Analele Universit ii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria tiin e Juridice , Nr.
1/2015
CONSIDERA II PRIVIND
REGLEMENTAREA LEZIUNII
N NOUL COD CIVIL1
Cornelia MUNTEANU*
Abstract: Compte tenu des tendances du droit
actuel et de la philosophie sociale contemporaine, ou
laspiration lgalit lemporte sur lideal de
libert, le nouveau Code civil a promulqu un text
gnral permettant au juge dannuler ou de modifier
tout contrat lsionnaire. La lsion vaut tant pour les
mineurs que pour les majeurs, mais en conditions
differents.
Notre court demarche veut preciser seulement les
prescriptions du nouveau Code civil relativ la lsion
comme vice du consentement: la notion, la structure,
le domain, les conditions, les sanctions.
Cuvinte cheie: lsion, defaut dquivalence,
majeurs, mineurs, obligation excesive, annulation,
adaptation du contrat.
1. Preliminarii.
innd cont de tendin ele dreptului actual i
de filosofia contemporan n care aspira ia la
egalitate prevaleaz asupra idealului de libertate,
noul Cod civil a reglementat un text general
care care permite judectorului s anuleze sau
s modifice orice contract lesionar.
n vechiul Cod civil leziunea nu era n
general o cauz de anulare sau de revizuire a
contractului, deoarece chiar lezionar contractul
trebuia executat. De aceea s-a remarcat c n
acest caz ,,regula de drept merge mpotriva
regulii morale2. Legiuitorul nu a admis
anularea (sau resciziunea) contractului dect n
cazuri foarte rare, excep ionale; n trecut
leziunea se aplica doar unor categorii de minori
iar Codul civil anterior, spre deosebire de
Conf. univ. dr. Facultatea de Drept, Universitatea Lucian Blaga din Sibiu
*
Senior Lecturer, PhD, Law Faculty, Lucian Blaga University, Sibiu
**
Annals of the Constantin Brncui University of Trgu Jiu, Juridical Sciences Series, Issue 1/2015
CONSIDRATIONS SUR LA
RGLMENTATION DE LA LSION
DANS LE NOUVEAU CODE CIVIL
Cornelia MUNTEANU**
Abstract: Compte tenu des tendances du droit
actuel et de la philosophie sociale contemporaine, ou
laspiration lgalit lemporte sur lideal de libert,
le nouveau Code civil a promulqu un text gnral
permettant au juge dannuler ou de modifier tout
contrat lsionnaire. La lsion vaut tant pour les
mineurs que pour les majeurs, mais en conditions
differents.
Notre court demarche veut preciser seulement les
prescriptions du nouveau Code civil relativ la lsion
comme vice du consentement: la notion, la structure,
le domain, les conditions, les sanctions.
Key words: : lsion, defaut dquivalence,
majeurs, mineurs, obligation excesive, annulation,
adaptation du contrat.
1. Backgrounds
With regard to new tendencies in modern
law and philosophy, where equality aspirations
overcome the liberty idea, the new Civil Code
has regulated a new text generally providing
the judge the frame to void or alter any
prejudicial contract.
In the old Civil Code the lesion was
generally not a cause for cancellation or
revision of a contract, because even so, the
contract must have been executed. Therefore,
it was noticed that the rule of law contradicts
the rule of morality.15 The legislator approved
the cancellation of the contract only in rare
cases, as exceptions; in the past, the lesion was
applicable only to some categories of minors
and the old Civil Code didnt count it as vice of
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Analele Universit ii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria tiin e Juridice , Nr. 1/2015

actualul Cod, nu o trecea n rndul viciilor deconsent.

consim mnt. The old Civil Code provided in article 1157
Vechiul Cod civil stabilea n art. 1157 c that The minor may file an action for
,,Minorul poate exercita ac iunea n resciziunecancellation for lesion, regardless to any
pentru simpla leziune, n contra oricrei convention (text amended by article 25 par.
conven ii (text modificat prin dispozi iile art.
(1) and (2) provisions, Decree no. 32/1954; on
25 alin. (1) i (2) din Decretul nr. 32/1954; de
the other hand, the article 1165 from the same
alt parte, art. 1165 din acelai cod statua: code stated: The legal adult cannot file an
Majorul nu poate, pentru leziune, s exercite action in cancellation for lesion.
ac iunea n resciziune. Back in 1864 Code perspective, the
n concep ia Codului de la 1864 resciziunea3
cancellation16 (after French model) meant, on
(dup modelul francez) nsemna, de regul, usual basis, the action in cancellation of a
ac iunea n anularea contractului pentru leziune;
contract for lesion; it was, therefore, an action
ea era, deci, o specie a ac iunii n anulare first of all for minors and, occasionally for legal
proprie minorilor i n mod excep ional adults for cancellation of the division of
majorilor pentru desfiin area partajului4. Noulproperty17. The new Civil Code does not longer
Cod civil a renun at la aceast no iune echivoc
use this equivoque concept that described not
care desemna nu numai anularea pentru leziune only the cancellation for lesion, but also for
ci i pentru alte cauze de anulabilitate. other causes of annulment.
