out

1 W m h1 W m h2
W m h h
2 2 1
Throttling Valves
Throttling valves are any kind of flow-restricting devices that cause a
significant pressure drop in fluid.
Unlike turbines, they produce a pressure drop without involving any
work but often accompanied by a large drop in temperature devices
are commonly used in refrigeration and air-conditioning applications.
Throttling valves are usually small devices, and the flow through them
may be assumed to be adiabatic (q=0), no work done (w=0), the change
in potential energy is very small (pe=0), the increase in kinetic energy
is insignificant (ke=0):
M ass balance : m i m
e
i hi m
Energy balance : m e he
hi he

Enthalpy values at the inlet and exit of a

throttling valve are the same throttling
process = isenthalpic process
Throttling process of an ideal gas
he hi
he hi 0
Te

Ti
C P (T )dT 0
Te Ti

The temperature of an ideal gas remains constant

during a throttling process since h=h(T)
 Mixing Chambers
In engineering applications, mixing two streams of
fluids is not a rare occurrence. The section where
the mixing process takes place mixing chamber.
The mixing chamber does not have to be a distinct
chamber. An ordinary T-elbow or a Y-elbow in a
shower = mixing chamber for the cold and hot
water streams.
The conservation of mass principle for a mixing
chamber requires that the sum of the incoming
mass flow rates equal the mass flow rate of the
outgoing mixture.
Mixing chambers are usually well insulated (q=0),
usually do not involve any kind of work (w=0), the
kinetic and potential energies of the fluid streams
are usually negligible (ke=0, pe=0):

1 Mass balance : m m out m 1 m 2 m 3

in

MIXER 3 Energy balance : E in E out

2 2
m 1h1 m 2 h2 m 3h3
1 ????
3
Heat Exchangers
Heat exchangers are devices where two moving fluid streams exchange
heat without mixing.
widely used in various industries, and they come in various designs.

The simplest form of a heat exchanger is a double-tube (also called

tube and-shell) heat exchanger.

Q=0
Heat is transferred from the hot fluid to the cold one through the wall
separating them and the outer shell is usually well insulated to prevent
any heat loss to the surrounding medium.
Heat exchangers typically involve no work interactions (w=0) and
negligible kinetic and potential energy changes (ke=0, pe=0) for each
fluid stream.
 The heat transfer rate associated with heat exchangers
depends on how the control volume is selected

When the entire heat If only one of the fluids is

exchanger is selected as the selected as the control volume,
control volume, Q becomes then heat will cross this
zero, since the boundary for boundary as it flows from one
this case lies just beneath the fluid to the other and will not be
insulation no heat crosses zero the rate of heat
the boundary. transfer between the two fluids.
3 3

1 2 1
2

4 4

MB: m in m out m 1 m 3 m 2 m 4
M B: m in m
out m
1 m 3 m
2 and m 4
EB : E in E out
EB : E in E out
Q m 1h1 m 2 h2 or m 3h3 Q m 4 h4
m 1h1 m 3h3 m 2 h2 m 4 h4
Q m 2 h2 h1 or Q m 3 h3 h4
Pipes and Duct Flows
The transport of liquids or gases in pipes and ducts is of great
importance in many engineering applications.
Flow through a pipe or a duct usually satisfies the steady-flow
conditions.
Sometimes heat transfer is desirable and is the sole purpose of
the flow. Water flow through the pipes in the furnace of a
power plant, the flow of refrigerant in a freezer, and the flow
in heat exchangers are some examples of this case.
At other times, heat transfer is undesirable, and the pipes or
ducts are insulated to prevent any heat loss or gain, particularly
when the temperature difference between the flowing fluid and
the surroundings is large. Heat transfer in this case is
negligible.
 Liquid Pumps
Work is required to pump a compressed liquid in an adiabatic (q=0) and
steady flow process.
For compressed liquid, the density and specific volumes are constant
(v2=v1=v) and the process of pumping compressed liquid is isothermal
(u=cvdT=0). By neglecting KE and PE:

M B: min mout m
2 2 Fluid exit, 2
V1 V2

EB : W m
h1
gz1 m
h2 gz 2

2 2
2 2
Pump
V2 V1
h2 h1
W m g z 2 z1
W h
u2 u1 Pv 2 Pv 1
2
pe 0
ke 0


W m u 2 u1 Pv 2 Pv 1 Fluid inlet, 1


u 0

Pv 2 Pv 1
W m Liquid flow through a pump

W m vP P
2 1
 Steady-Flow Engineering Devices
(Control Volumes)

Turbines (P2<P1; Work produced) Throttling Valves /

Compressors (P2>P1; Work required) Flash Chambers (h2=h1)
[KE=PE=0] [H=0,W=0, KE=PE=0]

Mixing Chamber (Inlets>Outlets) Heat Exchangers

Separator (Outlets>Inlets) [P=0,W=0, KE=PE=0]
[P=0,W=0, KE=PE=0]

Nozzles (2>> 1; P2<P1) Boilers / Evaporators Condensers

Diffusers (2<< 1; P2>P1)
[W=0, PE=0]
(Liquid to Vapour) (Vapour to Liquid)
Throttling Valve / Flash
Chamber with ideal gas
(h2=h1; T2=T1)
[H=0, T=0, W=0, KE=PE=0]