Abstract:

In this experiment we are going to measure the effectiveness, NTU and the overall heat
transfer coefficient in a double pipe heat exchanger in two arrangements (counter &
parallel flow).

We start the test and took the readings of the water entering and leaving the pipes for
both hot and cold flow.

To find the rate of heat transfer we applied energy balance on the pipes.

Then we used the Kay and London law to know the performance of the heat exchanger
(effectives & NTU).

Introduction:
A heat exchanger is a device used to transfer heat between a solid object and a fluid, or
between two or more fluids. The fluids may be separated by a solid wall to prevent
mixing or they may be in direct contact. They are widely used in space
heating, refrigeration, air conditioning, power stations.

Examples of heat exchanger:

1. Double pipe
2. Shell and tube
3. Coil
4. Plate

Theory
= V

( )
=
( )

=

 = ( ) ( )

= ( ) ( )

= ( ) [() ()]

{() ()} {() ()}

=
() ()
ln
() ()

=
( )

= L Diameter

Where

3
V

density in Kg/m3

()

()

 ()

Apparatus & procedure:

1. After setting up a given configuration (parallel or counter, switch the pump on (hot
stream flow).

2. Open the tap cold water valve to initiate the cold stream

3. Set the heater control to the required temperature. Do not exceed 80C.

4. Allow the water in the tank to stabilize at the set temperature. Monitor the stability
of the system through watching the inlet and outlet hot water temperature.

5. Set the mass flow rate of the hot and cold streams, allow the system to stabilize.

6. Record the readings of the temperatures profiles for the hot and cold streams
especially the terminal temperature (in and out for both flows)

7. Record the mass flow rates of the two streams (me, mh). The cold water flow rate is
calculated as the volume of water passes (read from the water flow meter on the tap
water piping per certain period of time (use stop watch). The same thing is valid for the
hot stream flow.
 Inner Pipe Outer Pipe

Outlet Cold
Water

valves

Inlet Cold
Water

Take readings of
Outlet Hot
temperature from
this knob that is Water
attached to Inlet Hot
different Water Water
thermocouples
pump P Tank

We control the flow if parallel or counter by the valves. In our setup we only control
cold flow
Discussion:
As the area increase in the heat exchanger as the rate of heat transfer increase , this
exist in shell and tube heat exchangers because we can add more pipes without taking
much space, so they are used in industries.

Coil heat exchangers used in refrigeration cycles

Plate heat exchanger used in automotive vehicles

Heat exchangers wall usually very thin, so the resistance of the conductivity decrease.

Our goal is to achieve the highest temperature in the cold flow at exist and the lowest
temperature in the hot flow exit. (Max heat transfer wanted)

In counter flow >

In parallel flow

That is because the temperature difference in parallel flow at the entrance is very high
and will decrease with length, but in counter flow the temperature difference is
uniform.

This means that thermal stress may occur in parallel flow heat exchanger

So why we want parallel flow?

It is used in any application which we want to maintain specific temperature.

We usually put the hot stream inside so that is losses the heat to the cold fluid
surrounded by it,

That means we dont have to use insulators.(saving money and space)

( ) = , ( ) = = The heat capacity ratio

If Ch = Cc the cold flow temperature eventually will reach the hot flow temperature

If Ch is much bigger than Cc, the hot flow will experience low temp difference due to
large mass flow rate
If Ch is much smaller than Cc, the cold flow will experience of low temp difference due
to large mass flow rate

Since we have non-linear relationship we used logarithmic mean temperature difference

and because we have 4 temperature and we need the average.

Conclusion:
As the area increase in the heat exchanger as the rate of heat transfer increase.

Heat exchangers wall should be very thin.

In counter flow >

In parallel flow

The maximum heat transfer happen at the lower heat capacity ratio

If Cr = 0, it is a special case of heat exchanger which is a condenser or evaporator

And = 1

What the cold water gain, the hot water losses so both Q should be equal but due to
human and machines errors.