Noutatea Codului civil const n aceea c The novelty of the Civil Code is that the
actuala reglementare face din leziune o cauz de
present regulation makes the lesion a cause of
anulabilitate i pentru majori. n doctrina annulment for legal adults as well. In our
noastr o asemenea propunere a mai fost doctrine a similar proposal was made before,
avansat avertizndu-se c leziunea va trebui with the mention that the lesion would have be
admis desigur, restrictiv i pentru unele admitted, restrictively, of course, for some
categorii de majori, bunoar cnd victima ar fi
categories of legal adults, such as the situation
o persoan ale crei facult i intelectuale sunt
when the victim would be a person with
dimunuate (nu poate s evalueze corect raportulreduced mental capacity (he or she could not
dintre presta ie i contrapresta ie) sau cnd assess properly the relationship between benefit
prezint o ridicat slbire a voin ei, caz n care
and consideration) or would present a high
protejarea celor vulnerabili trebuie s prevaleze
weaker will, case in which the protection of the
(situa ia celor dependen-i de alcool sau de vulnerable persons must prevail (as drug or
droguri) ori se afl ntr-o situa ie for at, fr
alcohol addicted persons), or would be in
ieire; dar, s-a mai spus cu acea ocazie, leziunea
forced situation, without any solution; but it
ar urma s fie re inut numai atunci cnd was said, on the same occasion, that the lesion
lezionarul cunoate diferen a frapant dintre would be retained in court only when the
presta ii i o folosete n favoarea sa5. person who committed it was proved to know
Mai trebuie men ionat c nu to i autorii sunt
the obvious difference between benefits and
partizanii leziunii viciu de consim mnt, used them in his or her own benefit18.
sus inndu-se c ea este, n realitate, o cauz We should add that not all authors are
special de desfiin are a contractului i are supporting the lesion vice of consent, arguing
destina ia de a asigura propor ionalitatea i that it is mainly a special cause of a contract
justul echilibru valoric al presta iilor cancellation and it aims to insure the
contractuale6. proportionality and accurate value balance of
contractual benefits19.
2. Noiune. Leziunea7 este paguba material 2. Definition. Lesion20 is material damage
pe care o sufer una din prile unui contract that occurs to one party due to obvious

Annals of the Constantin Brncui University of Trgu Jiu, Juridical Sciences Series, Issue 1/2015
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Analele Universit ii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria tiin e Juridice , Nr. 1/2015
din cauza disproporiei vdite de valoare dintre
cele dou prestaii reciproce, existent chiar n
momentul ncheierii contractului. ntr-o
defini ie restrictiv, leziunea este prejudiciul
care rezult dintr-o inegalitate de valoare ntre
presta iile reciproce ale pr ilor8. Altfel spus, ea
reprezint un dezechilibru economic al
contractului, o inegalitate originar a presta iilor
reciproce (a nu se confunda cu impreviziunea
care presupune o dispropor ie a presta iilor dup
ncheierea contractului). Dup cum este
cunoscut, cuvntul leziune are i n elesul de a
aduce atingere unui drept, a unui interes sau
rezultatul unei ac iuni.
Definiia legal: Exist leziune atunci cnd
una dintre pr i, profitnd de starea de nevoie,
de lipsa de experien ori de lipsa de cunotin e
a celeilalte pr i, stipuleaz n favoarea sa ori a
unei alte persoane o presta ie de o valoare
considerabil mai mare, la data ncheierii
contractului, dect valoarea propriei
presta ii[art. 1221 alin. (1 C.civ.]. Leziunea, n
opinia noastr, aduce atingere i bunelor
moravuri.
Peste un anumit prag, atunci cnd pre ul nu
este just, considera ii de dreptate i echitate
contractual justific desfiin area contractului
sau cel pu in reajustarea sa. Bunoar, ntr-un
contract de vnzare-cumprare atunci cnd
lucrul este vndut cu mult sub valoarea sa
(leziunea vnztorului) sau atunci cnd bunul
este vndut la un pre exorbitant (leziunea
cumprtorului) face ca o parte s piard
considerabil, iar cealalt s se mbog easc
ntr-o msur de neacceptat. Se pare c aceast
idee a fost conturat de dreptul canonic unde un
contract pentru a fi valabil trebuia s con in un
,,pre just, adic o echivalen ntre ceea ce s-a
dat i ceea ce s-a primit n schimb9.
3. Domeniu de aplicare. Se poate vorbi
despre leziune numai n contractele bilaterale cu
caracter oneros i comutativ, n care pr ile se
oblig la presta ii reciproce considerate, n
principiu, ca fiind valoric echivalente. Nu poate
exista leziune n contractele aleatorii, tranzac ii
precum i n alte contracte anume prevzute de
lege (art. 1224 C.civ.) i fiecare dintre
Annals of the Constantin Brncui University of Trgu Jiu, Juridical Sciences Series, Issue 1/2015
inequality of value between mutual benefits,
existing at the very moment of contract
concluding. In a restrictive definition, lesion is
the prejudice suffered by one party in
consequence of inequality of situation in a
commutative contract.21 In other words it
represents a genuine imbalance of mutual
benefits (not to be confused with the
unpredictability which suppose a disproportion
of benefits after the conclusion of a contract).
As it is known, the word lesion has the
meaning of prejudice a right, an interest, or the
result of an action.
Juridical definition: There is lesion when
one party, taking advantage of the state of need,
of the lack of experience or knowledge of the
other part, stipulates in his/ her or others favor
a benefit of a considerably larger amount then
the value of his/hers own benefit, at the date of
the contracts conclusion [article 1221,
paragraph 1 Civil Code]. In our opinion, the
lesion prejudices the morals as well.
