PROJECT

SUBMITTED TO

PROF. Dr.S.Subba Rao

TAMILNADU NATIONAL LAW SCHOOL, TIRUCHIRAPPALLI.

In Fulfilment of the Requirements for Internal Component in

Political science -IV

TOPIC: PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM IN TAMILNADU

By

DINESH KUMAR R (Regd. BA0140015)

BA LLB(HONS)-SEC A

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 D ECLARATION

I, DINESH KUMAR R do hereby declare that the project entitled PUBLIC

DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM IN TAMILNADU submitted to Tamil Nadu National law school in
partial fulfilment of requirement of award of degree in undergraduate in law is a record of
original work done by me under the supervision and guidance of Professor Dr.S.Subba
Rao,Department of Political science IV, Tamil Nadu National law school and has not formed
basis for award of any degree or diploma or fellowship or any other title to any other candidate
of any university.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, I thank my political science IV teacher Prof Dr.S.Subba Rao for allotting me such a
challenging and dynamic topic. Even repaying him through mere words is beyond the domain of
my lexicon that was the backbone during all hurdles that I confronted during making this project.
Hence I am forever duly indebted to him as a student.

Also, I am grateful to the staff and administration of TNNLS who contributed useful resources
tremendously in the making this project by providing library infrastructure and database
connection.

This project would not have been possible without the involvement of precious inputs of friends
who sacrificed their valuable time to guide and advise me in all times of need to make this
project a successful one.

Last but not the least I would like to thank the Almighty for giving to courage and strength to
with stand all the hindrances during this project and making it successful finally since its
inceptions.

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 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the POLITICAL SCIENCE-IV research Project on PUBLIC

DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM IN TAMILNADU submitted to the Tamil Nadu National Law
School; Tiruchirappalli, in fulfilment of the requirements for internal component for B.A.; LL.B.
(HONS.), Third Semester is bonafide research work carried out by DINESH KUMAR R under
my supervision and guidance. No part of this study has been submitted to any University for the
award of any Degree or Diploma whatsoever.

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Table of Contents:-
Introduction

Objectives of the Public Distribution System

Key strategies for effective implementation of Public Distribution System

Agencies involved in Public Distribution System

Functioning of Public Distribution System

Public Distribution System in India

Public Distribution System in Tamilnadu

Politics and Public Distribution System in Tamil Nadu

Limitations of Public Distribution System

To improve the Public Distribution System

Conclusion

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INTRODUCTION:-

Public Distribution System (PDS) is a poverty alleviation programme and contributes towards
the social welfare of the people. Essential commodities like rice, wheat, sugar, kerosene and the
like are supplied to the people under the PDS at reasonable prices. PDS is a boon to the people
living below the poverty line. PDS is the primary social welfare and antipoverty programme of
the Government of India. Revamped Public Distribution System (RPDS) has been initiated by
the Government of India from the year 1992 in order to serve and provide essential commodities
to the people living in remote, backward and hilly areas. Government introduced Targeted
Public Distribution System (TPDS) in the year 1997. Central Government and State
Governments have been actively involved in steering the operations for the success of the PDS.
It is not possible to neglect the PDS in India, because majority of the Indian population are
living in rural areas and their standard of living is also poor and they cannot afford to pay the
prevailing market prices for the essential commodities. Tamil Nadu sets a model in
implementing the PDS as universal system for the cause of eradicating poverty and improving
standard of living of the people living below the poverty line. 1 Timely supply of essential
commodities is the basic element for the success of the PDS. Infrastructure i.e., Fair Price Shops
(FPS), godown facilities and employees are other requisites of the PDS. The involvement of the
Cooperative Societies is noteworthy for the success of the PDS in Tamil Nadu.

Objectives of the Public Distribution System:

Elimination of chronic hunger and starvation in Tamil Nadu.

Protect citizens from ill effects of rise in price of essential commodities.

1 . U.K.Singh (1991), Public Distribution System, Mittal Publications, New Delhi.

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 Reduction of micro nutrient deficiency through fortification of essential
commodities supplied through PDS.

