Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Christine Smith
VET 211
11/30/16
Cestodes (Tapeworms)
Trematodes (Flukes)
Endoparasties
Nematodes (Roundworms)
Protozoans (Unicellular
Organisms)
Misc.
Cestodes (Tapeworms)
Dipylidium caninum (Tapeworm)
https://www.capcvet.org/capc-recommendations/cyclophyllidean-tapeworms
Taenia pisiformis (Tapeworm)
https://www.capcvet.org/capc-recommendations/cyclophyllidean-tapeworms
Taenia solium (Pork Tapeworm)
Affects: pigs
Is it zoonotic?: Yes
Method of diagnosis: fecal
examination
Treatment: epsiprantel,
fenbendazole, and praziquantel
Important facts: Intermediate
hosts are rabbits and rodents;
Have an indirect life cycle
that requires an intermediate
host
https://www.capcvet.org/capc-recommendations/cyclophyllidean-tapeworms
Taenia saginata (Beef Tapeworm)
Affects: cattle
Is it zoonotic?: Yes
Method of diagnosis: fecal
examination
Treatment: epsiprantel,
fenbendazole, and praziquantel
Important facts: Intermediate
hosts are rabbits and rodents;
Have an indirect life cycle
that requires an intermediate
host
https://www.studyblue.com/#flashcard/view/9716
527
https://www.capcvet.org/capc-recommendations/cyclophyllidean-tapeworms
Echinococcus spp.
https://www.capcvet.org/capc-recommendations/cyclophyllidean-tapeworms
Moniezia spp.
https://www.capcvet.org/capc-recommendations/cyclophyllidean-tapeworms
Anoplocephala perfoliata (Tapeworm)
Affects: horses
Is it zoonotic?: Yes
Method of diagnosis: Fecal
examination
Treatment: Praziquantil
Important facts: Have an
indirect life cycle, which
requires them to have an
intermediate host; found in the
small intestines
https://www.capcvet.org/capc-recommendations/cyclophyllidean-tapeworms
Trematodes (Flukes)
Fasciola hepatica (Liver Fluke)
Affects: ruminants
Is it zoonotic?: no
Method of diagnosis: fecal
sedimentation and ELISA test
Treatment: clorsulon and
albendazole; snail population
must be eliminated to prevent
further transmission
Important facts: transmission
by ingestion; infect snails
http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/digestive_system/fluke_infections_in_ruminants/fasciola_hepatica_in_rumi
nants.html?qt=Fasciola%20hepatica&alt=sh
Paragonimus kelicotti (Lung Fluke)
https://www.capcvet.org/capc-recommendations/trematodes
Paragonimus westermani (Lung Fluke)
Affects: canines, felines, and
porcine
Is it zoonotic?: yes
Method of diagnosis: fecal examination
Treatment: Fenbendazole, or less
preferably albendazole. Praziquantel
may also eliminate lung flukes in
dogs.
Important facts: transmission involves
several as the intermediate host, and
crayfish and crabs as the second;
transmission is by ingestion of
infected crabs and crayfish
https://www.flickr.com/photos/lordzagato/3615838623?ytcheck=1
http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/respiratory_system/respiratory_diseases_of_small_animals/lung_flukes_in_small_animals.ht
ml?qt=Paragonimus%20westermani&alt=sh
Nanophyetus salmincola
https://www.capcvet.org/capc-recommendations/trematodes
Nematodes (Roundworms)
Ascaroidea:
Toxocara canis (Dog Roundworm)
Affects: canines
Is it zoonotic?: Yes
Method of diagnosis: fecal
examination
Treatment: Multiple products
are available for treatment,
including: Fenbendazole,
milbemycin oxime, moxidectin,
and pyrantel
Important facts: Can transmit
from dam to fetal puppies
through the placenta;
transmitted through
contaminated meat and soil
https://www.capcvet.org/capc-recommendations/ascarid-roundworm
Toxocara cati (Cat Roundworm)
Affects: cats
Is it zoonotic?: Yes
Method of diagnosis: Fecal
examination
Treatment: Multiple products
are available for treatment,
including: Fenbendazole,
milbemycin oxime, moxidectin,
and pyrantel
Important facts: found in
fecal-contaminated soil; adult
T. cati have a distinct
cervical alae on the anterior
end
https://www.capcvet.org/capc-recommendations/ascarid-roundworm
Toxascaris leonina (Dog and cat roundworm)
https://www.capcvet.org/capc-recommendations/ascarid-roundworm
Ascaris suum (Large pig worm or large white worm)
Affects: porcine
Is it zoonotic?:yes
Method of diagnosis: fecal
examination
Treatment:Supportive therapy is
used; Piperazine,
benzimidazoles and
probenzimidazoles, dichlorvos,
ivermectin, levamisole, and
pyrantel may all be used to get
rid of adult ascarids
Important facts: may
significantly reduce the growth
in young pigs, and even create
an obstruction in the intestine
http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/digestive_system/gastrointestinal_parasites_of_pigs/ascaris_suum_in_pigs.html
Parascaris equorum
Affects: equine
Is it zoonotic?:
Method of diagnosis: fecal
examination
Treatment:All broad-spectrum
equine anthelmintics are effective
against the adult and immature
worms in the small intestine and,
therefore, ascarids are readily
controlled by routine anthelmintic
administration
Important facts:large numbers of
infective eggs can remain viable
in the soil for years; may cause
respiratory signs in heavy
