REFRIGERATION

Department of Mechanical Engineering

SVNIT

CONTENTS
DEFINITION
REFRIGERATION AND AIR-
AIR-CONDITIONING
VAPOUR COMPRESSION SYSTEM

DOMESTIC REFRIGERATOR

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 OVERVIEW of REFRIGERATION
The obvious:
Refrigerator/Freezers allow food preservation
Refrigerated fishing boats allow preservation of
catch
Refrigerated trucks are used to ship fruits / meats
Refrigeration makes possible medical procedures
that call for lowering body temperatures
In all walk of life
Comfort- Offices, Homes, Schools/Colleges, Hospitals;
Comfort-
Industry-- Processes, Control Rooms, Transport of
Industry
goods/living beings, food preservation

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HISTORY of REFRIGERATION
Natural Refrigeration:
In olden days refrigeration was achieved by natural means
such as the use of ice or evaporative cooling. In earlier
times, ice was either:

Transported from colder regions

Harvested in winter and stored in ice houses for
summer use or (Insulation saw dust, wood
shavings, cork)
Made during night by cooling of water by
radiation to stratosphere (NOCTURNAL)

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 CONTINUE
Artificial Refrigeration System
System::
The Scottish professor William Cullen of University of
Edinburgh made the first refrigerating machine, which could
produce a small quantity of ice in the laboratory in 1755
Oliver Evans in his book Abortion of a young Steam
Engineers Guide published in Philadelphia in 1805 described
a closed refrigeration cycle to produce ice by ether under
vacuum. Jacob Perkins, an American living in London actually
designed such a system in 1835. The apparatus described by
Jacob Perkins in his patent specifications of 1834 is shown in
Fig.1.1. In his patent he stated I am enabled to use volatile
fluids for the purpose of producing the cooling or freezing of
fluids, and yet at the same time constantly condensing such
volatile fluids, and bringing them again into operation without
waste.

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Fig. 1.2
Fig. 1.1
CONTINUE

Apparatus described by Jacob Perkins in his patent specification of 1834. The refrigerant (ether
or other volatile fluid) boils in evaporator B taking heat from surrounding water in container A.
The pump C draws vapour away and compresses it to higher pressure at which it can condense
to liquids in tubes D, giving out heat to water in vessel E. Condensed liquid flows through the
weight loaded valve H, which maintains the difference of pressure between the condenser and
evaporator. The small pump above H is used for charging the apparatus with refrigerant. (Fig.
1.1)
John Hague made Perkinss design into working model with some modifications. Fig. 1.2
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 CONTINUE
The man responsible for making a practical vapor compression
refrigeration system was James Harrison who took a patent in 1856 for
a vapour compression system using ether, alcohol or ammonia.
Charles Tellier of France patented in 1864, a refrigeration system
using dimethyl ether which has a normal boiling point of 23.6C.
The main work done now onwards was on Refrigerants and the
compressors.
Domestic Refrigeration:
The domestic refrigerator using natural ice (domestic ice
box) was invented in 1803 and was used for almost 150
years without much alteration.
Starting from 1887 efforts have been made to develop
domestic refrigerators using mechanical systems.

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CONTINUE
General Electric Company introduced the first domestic
refrigerator in 1911, followed by Frigidaire in 1915. Kelvinator
launched the domestic mechanical refrigerator in 1918 in USA.
The initial domestic refrigerators used mainly sulphur dioxide as
refrigerant. Some units used methyl chloride and methylene
chloride. These refrigerants were replaced by Freon-12 in 1930s.
In the beginning these refrigerators were equipped with open type
compressors driven by belt drive. General Electric Company
introduced the first refrigerator with a hermetic compressor in
1926. Soon the open type compressors were completely replaced
by the hermetic compressors. First refrigerators used water-cooled
condensers, which were soon replaced by air cooled-condensers.
In Japan the first mechanical domestic refrigerator was made in
1924. The use of mechanical domestic refrigerators grew rapidly
all over the world after the Second World War.