Make available affordable domestic fuels like kerosene and LPG.

Ensure easy accessibility of Fair Price Shops by cardholders.

Ensure affordable prices of essential commodities , especially for the

poorest.

Ensure availability of essential commodities at the right time every month.

2. Key strategies for effective implementation of Public Distribution System

Effective handling of complaints given by cardholders.

Open Part-time shops scheme for villages having difficulty in access to

existing Fair Price Shops.

Timely and controlled movement of essential commodities though route

charts and momentary.

Reduction of leakages through system improvements, tightened enforcement

and deterrent criminal action.

Error free and correct allotment and movement of essential commodities to

fair price shops through E-Governance.

RESEARCH PLAN

Research Objective
To Restudy and analyse the function of the public distribution system in tamilnadu

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Research Questions

What is the role of public distribution system?

Whether there is relation Politics and Public Distribution System in Tamil Nadu ?
What are the limitations and advantages of public distribution system ?

Research Methodology
The research methodology that was followed was a qualitative in nature and project involved use
of articles and references from articles and journals and some statistical reports.

Hypothesis
Through this project the major hypothesis is to enrich the knowledge of the reader regarding the
public distribution system. This project enlightens the readers how the pds works, and how the
structure of the public distribution system respectively.

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Agencies involved in PDS:-

Cooperation, Food and Consumer Protection department of the Government of Tamil

Nadu lays down policy for Public Distribution System in Tamil Nadu and is under the
charge of Hon'ble Minister for Food and headed by a Secretary to Government. There are
three agencies under the CF&CP department:

1.Civil Supplies and Consumer Protection Department is headed by a Commissioner with

31 district offices and 221 taluk/zonal offices.2

2.Tamil Nadu Civil Supplies Corporation (TNCSC): is responsible for procurement,

movement and supply of essential commodities under PDS and is headed by a Managing
Director.

3.Registry of Cooperative Societies (RCS): is responsible for running FPS through its
cooperative societies in all districts and is headed by a Registrar aided by Joint Registrars
in each district.

4.Ministry of Food, Consumer Affairs and Public Distribution: in the Government of India
is responsible for fixing procurement prices of food grains and allots subsidized food
grains to the State Governments under PDS.

5.Food Corporation of India : is a Government of India organization that procures rice,

wheat and other essential commodities from various states and moves them to states as
per Ministry of Food allotment orders under PDS.

Functioning of PDS:-

2 . Venugopal K.R. (1992), Deliverance from Hunger: The Public Distribution System in India,
Sage Publications, New Delhi.

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The central and state governments share responsibilities to provide food grains to the identified
recipients. The centre procures food grains from farmers at a minimum support price (MSP) and
sells it to states at central issue prices. It is responsible for transporting the grains to godowns in
each state. States hold the responsibility of transporting food grains from these godowns to each
fair price shop (ration shop), where the beneficiary buys the food grains at the lower central issue
price. Many states further subsidise the price of food grains before selling it to recipients. The
Food Corporation of India (FCI) is the nodal agency at the centre that is responsible for
transporting food grains to the state godowns.

State-level ministries of food and civil supplies control networks of ration shops within their
authorities, and are responsible to allocate licenses to the private traders who operate the shops.
State governments also issue ration cards to their residents (at one time on a nominally
universal basis, but more recently on a targeted basis), and determine the quantities to which
consumers are entitled. These differ from one commodity to the next. The prices are determined
by state governments. Under Public Distribution System scheme, each family below the poverty
line is eligible for 35 kg of rice or wheat every month, while a household above the poverty line
is entitled to 15 kg of food grain on a monthly basis. The Central Government take responsibility
for procurement, storage, transportation, and bulk allocation of food grains. State Governments
hold the responsibility for distributing the same to the consumers through the established
network of Fair Price Shops (FPSs). State governments are also responsible for operational
responsibilities such as Allocation and Identification of families below poverty line, Issue of
ration cards, Supervision and Monitoring the functioning of Fair Price Shops.