infections
http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/digestive_system/gastrointestinal_parasites_of_horses/parascaris_sp_in_horses.html?qt=Par
Baylisascaris procyonis (Raccoon Roundworm)
Affects: dogs
Is it zoonotic?:no
Method of diagnosis: fecal
examination; female parasite
dissection if necessary
Treatment:Ivermectin/pyrantel
and milbemycin oxime/lufenuron
Important facts: feces should
be collected and disposed of
immediately for at least three
days after treatment
http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/digestive_system/gastrointestinal_parasites_of_small_animals/roundw
orms_in_small_animals.html?qt=Baylisascaris%20procyonis&alt=sh
Strongyloidea:
Strongylus vulgaris
Affects: equine
Is it zoonotic?:
Method of diagnosis: fecal
examination
Treatment:Ivermectin and
moxidectin at standard dosages
are effective against the
larval stages; fenbendazole and
oxfendazole, at dosages higher
than that for adult parasites
Important facts: important to
detect because of the damage it
does to the cranial mesenteric
artery and its branches
http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/digestive_system/gastrointestinal_parasites_of_horses/large_strongyles_i
n_horses.html
Strongylus equinus
Affects: equine
Is it zoonotic?: no
Method of diagnosis: fecal
examination with eggs present
Treatment:fenbendazole and
oxfendazole
Important facts: Infection is
by ingestion of infective
larvae https://www.studyblue.com/#flashcard/vi
ew/8688525
http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/digestive_system/gastrointestinal_parasites_of_horses/large_strongyles_in_horses.html
Ancylostoma caninum (Canine Hookworm)
Affects: canines
Is it zoonotic?:yes
Method of diagnosis: fecal
examination
Treatment:fenbendazole,
moxidectin, and pyrantel are
approved for treatment
Important facts:Bitches should
be free of hookworms before
breeding and kept out of
contaminated areas during
pregnancy. Can be infected by
either ingestion or skin
penetration
Ancylostoma tubaeforme (Cat Hookworm)
Affects: felines
Is it zoonotic?: yes
Method of diagnosis: fecal
examination
Treatment: Ivermectin,
Milbemycin xoime, Pyrantel,
Dichlorvos, and Butamisole
Important facts: Clinical signs
may include: blood loss anemia,
black tarry diarrhea or melena,
and depression. Can by infected
by ingestion or skin
penetration of infective L3
larvae
http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/digestive_system/gastrointestinal_parasites_of_small_animals/hookworms
Bunostomum spp
Affects: ruminants
Is it zoonotic?: yes
Method of diagnosis: fecal
examination
Treatment: broad-spectrum
antihelminits, including
benzimidazoles
Important facts: Transmitted by
skin penetration; as few as
2,000 worms can cause death in
calves
https://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/all-parasites/deck/2380132
http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/digestive_system/gastrointestinal_parasites_of_ruminants/overview_of_ga
strointestinal_parasites_of_ruminants.html
Uncincaria stenocephala
Affects: canines
Is it zoonotic?: yes
Method of diagnosis: fecal
examination
Treatment: fenbendazole,
moxidectin, and pyrantel
Important facts: transmitted by
ingestion; most prominent in
cooler regions; may cause
dermatitis
https://www.studyblue.com/#flashcard/view/2380132
http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/digestive_system/gastrointestinal_parasites_of_small_animals/hookworms
_in_small_animals.html?qt=Uncincaria%20stenocephala&alt=sh
Trichostrongylidae:
Trichuris vulpis (Whipworm)
Affects: canines and felines
Is it zoonotic?: yes
Method of diagnosis:fecal examination
Treatment: The eggs are susceptible to
desiccation, so maintaining cleanliness risk
of infection can be lowered. Approved
compounds include febantel, fenbendazole,
milbemycin, moxidectin (topical), and
oxantel. Treatment should be repeated three
times a day monthly.
Important facts: They commonly inhabit the
cecum and colon of dogs, where they are
firmly attached to the wall with their
anterior end embedded in the mucosa.
Thick-shelled eggs with bipolar plugs are
passed in the feces and become infective in
12 mo in a warm, moist environment. Eggs
can remain viable for 5 years!
http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/digestive_system/gastrointestinal_parasites_of_small_animals/whipworms_in_small_animals.
html?qt=Trichuris%20vulpis&alt=sh
Trichuris suis
Affects: porcine
Is it zoonotic?: yes
Method of diagnosis: fecal examination
Treatment:Benzimidazoles, including fenbendazole
and flubendazole, are available for in-feed
administration. Flubendazole is available for
in-water and top dressing use, whereas
fenbendazole has an oral formulation. Two
avermectin compounds, ivermectin and doramectin,
are available as injectables, whereas only
ivermectin can be used in-feed. Both pyrantel
tartrate and levamisole are available as in-feed
formulations, but only levamisole can be used in
water.