Crossing a certain line, when the price is not
just, arguments on contractual just and equity
justify the cancellation of the contract or, at
least, its readjustment. As it is the case of a sell
and buy contract when the thing is sold out for
much less price (the sellers lesion) or the thing
is sold at a much higher price (the buyers
lesion), in either case one party has to loose and
the other to gain in an unacceptable way.
Apparently this idea was drafted in canonic law
where a contract, for its validity must have a
just price, what is the equivalence between
what is given and is received instead.22
3. Field of application. One can speak about
lesion only in mutual contracts with onerous
and commutative characteristics, in which the
parties oblige themselves to reciprocal benefits,
generally, of equivalent economic value. There
is no case of lesion in random contracts, or
other types of contracts stipulated by law
(article 1224 Civil Code) and where each party
has the chance of winning and the risk of
losing. The equivalence is not in the nature of
these contracts, and thus cannot claim a value
imbalance of benefits: alea excludes the lesion.
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Analele Universit ii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria tiin e Juridice , Nr. 1/2015
contractan i are o ans de a ctiga i un risc de
a pierde. Echivalen a nu este n natura acestor
acestor contracte i, deci, nu se poate reclama
un dezechilibru valoric al presta iilor: alea
exclude leziunea. De alt parte, tranzac ia (art.
2267 C.civ.) nu este susceptibil de leziune
tocmai datorit obiectului ei, adic de prevenire
sau stingere a unui litigiu. De altfel art. 2273
alin. (2) C.civ. statueaz c tranzac ia nu poate fi
anulat pentru eroare de drept i nici pentru
leziune.
Se poate n elege uor c leziunea nu poate
exista n contractele aleatorii deoarece n cadrul
lor presta ia uneia dintre pr i depinde n
existen a sa de un eveniment viitor i incert [art.
1173 alin. (2) C.civ.].
4. Structur. Leziunea implic n concep ia
obiectiv un singur element: acela al
dispropor iei vdite de valoare ntre presta iile
reciproce. Conform acestei concep ii rescizunea
este fondat pe considera ii de justi ie
comutativ care se impun acordului de voin e.
n cazurile prevzute de lege egalitatea
presta iilor este cerut de un principiu superior
celui al libert ii contractuale; n adevr, ceea ce
este just are ntietate asupra a ceea ce a fost
dorit (contient i liber). Men ionm c dreptul
nostru anterior promulgrii noului Cod civil
consacr concep ia obiectiv10.
n concep ia subiectiv ns, leziunea
presupune i vicierea consim mntului de
starea de nevoie n care se gsete una din pr i,
stare de care profit cealalt parte pentru a
ob ine foloase dispropor ionate; autorii clasici
au considerat c leziunea are semnifica ia unei
prezum ii de viciu de consim mnt din
moment ce una dintre pr i a ncheiat un
contract att de pgubitor i acest lucru s-a
datorat faptului c ea s-a nelat sau a fost
nelat ori a fost constrns. Altminteri, dac ea the contract. The argument was that if above
ar fi avut o voin perfect liber i clar ea nu ar
fi contractat. S-a obiectat spunndu-se c dac
acesta este ra ionamentul valabil, atunci
prezum ia ar trebui s se aplice tuturor
contractelor.
Noul Cod civil, enumernd leziunea printre
viciile de consim mnt [art. 1206 alin. (2)] i
Annals of the Constantin Brncui University of Trgu Jiu, Juridical Sciences Series, Issue 1/2015
On the other hand, the transaction (article 2276
Civil Code) is not susceptible of lesion due to
its object, what is to prevent and terminate
litigation. Above this the article 2273,
paragraph 2 Civil Code states that the
transaction cannot be cancelled for error of law,
or for lesion.
One can easily understand that lesion may
not exist in random contracts because in their
frame the benefit of one party depends on a
future and uncertain event [article 1173,
paragraph (2) Civil Code].
4. Structure. The lesion implies in an
objective conception a single element: that of
obvious disproportion of value between mutual
benefits. In accordance with this, rescission is
founded on commutative justice considerations
which impose to the wiliness agreement. In
cases regulated by law, the equality of benefits
is required by a principle that is superior to that
of contractual freedom, in deed, what is just
and fair has priority over what is wanted
(conscientious and freely). We hereby mention
that our legal system, prior to the new Civil
Code consecrated the notion of objective
conception23.
In the subjective perspective, however, the
lesion suppose also that the consent is vitiated
by the state of need in which one of the party is
found, state of which the other contracting
party is taking advantage of, for obtaining
disproportionate profit; classical authors
considered that the lesion has the significance
of a presumption of a vice of consent as long as
one of the party concluded such a damageable
contract and this due to the fact that the party
was wrong or had been duped or coerced to do
so. Otherwise, if the party had a perfectly free
and clear will, he/ she wouldnt have concluded
statement represents a valid judgment, then the
presumption should be applied to all contracts.
The new Civil Code, enumerating lesion
among vices of consent [article 1206,
paragraph (2)] and describing it after the error,
fraud and duress (article 1221-1224 Civil
Code) it would seem that the legislator has
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Analele Universit ii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria tiin e Juridice , Nr. 1/2015
dezvoltnd-o dup eroare, dol i violen (art.
