Experiment 6: Heat Effects
Heat Energy and the percent error
Methodology:
Activity 1: Specific Heat of
Metal
The metal object was
weighed. A 30cm piece of thread
was attached to the metal which
was put into the metal jacket. The
metal jacket was placed inside the
beaker of the water. The water was
heated until the temperature of the
object is 80C. The inner vessel of
the calorimeter was weighed. After
weighing, 2/3 of it was filled with
water and weighed again. The
inner vessel was placed in its
insulating jacket and the
temperature was measured. When
the object in the beaker reached
80C, it is quickly transferred into
the calorimeter. The water was
stirred with the thermometer inside
it. The equilibrium temperature was
recorded. The specific heat of the
object using the Energy
Conservation was and the percent
error were computed.
Activity 2; Heat Fusion of Water
The inner vessel of the
calorimeter was weighed. The
calorimeter was filled half full of
water and weighed again. The
inner vessel was placed inside the
insulating jacket. The initial
temperature of water inside the
calorimeter was recorded. Dried
pieces of ice were added into the
calorimeter. Then the equilibrium
temperature was recorded after the
ice melted. The inner vessel with
water and melted ice was weighed.
Heat fusin of ice by Conservation of
was computed.
Activity 3: Thermal Expansion
of Solids
The initial length of the rod to
be tested was measured. It is then
placed inside the steam jacket. The
steam jacket was mounted in the
metal frame. The first outlet of the
steam jacket was connected to the
boiler by rubber tubing. The initial
temperature of the rod by inserting
a thermometer through the central
hole of the jacket were measured.
the metal frame was then
connected to the galvanometer.
The micrometer screw was moved
to touch the end of the rod. The
initial reading of the micrometer
disc was recorded. The disc was
unwound so the rod can expand
freely. The rod was heated for 20
minutes by steaming from the
boiler. The final temperature of the
rod was then recorded. The disc
was moved until it is in contact
again with the rod. The final
reading of the disc was recorded.
The coefficient of linear thermal
expansion of the rod and the
percent error were computed.
Theory
Specific heat is the heat
required to raise the temperature
of the unit mass of a given
substance by a given amount
(usually 1C). The relationship
between heat and temperature
change is usually expressed in the
form shown below where c is the
specific heat. The relationship does
not apply if a phase change is
encountered, because the heat
added or removed during a phase
change does not change the
temperature.
Q=cm T
where Q is the heat added, c is the
specific heat, m is the mass and T
is the change in temperature. The
specific heat of water is 1 calorie/
gram C= 4.186joule/gram C
which is higher than the any other
common substance. As a result,
water plays a very important role in
temperature regulation. The
soecific heat per gram for water is
much higher than that for a metal.
To find the specific heat of metal,
the equation
[Qw +Qcal ]
C=
Mal Tal
Qw=MwCwTw
Qcal=McCALTc
QAL= MALCALTc
Where C is the specific heat of the
object, Mc is the mass of the
calorimeter, Mw is the mass of the
water, Tc is the difference
between the final and initial
temperature of water and
calorimeter, Mc is the mass of
metal cylinder, and Tc is the
difference between the initial
temperature of metal cylinder and
the final temperature of the
system.
For the thermal expansion of
solids, the formula
e
= was used
Lo (tf )
Where Lo is the initial length of the
rod, (tf-to) is the change in
temperature. Over small
temperature ranges, the linear
nature of thermal expansion leads
to expansion relationships for
length, area, and volume in terms
of the linear expansion coefficient.
Increased temperature increases
the frequency and magnitude of
the molecular motion of the
material and produces more
energetic collisions. Increasing the
energy of the collisions forces the
molecules further apart and causes
the material to expand.
In the heat fusion of water
activity, the formula was used:
M i Lf + M i ( Tf 0 C ) =M w (TiTf )
where Lf is the heat fusion of ice, Mw is
the mass of water, Mc is the mass of
empty calorimeter, Tf and Ti is the final
and initial temperature of the system
and Mi is the mass of ice. An increase
in internal energy is required to
convert solid to liquid. Conversely, a
reduction in internal energy can cause
liquids to freeze or solidify. These
solid-liquid phase changes occur
without a change n temperature. The
heat of fusion of a substance is the
heat exchange required to melt one
gram of a substance (calories/gm).
References:
http://hyperphysics.phy-
astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Class/PhSciLab/hea
t.html
http://hyperphysics.phy-
astr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/inteng.html
#c4
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_
expansion