Important facts: Transmission is by infected eggs
http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/digestive_system/gastrointestinal_parasites_of_pigs/trichuris_sp_in_pigs.h
tml?qt=Trichuris%20suis&alt=sh
http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/digestive_system/gastrointestinal_parasites_of_pigs/overview_of_gastroint
estinal_parasites_of_pigs.html?qt=Trichuris%20suis&alt=sh
Trichuris trichiura
http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/digestive_system/gastrointestinal_parasites_of_ruminants/overview_of_ga
strointestinal_parasites_of_ruminants.html
http://ruby.fgcu.edu/courses/davidb/50249/web/trichuris%20134.htm
Capillaria plica (Bladder Worm)
http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/urinary_system/infectious_diseases_of_the_urinary_system_in_small_ani
mals/capillaria_plica_infection_in_small_animals.html?qt=Capillaria%20plica&alt=sh
http://research.vet.upenn.edu/Hosts/Capillariaplica/tabid/7801/Default.aspx
Filaroidea:
Dirofilaria immitis (Heartworm)
http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/clinical_pathology_and_procedures/diagnostic_procedures_for_the_private
_practice_laboratory/parasitology.html?qt=Dipetalonema%20reconditum&alt=sh
http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/projects/parasit06/website/lab5.htm
Dictophymoidea:
Dictophyma renale (Giant Kidney Worm)
Affects: canines
Is it zoonotic?: yes
Method of diagnosis: eggs in the urine
sediment; exploratory laparotomy may also be
helpful
Treatment: Unilateral nephrectomy is the
treatment of choice if the opposite kidney
is unaffected. Preventing ingestion of raw
fish or other aquatic organisms is
recommended in areas where the parasite is
known to infect wild animals
Important facts: Transmission by ingestion
of encysted larvae in raw fish or frogs, or
by ingesting an infected annelid worm.The
right kidney is the most commonly affected.
http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/urinary_system/infectious_diseases_of_the_urinary_system_in_small_ani
mals/giant_kidney_worm_infection_in_mink_and_dogs.html?qt=Dictophyma%20renale&alt=sh
https://www.studyblue.com/#flashcard/view/8741498
Dictyocaulus (Lungworm)
Affects: canines, felines, porcine,
ruminants, equine
Is it zoonotic?:
Method of diagnosis:
Treatment: ELISA tests, Baermann
technique, fecal exams, bronchoscopy
Important facts: porcine require an
earthworm intermediate host; small
ruminants require snails or slugs as
intermediate hosts, which must be eaten;
dogs also require oral transmission by
infected slug or snail intermediate
hosts; cats require ingestion of infected
birds and rats
https://wasmuthlab.wordpress.com/teaching/discovery-days/dictyocaulus-viviparus/
http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/respiratory_system/lungworm_infection/overview_of_lungworm_infection.ht
ml?qt=Dictyocaulus&alt=sh
Protozoans (unicellular organisms)
Isospora spp
Affects: canines, felines,
bovine, porcine, and small
ruminants
Is it zoonotic?: no
Method of diagnosis: fecal
float by salt or sugar methods
Treatment:Soluble sulfonamides;
prevention is important
Important facts: typically
require only one host to
complete their lifecycle (but
there are some exclusions).
Good sanitation is key,
especially in feeding areas
http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/digestive_system/coccidiosis/overview_of_coccidiosis.html?qt=Isospora%2
0&alt=sh
https://www.studyblue.com/#flashcard/view/6580270
Eimeria tenella
Affects: Poultry
Is it zoonotic?: no
Method of diagnosis: fecal
examination
Treatment: anticoccidials
Important facts: A
species-specific immunity
develops after natural
infection, the degree of which
largely depends on the extent
of infection and the number of http://www.k-state.edu/parasitolog
reinfections y/625tutorials/Oocysts02.html
http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/poultry/coccidiosis/overview_of_coccidiosis_in_poultry.html?qt=Eimeria%
20tenella&alt=sh
Toxoplasma gondii
Affects: felines
Is it zoonotic?: yes
Method of diagnosis:indirect
hemagglutination assay, indirect
fluorescent antibody assay, latex
agglutination test, or ELISA
Treatment: seldom warranted; but
clindamycin is treatment of choice
Important facts: transmitted by
consumption of infectious oocysts
in cat feces, consumption of
tissue cysts in infected meat, and
by transplacental transfer of
tachyzoites from mother to fetus
http://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/toxoplasmosis/index.html
http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/generalized_conditions/toxoplasmosis/overview_of_toxoplasmosis.html?qt=Toxopla
sma%20gondii&alt=sh
Cryptosporidium parvum
Affects: lambs and goats
Is it zoonotic?:yes
Method of diagnosis:detection of
oocysts by examination of fecal
smears with Ziehl-Neelsen stains,
fecal flotation techniques, ELISA,
fluorescent-labeled antibodies, a
rapid immunochromatographic test,
and PCR
Treatment: only supportive therapy;
no approved treatment in food
animals
Important facts: not host-specific,
and infection from other species
(eg, rodents, farm cats) via
contamination of feed is also
possible
https://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/lab-8-protozoa/deck/1385107
http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/digestive_system/cryptosporidiosis/overview_of_cryptosporidiosis.html?qt=Cryptosporidium%
20parvum&alt=sh
Giardia lamblia
Affects: canines
Is it zoonotic?: no
Method of diagnosis: thick and
thin blood smears; indirect
fluorescent antibody test and
ELISA
Treatment: imidocarb
diproprionate at a dose of 6
mg/kg IM administered twice at
14-day intervals
Important facts: transmitted by
infected ticks; prevention is
very important!