Public Distribution System in India:-

Public Distribution System is considered as principal instrument in the hands of government for
providing safety net to the poor and the downtrodden. The system serves triple objectives
namely protecting the poor, enhancing the nutritional status and generates a moderate influence
on market prices.3 The focus and coverage of PDS have changed widely over the years. Initially
3 . Div S. Mahendra (1996), Food security: PDS Vs. EGS A tale of two States, Economic and
Political Weekly, Vol.31 (27), p-1752.

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during world war civilian consumption was restricted so as 12 to divert food items to meet the
food requirement of defence forces. Subsequently frequent occurrence of drought throughout the
country made the planners to think on food shortages. In order to overcome this shortage ration
system was came in to existence. FPS was opened to distribute the items of mass consumption in
urban areas. Thereafter, it was extended to rural areas.

Public Distribution System in Tamilnadu :-

The Government of Tamil Nadu is implementing PDS since the year 1964. The scheme Village
Shop Programme was introduced by the State with the intention to have one shop for one village
in order to feed essential articles to rural public. Subsequently the scheme was converted into
PDS with the intention of providing essential commodities to the public both in rural and urban
areas at concession rate. Since the introduction of TPDS from 1.6.1997 the universal PDS is in
operation in Tamil Nadu with the Antyodaya Anna Yojana and the expanded Antyodaya Anna
Yojana schemes. Under the universal PDS there is no discrimination of families on APL and
BPL lines based on income. 7 Distribution System The Tamil Nadu Civil Supplies Corporation
procures and stocks the essential commodities in advance in a network of owned and hired
buffer and operational godowns right up to taluk level. The shop personnel move the stocks
from the taluk level operational godowns to the FPS as per allocation made to them by district
level authorities every month. At FPS level, the entitlement of rice and sugar is linked to the
number of members in each family and that of kerosene is based on the number of LPG
cylinders and the nature of the area-rural, urban and hilly.

Tamil Nadu Government is implementing Universal Public Distribution System (UPDS) and no
exclusion is made based on the income criteria. The Hon'ble Chief Minister has made the
universal public distribution system 'poor friendly' by ordering rice at free of cost under public
distribution system to all eligible card holders from 01.06.2011

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Tamil Nadu Civil Supplies Corporation procures rice and other essential commodities required
for public distribution system from Food Corporation of India and through tenders. Distribution
of commodities through fair price shops is being carried out by Tamil Nadu Civil Supplies
Corporation and the Cooperative societies. Tamil Nadu Civil Supplies Corporation lifts essential
commodities from Food Corporation of India and stores them in 226 operational godowns
located all over the state.4 From the Tamil Nadu Civil Supplies Corporation operational godowns,
stocks are moved by lead Cooperative Societies / self lifting societies and delivered at the
doorsteps of fair price shops. Similarly, Sugar is moved by Tamil Nadu Civil Supplies
Corporation from the respective Cooperative / Private Sugar Mills and distributed through its
operational godowns. Tamil Nadu Civil Supplies Corporation also procures various other
essential commodities for Special Public Distribution System directly from the market through
tenders and also through designated Government of India agencies. Tamil Nadu Civil Supplies
Corporation and Cooperatives lift kerosene from wholesale dealers of the oil companies

RICE

Rice is being distributed to the family card holders who have exercised option for rice and to
the Antyodaya Anna Yojana Card holders. Rice is supplied free of cost with effect from
01.06.2011

The Present Monthly Allotment of Rice and Issue Price for the rice allotted from the Central
pool through Food Corporation of India are as under

SUGAR

4 Indrakanth S. (1997), Coverage and Leakages in PDS in Andhra Pradesh, Economic and
Political Weekly, Vol.32 (19), May, p-999.