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 VAPOUR COMPRESSION CYCLE

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Continue

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 DIFINATION of REFRIGERATION
The use of external work,
the temperature of
enclosed space is achieved
and maintained below the
atmospheric temperature
temperature..

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Analysis of Refrigeration System

One Ton of Refrigeration (TR):
The production of the cold at the rate which heat is
to be removed from one US tonne of water at 32oF tp
freeze it to ice at 32oF in one day or 24 hours.
The amount of energy extracted to form one ton of
ice from and at 0oC water in 24 hours.

1 TR = 211 kJ/min = 3.5167 kW = 50.4 kcal/min

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 Heat Removed during cooling of System by Refrigerant

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Simple view of household refrigerator

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 AIR CONDITIONING

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Question

If you operate a window air conditioner

on a table in the middle of a room, the
average temperature in the room will

become colder
become hotter
stay the same

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 Observations About
Air Conditioners

They cool room air on hot days

They emit hot air from their outside vents
They consume lots of electric power
They are less efficient on hotter days
They can sometimes heat houses, too

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Heat Machines

Air conditioners
use work to transfer heat from cold to hot
are a type of heat pump
Automobiles
use flow of heat from hot to cold to do work
are a type of heat engine

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Water Cooled Condenser Air-Condition

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 Psychrometry
Psychrometrics or psychrometry are terms used to describe the field of engineering
concerned with the determination of physical and thermodynamic properties of gas-
gas-vapor
mixtures. The term derives from the Greek psuchra (cold
cold)) and metron (means of measurement
measurement))
Air

Dry Air Moist Air Saturated Air

Temperature

Dry Bulb Wet Bulb Dew Point

Humidity

Specific Absolute Relative

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Psychrometric Chart
It is a graphical representation of the various thermodynamic properties of air such as
humidity, temperatures, pressure, enthalpy etc.

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 Air Conditioning Processes
Sensible Cooling & Heating
Humidification & Dehumidification
Direct and Indirect method of processes
Cooling and humidification or dehumidification
Heating and humidification or dehumidification

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Summer & Winter Air Conditioning System

with Ventilation air
Hot and humid condition

Required to cool & dehumidify

the recirculated air

Either by the use of cooling coil

or by an air washer
(chilled water is sprayed)

Required air condition

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 Problems
In refrigerator, the power rating impressed on the
compressor is 2 kW, circulating wire in evaporator
extracts 8 kW and the cooling water took away 10 kW
from condenser coil. Calculate the COP of the cycle
cycle..

To form ice at 0 oC from water at 30 oC at the rate of 50

kg/s, ice plant having COP 1.7 is used. Find the
compressor work required and refrigeration capacity in
TR. Cp of water (liquid) = 4.187 kJ/kgK, latent heat of
ice = 335 kJ/kg.

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Problems
An autoclave contains 1000 cans of pea soup soup.. It is
o
heated to an overall temperature of 100 C. If the cans
are to be cooled to 40oC before leaving the autoclave,
how much cooling water is required if it enters at 15oC
and leaves at 35oC? Specific heat of the pea soup and
the can metal are respectively 4.1 kJ/ kJ/kgK
kgK and 0.5
kJ/kgK
kJ/kgK.. The weight of the each can is 60 gm and it
contains 0.45 kg of pea soup
soup..

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 Problems
It is desired to freeze 10000 loaves of bread each
weighing 0.75 kg from an initial room temperature of
18oC to a final temperature of -18oC. The bread
bread--freezing
operation is to be carried out in an air air--blast freezing
tunnel.. Feeding rate of bread loaves is 120 per min
tunnel min.. It is
found that the fan and motors are rated at a total 80 hp
with motor efficiency of 86 86%
%. Determine the
refrigeration load, if (a) fans and motors are in freezing
tunnel insulation
insulation..
(b) the fans but not motors are in the tunnel
tunnel.. The heat
loss rate from the tunnel to the ambient air has been
found to be 6.3 kWkW..
Specific heat capacity for loaves of bread = 2kJ/
kJ/kgK
kgK

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