http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/circulatory_system/blood_parasites/babesiosis.html?qt=babesia%20canis&
alt=sh
https://www.capcvet.org/capc-recommendations/canine-babesiosis1/
Babesia gibsoni
Affects: canines
Is it zoonotic?: no
Method of diagnosis: blood smears
and Indirect fluorescent antibody
(IFA) assays
Treatment:combining atovaquone (13
mg/kg PO q8h for 10 days) with
azithromycin (10 mg/kg PO q 24 h for
10 days)
Important facts: more commonly in
certain breeds, such as American
Staffordshire and American pit bull
terriers, a phenomenon that is
thought to be attributable to direct
dog-to-dog mechanical transmission
via bite wounds; transmitted by
ticks
http://www.pic2fly.com/Babesia+Gibsoni.html
http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/circulatory_system/blood_parasites/babesiosis.html?qt=Babesia%20gibsoni&alt=sh
Babesia herpailuri, panterae, felis, and cati
Affects: felines
Is it zoonotic?: no
Method of diagnosis: blood
smears and Indirect fluorescent
antibody (IFA) assays
Treatment: primaquine phosphate
(0.5 mg/kg, IM, twice with a
24-hr interval)
Important facts: transmitted
via infected ticks
http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/circulatory_system/blood_parasites/babesiosis.html?qt=Babesia%20gibso
ni&alt=sh
http://vetbook.org/wiki/cat/index.php?title=Babesia_spp
Babesia bigemina
Affects: bovine
Is it zoonotic?: no
Method of diagnosis: blood
smears and indirect fluorescent
antibody test and ELISA
Treatment:diminazene is given
IM at 3.5 mg/kg; imidocarb is
given SC at 1.2 mg/kg
Important facts: 1-host
Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) spp
ticks, in which transmission
occurs transovarially
http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/circulatory_system/blood_parasites/babesiosis.html?qt=Babesia%20bigem
ina&alt=sh
Miscellanous
Thelazia (Eyeworms)
Affects: equine, bovine, canine
and feline
Is it zoonotic?: yes
Method of diagnosis:
Treatment: mechanical removal;
concurrent use of
antibiotic-steroid ointment
Important facts: the vector is
the face fly; Feeding habits of
this fly include a preference
for ocular secretions, which
are ideal for transmission;
prevention and control of flies
are both important
https://openi.nlm.nih.gov/detailedresult.php?img=PMC3071329_1756-3305-4-41-9&req=4
http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/eye_and_ear/eyeworm_disease/eyeworms_of_large_animals.html?qt=Thel
azia&alt=sh
Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Ich or White Spot Disease)
Affects: fish
Is it zoonotic?: no
Method of diagnosis: gill
biopsy or visualization of
white spots
Treatment: formalin or copper
Important facts: cannot survive
without living fish; direct
lifecycle
http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/exotic_and_laboratory_animals/aquarium_fishes/parasitic_diseases_of_fis
h.html?qt=Ichthyophthirius%20multifiliis%20&alt=sh
Oxyuris equi (Pinworms)
Affects: equine
Is it zoonotic?: yes
Method of diagnosis: fecal
examination, cellophane tape on
the perineal region
Treatment:broad spectrum
antibiotics
Important facts: false negative
tests are common; the eggs
become embryonated in a few
hours and ineffective in 4-5
days
http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/digestive_system/gastrointestinal_parasites_of_horses/oxyuris_sp_in_hors
es.html?qt=Oxyuris%20equi&alt=sh
https://www.studyblue.com/#flashcard/view/6196725
Haemonchus contortus
http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/digestive_system/gastrointestinal_parasites_of_ruminants/overview_of_ga
strointestinal_parasites_of_ruminants.html
http://www.mitchellplainfarm.com/blog/tag/haemonchus-contortus/
Ostertagia ostertagia
Affects: ruminants
Is it zoonotic?: no
Method of diagnosis: fecal
examination
Treatment:Broad-spectrum
anthelmintics
Important facts: all animals in
a group should be treated;
Larvae hatch shortly after the
eggs are passed in the feces
and reach the infective stage
in ~2 wk under optimal
temperatures
http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/digestive_system/gastrointestinal_parasites_of_ruminants/gastrointestinal_
parasites_of_cattle.html#v3264456
https://www.studyblue.com/#flashcard/view/110937
Stephanurus dentatus (Swine Kidney Worm)
Affects: porcine
Is it zoonotic?: no
Method of diagnosis: urinalysis
Treatment: ivermectin,
fenbendazole, or levamisoles,
Doramectin
Important facts: Infection is
by skin penetration or
ingestion of the infective
larvae (earthworms may serve as
paratenic hosts)
http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/urinary_system/infectious_diseases_of_the_urinary_system_in_large_anim
als/swine_kidney_worm_infection.html?qt=Stephanurus%20dentatus&alt=sh
http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/projects/parasit06/website/stephan.htm
Trichinella spiralis
Affects: porcine, rodents, canines
and felines
Is it zoonotic?: yes
Method of diagnosis: Microscopic
examination of a muscle biopsy
sample (usually tongue) may confirm
but not necessarily exclude
trichinellosis. ELISA is a reliable
test to detect anti-Trichinella
antibodies
Treatment: impractical in animals
Important facts: The objective is to
prevent ingestion by any animal,
including people, of viable
Trichinella cysts in muscle
(trichinae). Infection generally
occurs by ingestion of larvae
encysted in muscle.
http://www.trichinella.org/image_pgs/his_1_19.htm
http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/generalized_conditions/trichinellosis/overview_of_trichinellosis.html?qt=Trichinella%20spiralis
&alt=sh
Sarcocystis (EPM)
http://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/sarcocystosis/index.html
Ectoparasites
Ctenocephalides felis (Cat Fleas)
http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/integumentary_system/fleas_and_flea_allergy_dermatitis/overview_of_flea
s_and_flea_allergy_dermatitis.html?qt=Ctenocephalides%20felis&alt=sh
Ctenocepalides canis (Dog Flea)
http://horizonspestcontrol.com/pest/dog-fleas/
http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/integumentary_system/fleas_and_flea_allergy_dermatitis/overview_of_flea
s_and_flea_allergy_dermatitis.html?qt=dog%20flea&alt=sh
Pulex irritans (Human Flea)
https://www.capcvet.org/capc-recommendations/ixodes-scapularis-and-ixodes-pacificus
Ixodes pacificus (Western Black-legged Tick)
Affects: canines and felines
Is it zoonotic?: yes
Method of diagnosis:Diagnosis is made on
physical examination of host, when
attached ticks are recognized and
recovered.