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 Government of India allots levy sugar on monthly basis specifying quantities to be released by
each sugar mill from Tamil Nadu and Pondichery. The allotment thus received is sub-allocated to
various districts. Tamil Nadu Civil Supplies Corporation is lifting sugar from the designated
sugar mills for distribution under public distribution system. The average monthly allotment of
levy sugar at levy rates by Government of India is 10,833.50 MTs. Since the allotment of levy
sugar received Government of India is insufficient to meet the requirement of card holders, the
Tamil Nadu Civil Supplies Corporation is purchasing non levy sugar from open market. The
average supply of sugar to card holders is 35,133 metric tonnes per month.5 The quantity of sugar
sold to card holders is on the increase as the card holders prefer to buy sugar under public
distribution system in view of the high price ruling in the open market. The difference in the cost
towards the open market price and the issue price of public distribution system is met by the
Government from food subsidy. The subsidy provided by Government of Tamil Nadu for non-
levy sugar stand at Rs. 538.00 crore.

WHEAT

The Government of India has allocated 13,783 metric tonnes of wheat per month to Tamil
Nadu under targeted Public distribution system for the period from April 2012 to March 2013.
The wheat is meant for supply to the eligible persons under Antyodaya Anna Yojana / Below
Poverty Line. The Government of India have also released special adho additional allocation of
34,890 metric tonnes of wheat to Tamil Nadu for Above Poverty line families under targeted
Public distribution system at a cost of Rs. 8.45 per Kg. The supply level of wheat is 10 kg. per
card per month for District Headquarters and 5 Kg. per card per month for other
places.

5 Geetha S. & Suryanarayana H. (1993), Revamping PDS: Some Issues and Implications,
Economic and Political Weekly, Vol.28 (41), p-2207.

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 KEROSENE

The monthly allotment of kerosene to Tamil Nadu by Government of India which stood at
52,806 kilo litre in April 2011 has been brought down by Government of India to 39,429 kilo
litre in April 2012. Eventhough, the reduced quantity amounts to 60.53% of the States
requirment of 65,140 kilo litre of kerosene, the Government istaking necessary measures for
equitable distribution of kerosene to cardholders. Tokens are issued to the cardholders who did
not get kerosene at the public distribution system shops. Such of those persons to whom tokens
have been issued, are supplied kerosene on priority during the subsequent month. The action
taken by the Government to speed up the stamping of LPG connection details in family cards has
helped in saving a quantity of 1,560 kilo litre of kerosene and this is redistributed to eligible card
holders.

Kerosene is being supplied under public distribution system only to cardholders who do not
have LPG connections and cardholders with one cylinder LPG connection. The scale of supply
of kerosene ranges from 3 litres to 15 litres per month to no LPG card
holders depending upon their area of residence.6 In respect of cardholders with one LPG
connection, irrespective of area of their residence, 3 litres of kerosene. per month is being
supplied. The retail selling price of kerosene to cardholders ranges from Rs. 13.60 to 14.20 per
litre depending upon the distance from the terminal.

ANTYODAYA ANNA YOJANA SCHEME (AAY)

Antyodaya Anna Yojana Scheme (AAY) is being implemented in our State. Even though,
there is no classification under this scheme,the poorest of poor are targeted for the issue of
Antyodaya Anna Yojana cards. This has now been expanded by the Government of India based on

6 . Dantwala M.L. (1993), Agricultural Policy: Prices and Public Distribution System: A Review,
Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol.48 (2), p-173. XVIII

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the directions of the Supreme Court of India. The Antyodaya Anna Yojana family cards are
eligible for 35 kgs Of rice per month and rice is distributed freeof cost to these family Cardholders
only in this State, despite the fact that the Government of India has stipulated cost at Rs.3 per kg.
For this scheme.

The following categories of persons / families have been targeted under this scheme:

Widows, terminally ill persons, disabled persons, persons aged 60 years and above
with no family or societal support or assured means of subsistence.

All primitive tribal households.

HIV positive / affected, leprosy affected persons, urban homeless.

Politics and Public Distribution System in Tamil Nadu :-

In its election manifesto, the (AIADMK and DMK) promised free rice will be given to all
people, and this was implemented soon after the elections. The PDS is a very good media to
reach the people easily to the political parties in the state, and it often stands first in the list of
schemes mean to lure or attract voters. As per government order follows the announcement of
Chief Minister has made an electoral promise regarding the provision of free rice distributed as
on 1st June 2011.Whichever government comes to power, they are ensuring proper working of
the PDS.