1221-1224 C.civ.) s-ar prea c a optat pentru
concep ia obiectiv; totui, condi ionnd
existen a leziunii de starea de nevoie, de lipsa
de experien ori de lipsa de cunotin e a
celeilalte pr i a adoptat concep ia subiectiv11.
Aadar, se pare, aa cum s-a subliniat n
doctrin, c Noul Cod civil adopt ambele
concep ii12.
5. Elementele leziunii. n noul Cod civil
leziunea este un viciu de consim mnt care
poate fi invocat att de majori ct i de minori.
Ea este compus din dou elemente:
- un element material (obiectiv) care const
ntr-un prejudiciu material resim it de victima
leziunii i care rezult din dispropor ia celor
dou presta ii la care pr ile s-au obligat.
Legiuitorul realizeaz o distinc ie n
cuantificarea prejudiciului dup cum victima
leziunii este un major sau un minor. Astfel, n
cazul majorilor consim mntul acestora va fi
viciat numai dac leziunea depete jumtate
din valoarea pe care o avea la momentul
ncheierii contractului, presta ia promis sau
executat de partea lezat; aceast dispropor ie
trebuie s subziste pn la data cererii n anulare
[art. 1222 alin. (2) C.civ.]; Aa cum artam,
valoarea celor dou presta ii trebuie apreciat la
momentul ncheierii contractului i trebuie s se
ntind n timp pn la momentul formulrii
cererii n anulare; de asemenea, trebuie s fie
vorba de contracte oneroase i comutative. Dar
n cazul majorilor pentru a exista leziune nu este
de ajuns dispropor ia presta iilor, mai trebuie ca
actul juridic s se fi ncheiat prin profitarea de
anumite situa ii n care se afla cel lezat
(elementul subiectiv).
ns, n cazul minorului, legiuitorul
aduce o protecie suplimentar edictnd c
n cazul lui poate exista leziune dac actul
antreneaz o obligaie excesiv prin raportare
la starea sa patrimonial, la avantajele pe
care le ob ine din contract ori din ansamblul
circumstan elor [alin. (3) al art. 1221 C.civ.].
Este vorba n aceast situa ie, dup prerea
noastr, despre o concepie subiectiv a
no iunii de leziune. Aceasta nseamn c,
chiar n prezen a unui contract ale crui
Annals of the Constantin Brncui University of Trgu Jiu, Juridical Sciences Series, Issue 1/2015
chosen the objective perspective; nevertheless
conditioning the existence of lesion by the
state of need, lack of experience or lack of
knowledge of the other party, the legislator
seemed to have adopted the subjective
perspective on the matter.24 So, as it was
underlined before, the new Civil Code adopts
both perspectives25.
5. Lesions elements. In new Civil Code the
lesion is a vice of consent that may be invoked
both by minors and legal adults. It is composed
of two elements:
- a material element (objective) which
consists of a material prejudice from which
suffered one party and which results from the
disproportion of two benefits to which the
parties committed.
The legislator makes a distinction in the
amount of the prejudice, as the victim is a
minor or a legal adult. Thus, in the case of legal
adults the consent is to be considered vitiated if
the lesion exceeds by half of the amount
possessed by the party at the moment of the
contract conclusion; this disproportion must
subsist until the date the action for revocation is
filled in [article 1222 paragraph (2) Civil
Code]. As it was shown, the value of benefits
must be appreciated at the moment of contract
conclusion and must remain as up to the
moment of annulment action; it is the case of
onerous and commutative contracts, of course.
But in the case of legal adults, the disproportion
of benefits is not enough, there must be the
case of conclusion of a legal act by taking
advantages of some situations in which the
prejudiced person was implied (the subjective
element).
But, in the case of the minor, the
legislator bring a supplementary protection
stating that there is lesion if the act entails an
excessive obligation be reference to his/ her
estate, to the advantages gained through
contract or to the entire set of circumstances
[paragraph (3) of article 1221 Civil Code]. In
our opinion, we speak here about a subjective
perspective of the lesion concept. This means
that, even in the presence of contract with
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presta ii sunt echilibrate, anularea sau
reducerea presta iilor, aa cum vom vedea,
rmne posibil. Acesta ar fi cazul, de pild,
unui contract de mprumut nso it de o
dobnd rezonabil dar care poart asupra
unei sume de care minorul nu avea nevoie n
realitate; aadar, inutilitatea contractrii poate
conduce la stabilirea caracterului excesiv al
obliga iei pe care i-a asumat-o minorul.
Minorul astfel protejat are deci alegerea de a
demonstra fie dispropor ia obiectiv a
presta iilor, fie caracterul excesiv al
obliga iei sale avnd n vedere situa ia sa
particular. Leziunea subiectiv depinde deci
de situa ia de fapt. Aadar, luarea n
considerare a leziunii apare ca o msur de
echitate cu privire la partea mai slab a
contractului.
Desigur, n cazul minorilor leziunea se re ine
i atunci cnd prejudiciul este mai mic dect
jumtate din valoarea propriei presta ii i nu este
nevoie de profitarea de starea de nevoie, de lipsa
de experien sau de cunotin e a minorului13.
Att n cazul majorilor ct i al minorilor
existen a leziunii se va aprecia n func ie de
natura i scopul contractului [art. 1221 alin. (2)
C.civ];
- un element subiectiv (psihologic). Acesta
const n exploatarea strii de nevoie, a lipsei de
experien ori a lipsei de cunotin e n care se
afl cealalt parte [art. 1221 alin. (1) C.civ.].