Treatment:When only a few ticks are
present, individual ticks can be removed
manually with forceps and gloved hands;
Afoxolaner, amitraz, fipronil,
fluralaner, and the pyrethroids are
approved for use in dogs; Only
etofenprox, fipronil, and flumethrin are
approved for use on cats.
http://bugguide.net/node/view/870317
Important facts: three host tick
(requires a new host for each one of the
three cycles); control and prevention
are important
https://www.capcvet.org/capc-recommendations/ixodes-scapularis-and-ixodes-pacificus
Argasidae (Soft-bodied tick)
https://www.capcvet.org/capc-recommendations/ticks/#treatment
Dermacentor andersoni (Rocky Mountain Wood Tick)
Affects: dogs
Is it zoonotic?: yes
Method of diagnosis: observation of
adult cycle on animal
Treatment:When only a few ticks are
present, individual ticks can be
removed manually with forceps and
gloved hands; Afoxolaner, amitraz,
fipronil, fluralaner, and the
pyrethroids are approved for use in
dogs; Only etofenprox, fipronil, and
flumethrin are approved for use on
cats.
Important facts: three host tick
(requires a new host for each one of
the three cycles); control and
prevention are important http://www.wildutah.us/html/insects_other/h_tick_rocky_mtn_wood.html
https://www.capcvet.org/capc-recommendations/ticks
Dermacentor variabilis (American Dog Tick)
Affects: dogs
Is it zoonotic?: yes
Method of diagnosis: observation of
adult cycle on animal
Treatment:When only a few ticks are
present, individual ticks can be
removed manually with forceps and
gloved hands; Afoxolaner, amitraz,
fipronil, fluralaner, and the
pyrethroids are approved for use in
dogs; Only etofenprox, fipronil, and
flumethrin are approved for use on
cats.
Important facts: three host tick
(requires a new host for each one of
the three cycles); control and
prevention are important
https://www.capcvet.org/capc-recommendations/ticks
Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Brown Dog Tick)
Affects: dogs
Is it zoonotic?: yes
Method of diagnosis: observation of
adult cycle on animal
Treatment:When only a few ticks are
present, individual ticks can be
removed manually with forceps and
gloved hands; Afoxolaner, amitraz,
fipronil, fluralaner, and the
pyrethroids are approved for use in
dogs; Only etofenprox, fipronil, and
flumethrin are approved for use on
cats.
Important facts: three host tick
(requires a new host for each one of
the three cycles); control and
prevention are important
https://www.capcvet.org/capc-recommendations/ticks
Amblyomma americanum (Lone Star Tick)
Affects: dogs
Is it zoonotic?: yes
Method of diagnosis: observation of
adult cycle on animal
Treatment:When only a few ticks are
present, individual ticks can be
removed manually with forceps and
gloved hands; Afoxolaner, amitraz,
fipronil, fluralaner, and the
pyrethroids are approved for use in
dogs; Only etofenprox, fipronil, and
flumethrin are approved for use on
cats.
Important facts: three host tick
(requires a new host for each one of
the three cycles); control and
prevention are important
https://www.capcvet.org/capc-recommendations/ticks
Amblyomma maculatum (Gulf Coast Tick)
Affects: dogs
Is it zoonotic?: yes
Method of diagnosis: observation of
adult cycle on animal
Treatment:When only a few ticks are
present, individual ticks can be
removed manually with forceps and
gloved hands; Afoxolaner, amitraz,
fipronil, fluralaner, and the
pyrethroids are approved for use in
dogs; Only etofenprox, fipronil, and
flumethrin are approved for use on
cats.
Important facts: three host tick
(requires a new host for each one of
the three cycles); control and
prevention are important
https://www.capcvet.org/capc-recommendations/ticks
Boophilu annulatus (Blue Cattle Tick)
Affects: cattle, horse, sheep, dog
Is it zoonotic?: yes
Method of diagnosis: observation of
adult cycle on animal
Treatment:When only a few ticks are
present, individual ticks can be
removed manually with forceps and
gloved hands; Afoxolaner, amitraz,
fipronil, fluralaner, and the
pyrethroids are approved for use in
dogs; Only etofenprox, fipronil, and
flumethrin are approved for use on
cats.
Important facts: three host tick
(requires a new host for each one of
the three cycles); control and
prevention are important
https://www.capcvet.org/capc-recommendations/ticks
Otobius megnini (Spinose Ear Tick)
Affects: canines and livestock
Is it zoonotic?: yes
Method of diagnosis:observation
of adult cycle on animal
Treatment: When only a few
ticks are present, individual
ticks can be removed manually
with forceps and gloved hands;
Regular use of acaricides
Important facts: one host tick;
has larval and multiple nymphal
stages; parasitises domestic
animals
http://csu-cvmbs.colostate.edu/vdl/
Pages/spinose-ear-tick.aspx
https://www.capcvet.org/capc-recommendations/ticks
Argus persicus (Poultry Tick)
Affects: poultry
Is it zoonotic?: yes
Method of diagnosis: observation of
adult cycle on animal
Treatment:When only a few ticks are
present, individual ticks can be
removed manually with forceps and
gloved hands; Afoxolaner, amitraz,
fipronil, fluralaner, and the
pyrethroids are approved for use in
dogs; Only etofenprox, fipronil, and
flumethrin are approved for use on
cats.