Coverage to the Card holders :-

This system covered 18.62lakh AAY beneficiaries and 1.83crore card holders are entitled to free
rice and totally 32,535 ration shops across the state. Every month either raw or boiled the rice
will be distributed to the card holders through the ration shops (fair price shops). The state
government had been providing 3.82lakh tonnes of standardised rice. This rice was distributed to
the family members nearly 12-20kgs proportionately but except in Nilgris district minimum of
16kgs and maximum 24kgs rice were distributed to per card holder. Family cards particular in
rice cards 1, 67, 21,538, AAY 18, 62,615rice and full commodities. Sugar cards 10, 76, 552,
(except rice), police card 61,061(all commodities) and None-commodities cards 60,827 are

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circulated in Tamil Nadu. In the state fair price shops are covered in average population was
2217(table 01). In this study area higher population in Thiruvallur districts is covered less level
fair price shops in average per FPSs 3748population. In the state covered per fair price shops are
585 ration cards as on 30.6.2013. The state food subsidy of free rice distribution was increased
to the Govt nearly Rs.500 crore in a financial year.

According to the website of the The Tamil Nadu Civil Supplies Corporation (TNCSC), there are
over 33,220 Fair Price Shops (FPS) serving 1.98 crore families in Tamil Nadu; out of these,
31,232 are run by Cooperative Societies, 1,394 by the TNCSC and 596 by womens Self Help
Groups.

Essential commodities including rice, wheat, sugar and kerosene are supplied under the PDS in
Tamil Nadu. The state government issues family ration cards based on the needs and preferences
of the families. Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY) Scheme Cards are for the poor who are eligible
for 35kg rice per month, Rice Cards for those who prefer to buy rice along with other
commodities, Sugar Cards for those who prefer additional sugar instead of rice, and No
Commodity Cards who do not wish to buy any PDS commodities.

The Special PDS was introduced to protect people from the sharp increases in prices of essential
commodities like toor dal, urad dal, palmolein oil and fortified flour. Police personnel are issued
separate cards while transgender people living in groups are issued family cards. While the
Poverty Line (PL) itself remains a contentious issue in the country, many who are eligible for
BPL (Below Poverty Line) cards based on the existing definition are issued APL (Above Poverty
Line) cards which denies them access to subsidies meant for their income group. There are also
cases where people from a higher income group have been issued BPL cards.

Limitations of Public Distribution System:-

The problems of Public Distribution System have not been undeviating in the nation. In some
states, the administration is weak and dishonest. In these states, deficiencies regarding huge
shortage of stocks, fake supply entries in ration cards, diversion of commodities for sale to open

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market and bogus ration cards are recorded. Public Distribution System suffers from irregular
and poor quality of food grain made available through Fair Price Shops.
In general, the public distribution system has following limitations.

1. Identification of poor by the states is not fool proof. A large number of poor and needy
persons are left out and a lot of fake cards are also issued.

2. Fair Price Shop owner gets fake Ration cards and sell the food grains in the open market.

3. People do not get the permitted amount of food grains from the Fair price shop.

4. Diversion of Food grains by Fair Price Shops holder and mediator.

5. Many times, good quality food grains are replaced with poor quality cheap food grains.

6. Public distribution system includes only few food grains such as wheat and rice, it does
not fulfil the requirement of complete nutrition.7

7. Uneven distribution of Food generations, procurement and distribution. For example:

north eastern states are very far from Punjab and Haryana, from where wheat is procured.
To transport food grains from Punjab to far flung areas in North east will entail cost and
time both.

Main problem involved in the operation of public distribution system is the issue of containing
the food subsidy to reasonable levels. Other major issues which confront the system include the
issue of targeting the system to benefit the actual poor and restricting the coverage of public
distribution system to only the major commodities. De-centralization of operations and
devolving to the states the key decision making powers as regards the operation of public
distribution system are some major issues that needs to be addressed.