Este, deci, necesar ca dezechilibrul presta iilor
s fie imputabil uneia dintre pr i care a profitat
de starea de nevoie, de lipsa de experien sau
de cunotin e a celui lezat. Aadar, lezionarul
utilizeaz una dintre aceste situa ii n favoarea
sa i cunoate discrepan a dintre presta ii; nu
este necesar ca ini iativa de a ncheia contractul
s vin din partea sa. De exemplu,
consumatorul de droguri X vinde ceasul de aur
la un pre derizoriu lui Z care cunotea
dependen a acestuia. Contractul este anulabil
pentru leziune deoarece Z a profitat de starea de
nevoie a lui vnztorului. Starea de nevoie nu
trebuie circumscris numai la mprejurri de
natur economic ci i la alte situa ii, de regul,
fr ieire. X i d seama de importan a actului
Annals of the Constantin Brncui University of Trgu Jiu, Juridical Sciences Series, Issue 1/2015
equitable benefits, the annulment or reduction
of benefits, as we shall see, remains possible.
This is the case, for instance, of a loan contract,
framed with a reasonable interest, but which is
referred to a sum that the minor did not need in
reality; so the lack of utility of contracting may
lead to establishing the excessive feature of an
obligation assumed by the minor. The minor so
protected has therefore the choice of proving
either the objective disproportion of benefits, or
the excessive feature of its obligation, taking
into account its particular situation. The
subjective lesion depends thus on the situation
de facto. Therefore, considering the lesion
appears as means of equity regarding the
weaken party of a contract.
Of course, in the minors case, the lesion is
held by the court even when the prejudice is
smaller than the half of the value of his/ her
own benefit and there is no need to take
advantage of the state of need, of the lack of
experience or of knowledge of the minor.26
Both in the case of minors and legal adults,
the existence of lesion should be appreciated
depending on the nature and the scope of the
contract [article 1221 paragraph. (2) Civil
Code];
- a subjective element (psychological). This
consists of exploring the state of need, the lack
of experience or of knowledge of one party
[article 1221 paragraph (1) Civil Code]. There
is necessary, therefore, that the benefits
imbalance must be imputable to the party that
took advantages of the state of need, lack of
experience or of knowledge of the prejudiced
party. Thus the person committing lesion uses
one of the above situations in his or her favor
and knows the imbalance between benefits.
There is no need that the initiative of
concluding a contract comes from this person.
For instance, the drug consumer X sells a gold
watch at a low price to Z, who is aware of Xs
addiction. The contract is cancelable because Z
took advantage of the state of need of the seller.
The state of need must not be referred to only
in connection to economic situation, but others,
too, as a rule, those without solutions. X
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Analele Universit ii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria tiin e Juridice , Nr. 1/2015
juridic dar nu are puterea de voin de a da
conduitei sale o alt direc ie; sau, ntr-un alt
exemplu, tnrul de 19 ani A a motenit un
tablou a crui valoare nu o cunotea; el ofer
acest tablou la un pre de nimic expertului n
antichit i B. Acesta dobndete tabloul la acest
pre dei acesta era deosebit de valoros.
Contractul de vnzare-cumprare este anulabil
n baza art. 1221 alin. (1) C.civ. (lipsa de
experien i de cunotin e).
6. Condiiile leziunii. Va trebui s distingem
ntre leziune majorilor i cea a minorilor. n
cazul majorilor, pentru existen a leziunii trebuie
ndeplinite urmtoarele condi ii:
- actul ncheiat s fac parte din categoria
actelor juridice cu titlu oneros deoarece n actele
cu titlu gratuit nu exist o reciprocitate de
obliga ii; de asemenea, actul s fie comutativ
ntruct la actele aleatorii nu se poate ti de la
nceput care anume va fi n ctig; este
indiferent dac actele juridice sunt de
administrare sau de dispozi ie. De alt parte, n
cazul actelor unilaterale nu poate exista o
dispropor ie ntre presta ii pentru c numai o
parte se oblig. Cum artam, nu pot fi lezionare
contractele aleatorii, tranzac ia sau alte contracte
prevzute de lege;
- leziunea s depeasc jumtate din lesion;
valoarea pe care o avea, la ncheierea
contractului, presta ia promis sau executat de
partea lezat [art. 1222 alin. (2) C.civ.];
- dispropor ia dintre presta ii s se datoreze
strii de nevoie, lipsei de experien ori lipsei de
cunotin e a uneia din pr i, iar cealalt parte s
fi profitat de aceste situa ii14; este vorba
nendoielnic, i de o slbiciune de voin a
contractantului.
n ce privete existen a leziunii n cazul
minorilor sunt de ndeplinit urmtoarele
condi ii:
- minorul s aib capacitate de exerci iu
restrns (14-18 ani); actele minorului sub 14
ani pot fi anulate pentru lipsa capacit ii de
exerci iu;
- s fie un act juridic cu titlu oneros i
comutativ;
- leziunea s existe n momentul ncheierii
actului juridic i s rezulte din faptul c minorul
Annals of the Constantin Brncui University of Trgu Jiu, Juridical Sciences Series, Issue 1/2015
realizes the importance of the juridical act, but
has not the power of will to prevent from doing
it; or, in another example, a young person of 19
years old: A inherited a painting which value
did not know; he sells the painting at a very
low price to an expert of antiquities: B. B gets a
very expensive painting at very low price. The
contract is cancelable according to article 1221
paragraph (1) Civil Code (lack of experience
or of knowledge).