Important facts: soft bodied tick;
multiple nymphal stages; feed at https://instruction.cvhs.okstate.edu/kocan/ticks/tickok.htm
night, so uneasiness of fowl during
roosting may be present
http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/poultry/ectoparasites/fowl_ticks.html
Sarcoptidae (Mange Mite)
Affects: dogs, humans, horses,
cattle
Is it zoonotic?: yes
Method of diagnosis: skin
scraping
Treatment:Selamectin and
topical moxidectin/imidacloprid
are label approved for
treatment of sarcoptic mange in
dogs
Important facts: live in
burrows in the skin where the
female glues her eggs to the
tunnel wall; have a two stage
nymph cycle
https://www.capcvet.org/capc-recommendations/sarcoptic-mite
Psoroptidae (Ear Mites)
http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/integumentary_system/mange/mange_in_dogs_and_cats.html?qt=Psoropti
Sarcoptes scabiei (Mange)
https://www.capcvet.org/capc-recommendations/sarcoptic-mite
S. scabieri variety canis (Mange)
https://www.capcvet.org/capc-recommendations/sarcoptic-mite
Notoedres cati
Affects: felines
Is it zoonotic?: no
Method of diagnosis: skin scrapings
and clinical signs
Treatment:Ivermectin (200 to 300
g/kg) is effective. Cats with
severe lesions sometimes may also be
administed penicillin for secondary
bacterial infections and
corticosteroids to alleviate the
signs and reduce self-mutilation and
hypersensitity reactions after
treatment; Also, Fipronil and
Selamectin
Important facts: acquired by direct
contact between cats
https://www.capcvet.org/capc-recommendations/notoedric-mite/
Cnemidocoptes (Scaley Leg Mite)
Affects: birds
Is it zoonotic?: no
Method of diagnosis: clinical
signs and skin scraping
Treatment:Ivermectin (0.2
mg/kg, PO or IM) or moxidectin
(0.2 mg/kg, PO or topically) is
generally effective
Important facts: beak can
become malformed due to the
presence of mites
http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/exotic_and_laboratory_animals/pet_birds/parasitic_diseases_of_pet_birds.
C. equi (Chorioptic mange or Leg Mange)
Affects: equine
Is it zoonotic?: yes
Method of diagnosis:clinical
signs and skin scraping
Treatment: Topical and oral
treatments recommended for
other types of mange are
effective. Hot lime sulfur is
labeled for use against
Chorioptes in horses
Important facts: Treatment is
aided by clipping long hair http://www.horsenewsandviews.com/Links/mange-mites
from infested areas
http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/integumentary_system/mange/mange_in_horses.html
C. bovis (Chorioptic mange or Leg Mange)
Affects: bovine
Is it zoonotic?: yes
Method of diagnosis:clinical
signs and skin scraping
Treatment: Topical and oral
treatments recommended for
other types of mange are
effective.
Important facts: Treatment is
aided by clipping long hair
from infested areas
http://www.horsenewsandviews.com/Links/mange-mites
http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/integumentary_system/mange/mange_in_horses.html
C. caprae (Chorioptic mange or Leg Mange)
Affects: caprine
Is it zoonotic?: yes
Method of diagnosis:clinical
signs and skin scraping
Treatment: Topical and oral
treatments recommended for
other types of mange are
effective.
Important facts: Treatment is
aided by clipping long hair
from infested areas
http://www.horsenewsandviews.com/Links/mange-mites
http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/integumentary_system/mange/mange_in_sheep_and_goats.html?qt=leg%
20mange&alt=sh
C. ovis (Chorioptic mange or Leg Mange)
Affects: ovine
Is it zoonotic?: yes
Method of diagnosis:clinical
signs and skin scraping
Treatment: Topical and oral
treatments recommended for
other types of mange are
effective.
Important facts: Treatment is
aided by clipping long hair
from infested areas
http://www.horsenewsandviews.com/Links/mange-mites
http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/integumentary_system/mange/mange_in_sheep_and_goats.html?qt=leg
Chorioptes Bovis
Affects: cattle
Is it zoonotic?: no
Method of diagnosis: skin
scrapings
Treatment:Miticide washes,
sprays, and dips are effective
in controlling this mite
Important facts: live on the
lower part of body and legs;
they do not infest all areas of
host
http://www.merial.com.au/cattle/beef/disease_information/Pages/chorio.aspx
P. bovis (Psoroptic Mange)
Affects: bovine
Is it zoonotic?: yes
Method of diagnosis:clinical
signs and skin scraping
Treatment: Topical and oral
treatments recommended for
other types of mange are
effective.
Important facts: Treatment is
aided by clipping long hair
from infested areas
http://vetbook.org/wiki/rabbit/ind
ex.php?title=Psoroptes_spp
http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/integumentary_system/mange/mange_in_horses.html?qt=p%20bovis&alt=sh
P. equi (Psoroptic Mange)
Affects: equine
Is it zoonotic?: yes
Method of diagnosis:clinical
signs and skin scraping
Treatment: Topical and oral
treatments recommended for
other types of mange are
effective.