7 1. Balakrishnan, Pulapre & Ramaswami Bharat (1997), Quality of Public Distribution System:
Why it matters, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol.32

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Government agencies can reform the system by introducing innovative ideas such as food stamps
and food credit/debit cards to facilitate better working of the system with a view to reduce
malpractices like diversion and reducing the costs of food delivered to the poor.

Though government has taken several measures to improve public distribution system like
decentralized procurements, introduction of UIDAI etc. but still these measures are not
completely espoused. More measures like universalization of public distribution system are need
of the hour. Public distribution system can provide food security only when it covers wide range
of food grains. With introduction of Food Security Ordinance, It is expected that public
distribution system will be able to fulfill the long valued goal of Food security.

The public distribution system of India is not without its defects. With a coverage of around 400
million below-poverty-line (BPL) families, a review of the PDS has discovered the following
structural shortcomings and disturbances:

1. Growing instances of the consumers receiving inferior quality food grains in ration shops.

2. Deceitful dealers replace good supplies received from the F.C.I(Food Corporation of
India) with inferior stock and sell FCI stock in the black market.

3. Illicit fair price shop owners have been found to create large number of bogus cards to
sell food grains in the open market.

4. Many FPS dealers resort to malpractice, illegal diversions of commodities, holding and
black marketing due to the minimum salary received by them.

5. Numerous malpractices make safe and nutritious food inaccessible and unaffordable to
many poor thus resulting in their food insecurity.

6. Identification of households to be denoted status and distribution to granted PDS services

has been highly irregular and diverse in various states. 8 The recent development of

8 Singh B.N.P. (1994), Economic Liberalization in India, Ashish Publishing House, New Delhi.

18
 Aadhar UIDAI cards has taken up the challenge of solving the problem of identification
and distribution of PDs services along with Direct Cash Transfers.

7. Regional allocation and coverage of FPS are unsatisfactory and the core objective of
price stabilization of essential commodities has not met.

8. There is no set criteria as to which family is BPL and which is APL .This non ambiguity
gives massive scope for corruption and fallouts in PDS systems because those who are
actually meant to be benefitted are not able to taste the fruits of PDS.

Several schemes have augmented the number of people aided by PDS, but the number is
extremely low. Poor supervision of FPS and lack of accountability have spurredmiddlemen who
consume a good proportion of the stock meant for the poor. There is also no clarity as to which
families should be included in the BPL list and which excluded. This results in the genuinely
poor being excluded whilst the ineligible get several cards. Awareness about the presence of the
PDS and FPS to poverty-stricken societies, namely the rural poor has been dismal.

The stock assigned to a single family cannot be bought in installments. This is a decisive barrier
to the efficient functioning and overall success of PDS in India. Many BPL families are not able
to acquire ration cards either because they are seasonal migrant workers or because they live in
unauthorized colonies. A lot of families also mortgage their ration cards for money. Lack of
clarity in the planning and structuring of social safety and security programs in India has resulted
in the creation of numerous cards for the poor. Limited information about the overall use of cards
has discouraged BPL families from registering for new cards and increased illegal creation of
cards by such families to ensure maximum benefit for the family members.

The following are the advantages of the public distribution system:-

1. It has helped in stabilising food prices and making food available to consumers at
affordable prices.
2. It has helped in avoiding hunger and famine by by supplying food from surplus regions
of the country to deficient regions.

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3. The system of minimum support price and procurement has contributed to increase in
food grain production.

To improve the Public Distribution System:-

To improve the current system of the PDS, the following suggestions are furnished for:

1. Vigilance squad should be strengthened to detect corruption, which is an added

expenditure for taxpayers.

2. Personnel-in-charge of the department should be chosen locally.

3. Margin of profit should be increased for honest business, in which case the market system
is more apt anyway.

4. F.C.I. and other prominent agencies should provide quality food grains for distribution,
which is a tall order for an agency that has no real incentive to do so.9

5. Frequent checks & raids should be conducted to eliminate bogus and duplicate cards,
which is again an added expenditure and not full proof.