6. Lesions conditions. Here one should
make a difference between the minors lesion
and the legal adults one. In the case of legal
adults, for the lesion to exist the following
conditions must be fulfilled:
- the concluded act must be an onerous act
because in gratuitous contract there is no
reciprocity of obligations; the act must be
commutative, as well, for in random acts one
cannot know which party would benefit after
all; there is no difference if the acts are
administrative or at disposal. On the other
hand, in case of unilateral acts there is no
imbalance between benefits because only one
party is engaging. There is how random
contracts, transactions or other types of
contracts provided by law do not suppose
- the lesion to exceed half of the amount
possessed at the moment of contract
conclusion, promised or executed benefit of the
prejudiced person [article 1222 paragraph. (2)
Civil Code.];
- the disproportion of benefits must be
caused by the state of need, lack of experience
or knowledge of one contracting party, and the
other to take advantage of this situation27; it is
undoubtedly a weakness of contracting partys
will.
In the case of minors, the following
conditions must be fulfilled as for the lesion to
be in question:
- the minor must have a limited capacity of
exercise (14-18 years); his or her acts may be
cancelled for lack of capacity of exercise;
- the act must be onerous and commutative;
- the lesion must be proven at the moment of
the juridical act conclusion and result from the
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Analele Universit ii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria tiin e Juridice , Nr. 1/2015
i-a asumat o obliga ie excesiv, prin raportare
la starea sa patrimonial, la avantajele pe care le
ob ine sau la ansamblul circumstan elor; deci
paguba minorului nu se va raporta la valoarea
celeilalte presta ii;
- n cazul n care minorul ncheie personal i
singur un act juridic, acesta va putea fi anulat
pentru leziune chiar dac prejudiciul nu
reprezint 50% din valoarea propriei presta ii.
Mai re inem c potrivit art. 44 alin. (1)
C.civ. actele fcute de minor singur n afara
celor care i sunt permise, sunt anulabile chiar
fr dovedirea unui prejudiciu; aadar, este
indiferent caracterul lezionar al actului. De alt
parte, actele de dispozi ie de mic valoare pe
care minorul au capacitate de exerci iu restrns
le ncheie singur, nu pot antrena leziunea, i tot
astfel actele de conservare deoarece acestea sunt
ntotdeauna utile.
O prevedere important este con inut n
textul art. 1221 alin. (2) C.civ. care stabilete c
existen a leziunii se apreciaz i n func ie de
natura i scopul contractului.
7. Proba leziunii se va putea face cu orice
mijloc de prob fiind o problem de fapt; de la
caz la caz, va trebui ordonat de judector o
expertiz tehnic pentru stabilirea
dezechilibrului ntre presta iile reciproce.
8. Sanciunea leziunii. Spre deosebire de
vechiul Cod civil, cel actual prevede trei
sanc iuni i anume: fie anularea contractului
lezionar, fie reducerea obliga iilor celui lezat cu
valoarea daunelor interese la care ar fi
ndrept it, fie adaptarea contractului. n acest
din urm caz, contractul poate fi men inut de
instan dac cealalt parte ofer, n mod
echitabil, o reducere a propriei crean e sau, dup
caz, o majorare a propriei obliga ii.
n acest sens, nainte ca partea ndrept it s fi contract may suit the court if the other party
ob inut anularea, cealalt parte trebuie ca n
termen de cel mult trei luni de la data cnd a
fost notificat ori i s-a comunicat cererea de
chemare n judecat, s declare c este de acord
cu reducerea propriei crean e sau majorarea
obliga iei sale sau s execute de ndat
contractul astfel; dac a fost fcut declara ia n
termenul de trei luni sau s-a executat contractul
n condi iile de mai sus, dreptul de a cere
Annals of the Constantin Brncui University of Trgu Jiu, Juridical Sciences Series, Issue 1/2015
fact that the minor had assumed an excessive
obligation, by referring to his or her
patrimonial estate, to the advantages obtained
or circumstances; so the minors prejudice
must not be referred to the other partys
benefit;
- in the case when the minor conclude
personally and alone a juridical act, the act
shall be cancelled for lesion even if the
prejudice does not represent 50% of the amount
of his or her benefit value.
In addition, according to the article 44
paragraph (1) Civil Code, acts concluded by
minors, other than those permitted, are
cancelable even without proving a prejudice;
thus it is irrespective of the character of the
person committing the lesion. The acts at
disposal of low value which the minor with
limited capacity concludes by him/herself
cannot entail the lesion and the same goes for
acts of conservation, because these are always
of utility.
An important provision is stated in the text
of article 1221 paragraph (2) Civil Code, which
frames the lesion to the nature and the scope of
the contract.
7. The proof of the lesion lays with any
means of probation, for its a matter of fact;
from case to case, the judge orders a technical
expertise to establish the mutual benefit
imbalance.
8. The lesions sanction. In opposite to the
former Civil Code, the new one provide three
sanctions, as it follows: the cancellation of the
contract, the rescission of the prejudiced partys
obligations by the amount of the damages that
that he or she would be entitled of, the
amendment of the contract. In the last case, the
offers, equitably, to reduce his or her credit or,
if it is the case, an increase in his or hers
obligations.