Important facts: Treatment is
aided by clipping long hair
from infested areas http://vetbook.org/wiki/rabbit/index.
php?title=Psoroptes_spp
http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/integumentary_system/mange/mange_in_horses.html?qt=p%20bovis&alt=sh
Psoroptes ovis (Psoroptic Mange)
Affects: ovine
Is it zoonotic?: yes
Method of diagnosis:clinical
signs and skin scraping
Treatment: Topical and oral
treatments recommended for
other types of mange are
effective.
Important facts: Treatment is
aided by clipping long hair
from infested areas
http://vetbook.org/wiki/rabbit/index.php
?title=Psoroptes_spp
http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/integumentary_system/mange/mange_in_horses.html?qt=p%20bovis&alt=sh
Psoroptes caniculi
http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/eye_and_ear/otitis_externa/overview_of_otitis_externa.html?qt=Psoroptes%20caniculi&alt=sh
Otodectes cynotis (Ear Mite)
Affects: dogs and cats
Is it zoonotic?: no
Method of diagnosis: Mites in the ear may be
observed with an otoscope or on swabs of the
ear canal
Treatment: Labeled products for cats include
topically applied moxidectin/imidacloprid
and selamectin. Cats may also be treated
with labeled products containing ivermectin
or milbemycin that are formulated for direct
application to the ear canal.
Labeled products for dogs include topically
applied selamectin. Moxidectin/imidacloprid
has been shown to be efficacious for ear
mites in dogs.
Important facts: Infestations in dogs or
cats can be transferred between hosts by
close contact.
https://www.capcvet.org/capc-recommendations/otodectic-mite-ear-mite/
Demodex (Mange Mite)
Affects: dogs and cats
Is it zoonotic?: yes
Method of diagnosis: deep skin scrapes
Treatment:Ivermectin has been approved in both dogs
and cats
Important facts: Mites have not been shown to
cross-infest between dogs and cats, nor are they
transmitted to people. Neonates are thought to
acquire mites from their dam via direct
skin-to-skin contact during nursing.
Transmission of mites may also occur during direct
contact between older animals, but demodectic mange
is not contagious as most animals that develop
generalized demodicosis are thought to have an
underlying immune defect
https://www.capcvet.org/capc-recommendations/demodex-mange-mite
Cheyletiella (Hairclasping Mite)
Affects: canines and felines
Is it zoonotic?: no
Method of diagnosis: observation and
fecal exams of cats
Treatment:A number of different
treatments have been shown to be
effective against hairclasping
mites, including high-dose
ivermectin, milbemycin oxime,
moxidectin, selamectin, fipronil,
and pyrethrin shampoos.
Important facts: very mobile and are
contagious by direct contact;
Species of hairclasping mites appear
to be restricted to their respective
hosts.
https://www.capcvet.org/capc-recommendations/hairclasping-mite/
Anoplura (Sucking Lice)
Affects: dogs and cats
Is it zoonotic?: no
Method of diagnosis: readily treated
with many flea control products.
Fipronil, imidacloprid and
selamectin are all effective
Treatment: Diagnosis is based on
clinical signs and on demonstration
of the louse or its eggs
Important facts: Transmission
between hosts is usually through
direct contact, but transmission can
also occur via eggs on fomites such
as brushes, combs, or similar
grooming equipment
http://www.healthypets.com/chewinglice.html
https://www.capcvet.org/capc-recommendations/lice/
Mallophaga (Biting Lice)
Affects: dogs and cats
Is it zoonotic?: no
Method of diagnosis: readily treated
with many flea control products.
Fipronil, imidacloprid and
selamectin are all effective
Treatment: Diagnosis is based on
clinical signs and on demonstration
of the louse or its eggs
Important facts: Transmission
between hosts is usually through
direct contact, but transmission can
also occur via eggs on fomites such
as brushes, combs, or similar
grooming equipment
https://www.studyblue.com/#flashcard/view/10942367
https://www.capcvet.org/capc-recommendations/lice/
Pediculus humanus var capitis (Head Lice)
Affects: humans
Is it zoonotic?: only host is humans
Method of diagnosis: The diagnosis
of a head lice infestation is best
made by finding a live nymph or
adult louse on the scalp or hair of
a person
Treatment:Over-the-counter (OTC) or
prescription medication; special
shampoos; complete home treatment
required
Important facts: transmitted via
head to head contact
http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/lice/head/gen_info/faqs.html
Haematopinus suis (Hog Louse)
Affects: porcine
Is it zoonotic?: no
Method of diagnosis: readily treated
with many flea control products.
Fipronil, imidacloprid and
selamectin are all effective
Treatment: Diagnosis is based on
clinical signs and on demonstration
of the louse or its eggs
Important facts: Transmission
between hosts is usually through
direct contact, but transmission can
also occur via eggs on fomites such
as brushes, combs, or similar
grooming equipment https://projects.ncsu.edu/cals/course/ent010/livestock_pests/hog_louse.html
https://www.capcvet.org/capc-recommendations/lice/
Damalania ovis
Affects: sheep
Is it zoonotic?: no
Method of diagnosis: readily treated
with many flea control products.
Fipronil, imidacloprid and
selamectin are all effective
Treatment: Diagnosis is based on
clinical signs and on demonstration
of the louse or its eggs
Important facts: Transmission
between hosts is usually through
direct contact, but transmission can
also occur via eggs on fomites such
as brushes, combs, or similar
grooming equipment
https://www.studyblue.com/#flashcard/view/10610121
https://www.capcvet.org/capc-recommendations/lice/
Linognathus pedalis (Foot Louse)
Affects: sheep
Is it zoonotic?: no
Method of diagnosis: readily treated
with many flea control products.