6. The Civil Supplies Corporation should open fairer price shops in rural areas.

7. The fair price dealers seldom display rate chart and quantity available in the block-boards
in front of the shop. This should be enforced.

Conclusion:-
The present study assessed the good and bad about the impact of free rice distribution in

9 Dantwala M.L. (1995), The Food Problem and Green Revolution in Indian Economy, S.Chand
& Co. Ltd., New Delhi.

20
coastal region. The poor people are very happy and utilized to meet their home needs. Rural
coastal peoples lifestyle are improved and changed, the reasons are due to the distribution of
free rice, colour TV, fan, mixer, grinder, transport and other welfare schemes to the poor
people in the state. The impacts of Socio-Economic reasons are developed in rural area,
particularly in coastal region. But one must not mix up the idea of fixing the identity of the
beneficiary with the help of information technology with that of eligibility, which depends on
criteria fixed by policy .This is especially true on the ground where classifying a household as
being below the poverty line or above it is far from easy . Given the cost of obtaining the
information necessary and the the information necessary and the problems with the quality of
information thus obtained, we are better off in the Indian context with sticking to a universal
PDS on such an important and critical matter as food and nutrition security.

BIBLOGRAPHY:
PRIMARY:-

Books

1. U.K.Singh (1991), Public Distribution System, Mittal Publications, New

Delhi.

2. Venugopal K.R. (1992), Deliverance from Hunger: The Public Distribution System

in India, Sage Publications, New Delhi.

3. Singh B.N.P. (1994), Economic Liberalization in India, Ashish Publishing

House, New Delhi.

4. Gupta K.R. (1995), Liberalization and Globalization of Indian Economy,

Atlantic Publishers and Distributors, Vol.1 (11), New Delhi.

5. Dantwala M.L. (1995), The Food Problem and Green Revolution in Indian

Economy, S.Chand & Co. Ltd., New Delhi.

6. Radhakrishnan R. & Ravi (1996), Food Demand in India Emerging Trends and

21
Perspectives Studies in Indian Economy, Himalaya Publishing House, New

Delhi.

7. Misra S.K. & Pun.K. (1996), Food Problem, Food Policy and Public Distribution

System, Himalaya Publishing House, New Delhi.

Choudhry R.C. & Rajakutty (ed.,), (1998), Five Years of Rural Development in

India: Retrospect and Prospect, NIRD, Hyderabad.

9. Rao & Linneman (1996), Economic Reforms and Poverty Alleviation in India,

Sage Publications, New Delhi.

10. Sivanna N. (1997), Food Security and Panchayat Raj, Concept Publishing

Company, New Delhi.

Journals

1. Balakrishnan, Pulapre & Ramaswami Bharat (1997), Quality of Public

Distribution System: Why it matters, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol.32

(4), January, p-62.

2. Bandyopadhyay (1997), Food Security and Liberalization, New Age, Vol.45

(1), January, p-8.

3. Dantwala M.L. (1993), Agricultural Policy: Prices and Public Distribution

System: A Review, Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol.48 (2), p-173. XVIII

4. Div S. Mahendra (1996), Food security: PDS Vs. EGS A tale of two

States, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol.31 (27), p-1752.

5. Geetha S. & Suryanarayana H. (1993), Revamping PDS: Some Issues and

Implications, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol.28 (41), p-2207.

6. George P.S. (1996), Public Distribution System, Food Subsidy and

22
Production Incentives, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol.31 (39), p-140.

7. Indrakanth S. (1997), Coverage and Leakages in PDS in Andhra Pradesh,

Economic and Political Weekly, Vol.32 (19), May, p-999.

8. Jagadish Prasad (1992), Managing Public Distribution Policy: An Analysis

of the Policy Perspectives, Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol.47(3),

July-September, p-369.

Reports

1. Government of India (2009-2015), Economic Survey

2. Government of Tamilnadu (2012-2015), Tamilnadu An Economic Appraisal,

Chennai

3. Government of Tamilnadu (2004), Policy Note on Cooperation, Food and

Consumer Protection Department

4.Statistical report of public distribution system.

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