In this perspective, before the entitled party
obtains the cancellation, the other party must
agree upon the reduction of the debts or the
increase in obligation or to execute
immediately the contract, within three months
from the date it was notified or served with the
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anularea este stins iar notificarea fcut este
considerat lipsit de efecte (art. 1213 C.civ.).
Aceast solu ie se potrivete cel mai bine
leziunii pentru c cel mai bun remediu este de a
restabili echilibrul contractual i nu de a distruge
tot ce s-a fcut.
Ac iunea n anularea contractului pentru
leziune sau n reducerea presta iilor se prescrie
n termen de un an de la data ncheierii
contractului [art. 1223 alin. (1)]. Anulabilitatea
contractului nu poate fi opus pe cale de
excep ie dac dreptul la ac iune este prescris
[alin. (2) al aceluiai articol]. Aadar, caracterul
excepional al leziunii rezult din faptul c ea
este subordonat necesit ii de a se ac iona ntr-
un termen de prescrip ie mai scurt, respectiv de
un an de la data ncheierii contractului dar
derog i de la dispozi ia de principiu cuprins
n art. 1249 alin. (2) teza final.
n sfrit, potrivit art. 47 C.civ. persoana cu
capacitate de exerci iu restrns nu este obligat
la restituire dect n limita folosului realizat.
summons request; if the term of three months
was respected or the contract was executed
forthwith, the right to claim cancellation is off
and the notification shall be deemed (article
1213 Civil Code). This is best solution for
lesion cases, for the best remedy for it is to
restore the contractual balance and not to
destroy what had been done.
The action in annulment of the contract for
lesion or for reduction of benefits has a term of
1 year, from the date of the contract conclusion
[article 1223 paragraph (1)]. The cancelable
feature of a contract may not be opposed,
exceptionally, if the right to act is prescribed.
[paragraph (2) of the same article]. So, the
exceptional feature of the lession results from
the fact that it is subordinated to the necessity
of acting within a shorter term of prescription,
respectively of a year, but it derogates from a
principle provision at the article 1249
paragraph (2) final thesis.
Finally, according to the article 47 Civil
Code, the person with the limited capacity of
exercise is not obliged to refund more than he
or she gained.

1
Cercetarea de fa a fost realizat prin contractul POSDRU/89/1.5/S/61968, proiect strategic ID 61968, cofinan at
din Fondul Social European prin Programul opera ional Sectorial pentru Dezvoltarea Resurselor Umane 2007-2013.
2
A se vedea B. Starck, H. Roland, L. Boyer, Introduction au droit, quatrieme edition, Litec, Paris, 1996, p. 10.
3
Diferen a dintre nulitate i resciziune ine de mprejurri istorice. n vechiul drept francez anumite nulit i nu erau
pronun ate de tribunalele ordinare ci de cancelarie care elibera scrisori de resciziune (deriv de la fr. rescisser a
rupe); a se vedea Ph. Malaurie, L. Aynes, Ph. Stoffel-Munck, Drept civil. Obligaiile, Ed. Wolters Kluwer, Bucureti,
2010, p. 351.
4
Prin caracterul su formalist, dreptul roman nu trebuia s in cont de leziune: ndeplinirea formalit ilor prescrise
fcea ca contractul s fie valabil.
5
A se vedea, O. Ungureanu, Drept civil. Introducere, ed. a VII-a, Ed. Rosetti, Bucureti, 2005, p. 150.
6
n acelai sens, L. Pop, I.F. Popa, S. Vidu, Tratat elementar de drept civil. Obligaiile (conform noului Cod civil),
Ed. Universul Juridic, Bucureti, 2012, p. 412 i urm; P. Vasilescu, Drept civil. Obligaiile n reglementarea noului
Cod civil, Ed. Hamangiu, Bucureti, 2012, p. 353).
7
Etimologie: din lat. laesio de la laedere ran, prejudiciu, leziune.
8
J. Flour, J.L. Aubert, E. Savaux, Droit civil. Les obligations, 13-e edition, Sirey, Paris, 2008, p. 206.
9
Doctrina justului pre a fost dezvoltat de Sf. Thomas DAquino.
10
A se vedea M. Nicolae, Actul juridic civil n dreptul civil romn , n Curs selectiv pentru licen, Ed. Universul
Juridic, Bucureti, 2006, p. 37.
11
i n dreptul francez leziunea este luat n considerare pentru protejarea minorilor (art. 1305 C.civ.) i a majorilor
pui sub curatel sau sub supravegherea justi iei (art. 510-3 i art. 492-2 C.civ.). n cazul acestor persoane se prezum
c a fost alterat consim mntul lor.
n mod excep ional un contract poate fi anulat (rescizat) pe motiv de leziune pentru dezechilibrul existent ntre
presta ii. Bunoar, n vnzarea imobiliar (art. 1674 C.civ. francez) pentru ca vnzarea s fie anulat leziunea trebuie
s fie mai mare de 7/12 sau, altfel spus, pre ul de vnzare s fie inferior a 5/12 din valoarea real a imobilului. Se

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Analele Universit ii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria tiin e Juridice , Nr. 1/2015

observ c, n acest caz, prevaleaz concep ia obiectiv i nu cea subiectiv (a se vedea J.L. Aubert, Introduction au
droit et themes fondamentaux du droit civil, 7-e edition, Dalloz, Paris, 1998, p. 251).