Fipronil, imidacloprid and
selamectin are all effective
Treatment: Diagnosis is based on
clinical signs and on demonstration
of the louse or its eggs
Important facts: Transmission
between hosts is usually through
direct contact, but transmission can
also occur via eggs on fomites such
as brushes, combs, or similar
grooming equipment https://www.studyblue.com/#flashcard/view/214141
https://www.capcvet.org/capc-recommendations/lice/
Bovicola equi
Affects: horses
Is it zoonotic?: no
Method of diagnosis: readily treated
with many flea control products.
Fipronil, imidacloprid and
selamectin are all effective
Treatment: Diagnosis is based on
clinical signs and on demonstration
of the louse or its eggs
Important facts: Transmission
between hosts is usually through
direct contact, but transmission can
also occur via eggs on fomites such
as brushes, combs, or similar
grooming equipment
https://parasitology.cvm.ncsu.edu/vmp930/keys/lice/damalin_equi.htm
https://www.capcvet.org/capc-recommendations/lice/
Haematopinus asini (Sucking Louse)
Affects: horses
Is it zoonotic?: no
Method of diagnosis: readily treated
with many flea control products.
Fipronil, imidacloprid and
selamectin are all effective
Treatment: Diagnosis is based on
clinical signs and on demonstration
of the louse or its eggs
Important facts: Transmission
between hosts is usually through
direct contact, but transmission can
also occur via eggs on fomites such
as brushes, combs, or similar
grooming equipment http://www.vetbook.org/wiki/horse/in
dex.php/Haematopinus_asini
https://www.capcvet.org/capc-recommendations/lice
/
Bovicola bovis (Red Louse)
Affects: cattle
Is it zoonotic?: no
Method of diagnosis: readily treated
with many flea control products.
Fipronil, imidacloprid and
selamectin are all effective
Treatment: Diagnosis is based on
clinical signs and on demonstration
of the louse or its eggs
Important facts: Transmission
between hosts is usually through
direct contact, but transmission can
also occur via eggs on fomites such
as brushes, combs, or similar
grooming equipment
http://vetbook.org/wiki/cow/index.php/Bovicola
_spp
https://www.capcvet.org/capc-recommendations/lice/
Haematopinus eurysternus (Short-nosed Cattle Louse)
Affects: cattle
Is it zoonotic?: no
Method of diagnosis: readily treated
with many flea control products.
Fipronil, imidacloprid and
selamectin are all effective
Treatment: Diagnosis is based on
clinical signs and on demonstration
of the louse or its eggs
Important facts: Transmission
between hosts is usually through
direct contact, but transmission can
also occur via eggs on fomites such
as brushes, combs, or similar
grooming equipment https://www.studyblue.com/#flashcard/view/
1893887
https://www.capcvet.org/capc-recommendations/lice/
Linognathus vituli
Affects: cattle
Is it zoonotic?: no
Method of diagnosis: readily treated
with many flea control products.
Fipronil, imidacloprid and
selamectin are all effective
Treatment: Diagnosis is based on
clinical signs and on demonstration
of the louse or its eggs
Important facts: Transmission
between hosts is usually through
direct contact, but transmission can
also occur via eggs on fomites such
as brushes, combs, or similar http://vetbook.org/wiki/cow/index.php?titl
grooming equipment e=Linognathus_spp
https://www.capcvet.org/capc-recommendations/lice/
Solenoptes capillatus (Little Blue Sucking Louse)
Affects: cattle
Is it zoonotic?: no
Method of diagnosis: readily treated
with many flea control products.
Fipronil, imidacloprid and
selamectin are all effective
Treatment: Diagnosis is based on
clinical signs and on demonstration
of the louse or its eggs
Important facts: Transmission
between hosts is usually through
direct contact, but transmission can
also occur via eggs on fomites such
as brushes, combs, or similar
grooming equipment
https://www.studyblue.com/#flashcard/view/806443
1
https://www.capcvet.org/capc-recommendations/lice/
Trichodectus canis
Affects: canines
Is it zoonotic?: no
Method of diagnosis: readily treated
with many flea control products.
Fipronil, imidacloprid and
selamectin are all effective
Treatment: Diagnosis is based on
clinical signs and on demonstration
of the louse or its eggs
Important facts: Transmission
between hosts is usually through
direct contact, but transmission can
also occur via eggs on fomites such
as brushes, combs, or similar
grooming equipment
https://www.capcvet.org/capc-recommendations/lice/
Linognathus pilliferus
Affects: canines
Is it zoonotic?: no
Method of diagnosis: readily treated
with many flea control products.
Fipronil, imidacloprid and
selamectin are all effective
Treatment: Diagnosis is based on
clinical signs and on demonstration
of the louse or its eggs
Important facts: Transmission
between hosts is usually through
direct contact, but transmission can
also occur via eggs on fomites such
as brushes, combs, or similar
grooming equipment https://www.studyblue.com/#flashcard/view/
8692282
https://www.capcvet.org/capc-recommendations/lice/
Menopon sp
Affects: cattle
Is it zoonotic?: no
Method of diagnosis: readily treated
with many flea control products.
Fipronil, imidacloprid and
selamectin are all effective
Treatment: Diagnosis is based on
clinical signs and on demonstration
of the louse or its eggs
Important facts: Transmission
between hosts is usually through
direct contact, but transmission can
also occur via eggs on fomites such https://www.studyblue.com/#flashcard/view/1893887
as brushes, combs, or similar
grooming equipment
https://www.capcvet.org/capc-recommendations/lice/