La noi potrivit Legii nr. 193/2000 privind clauzele abuzive din contractele ncheiate ntre comercian i i consumatori,
consumatorul poate solicita anularea clauzelor abuzive. Clauza abuziv presupune c ea nu a fost negociat direct cu
consumatorul i prin ea nsi sau mpreun cu alte prevederi din contract creeaz pentru consumatori un dezechilibru
semnificativ ntre drepturile i obliga iile pr ilor. Aceasta este o reglementare special i nu intr n domeniul leziunii
statuate de Codul civil (a se vedea P. Vasilescu, op. cit., p. 350).
12
A se vedea, G. Boroi, C.A. Anghelescu, Curs de drept civil. Partea general, Ed. Hamangiu, Bucureti, 2011, p.
150.
13
n dreptul provinciei Quebec leziunea este reglementat diferit ns msura de protec ie suplimentar prevzut de
art. 1221 alin. (3) n codul nostru, este reglementat n art. 1406 teza final din Codul de Quebec. n aplicarea acestui
articol, n jurispruden a quebecoaz s-a decis c leziunea poate rezulta din faptul c minorul dispune de venituri
insuficiente pentru a-i permite o anume cumprtur sau c minorul nu are deloc nevoie de obiectul cumprat; pentru
detalii,a se vedea, E. Deleury, D. Goubau, Les droits des personnes physiques, 3-e edition, Editions Yvon Blais, 2002,
p. 391.
14
A se vedea C.T. Ungureanu, Drept civil. Partea general, Ed. Hamangiu, Bucureti, 2012, p. 167.
15
See B. Starck, H. Roland, L. Boyer, Introduction au droit, quatrieme edition, Litec, Paris, 1996, p. 10.
16
The difference between the annulment and cancellation (Romanian resciziune) has historical roots. In ancient
French Law some nullities were not judged by ordinary tribunals, but by the courts of chancery the issued letters of
cancellation (from French word rescisser - to snip (as scissors in English); see Ph. Malaurie, L. Aynes, Ph. Stoffel-
Munck, Drept civil. Obligaiile [Civil Law. Obligations], Ed. Wolters Kluwer, Bucureti, 2010, p. 351.
17
Due to its formalist feature, the Roman law must have provided the lesion institution: the fulfillment of precise
mandatory formalities determined the validity of a contract.
18
See O. Ungureanu, Drept civil. Introducere [Civil law. Introduction], ed. a VII-a, Ed. Rosetti, Bucureti, 2005, p.
150.
19
In the same perspective, see L. Pop, I.F. Popa, S. Vidu, Tratat elementar de drept civil. Obligaiile (conform noului
Cod civil) [Elementary civil law. Obligations (under new Civil Code provisions), Ed. Universul Juridic, Bucureti,
2012, p. 412 i urm; P. Vasilescu, Drept civil. Obligaiile n reglementarea noului Cod civil [Civil law. Obligations
provisions after new Civil Code] , Ed. Hamangiu, Bucureti, 2012, p. 353).
20
Etymology: from Latin laesio and laedere injury, damage, and lesion.
21
J. Flour, J.L. Aubert, E. Savaux, Droit civil. Les obligations, 13-e edition, Sirey, Paris, 2008, p. 206.
22
The doctrine of just price was developed by St. Thomas DAquino.
23
See M. Nicolae, Actul juridic civil n dreptul civil romn [Civil legal act in Romanian civil law], n Curs selectiv
pentru licen [Selected course for final exam], Ed. Universul Juridic, Bucureti, 2006, p. 37.
24
In French law, as well, the lesion is took into consideration to protect minors (article 1305 Civil Code.) and legal
adults under curators or under juridical surveillance (articles 510-3 and articles 492-2 Civil Code). In this case it is
considered that their consent was vitiated.
Exceptionally, a contract may be cancelled on the grounds of lesion for an existing imbalance between benefits. For
instance, in real estate selling (article 1674 French Civil Code) for it to be cancelled, the lesion must be larger than 7/12
or, in other words, the objective perspective prevails over the subjective one (see J.L. Aubert, Introduction au droit et
themes fondamentaux du droit civil, 7-e edition, Dalloz, Paris, 1998, p. 251).
In our legal system, according to the Law 193/2000 regarding the abusive clauses from the contracts concluded
between commercial agents and consumers, the consumer may file for cancellation. The abusive clause supposes that
it was not directly negotiated with the consumer and through itself or corroborated with other clauses creates a
significant imbalance between rights and obligations. This is a special provision and is not to be regarded in
perspective of Civil Code (see P. Vasilescu, op. cit., p. 350).
25
See, G. Boroi, C.A. Anghelescu, Curs de drept civil. Partea general [Civil law course. General part, Ed.
Hamangiu, Bucureti, 2011, p. 150.
26
In Quebec law, the lesion is regulated differently, but the supplementary protection measure provided at article 1221
paragraph (3) in our Code is provided by article 1406, final thesis in Code of Quebec. In its enforcement and in the
Quebec cases it was decided that the lesion may result from the fact that the minor holds insufficient incomes to permit
a certain purchase or that the minor does not need the bought object, for more, see E. Deleury, D. Goubau, Les droits
des personnes physiques, 3-e edition, Editions Yvon Blais, 2002, p. 391.
27
See C.T. Ungureanu, Drept civil. Partea general [Civil law. General Part], Ed. Hamangiu, Bucureti, 2012, p.
167.

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