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INTRODUCCIN
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QUIISPE ALMERCO, Javier A lex
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DANIEL ALCIDES CARRION INGLES TECNICO
ABSORCIN ATMICA
REQUERIMIENTOS ANALTICOS
BASES
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QUIISPE ALMERCO, Javier A lex
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DANIEL ALCIDES CARRION INGLES TECNICO
Los tomos libres en estado fundamental, pueden absorber la luz a una cierta longitud de
onda especfica.
Los iones metlicos contenidos en una solucin son convertidos a su estado atmico
mediante el uso de una flama.
Una luz a una apropiada longitud de onda es provista y la cantidad de luz absorbida
puede ser medida contra una curva de calibracin estandarizada.
Esta tcnica requiere una muestra lquida que se aspira, Aero liza, y se mezcla con
gases combustibles, como acetileno y aire o acetileno y xido nitroso. La mezcla es
encendida dentro de una flama que tiene un rango de temperatura que van desde 2100 a
2800 C. Durante la combustin, los tomos de los elementos de inters en la muestra
son reducidos a tomos libres, tomos en estado basal no excitado, los cuales absorben
luz a longitudes de onda caractersticas
Las longitudes de onda especificas son provistas de un haz de luz proveniente de una
lmpara hecha de ctodo y que contiene el elemento que se quiere determinar que est
pasando por la flama Hay un dispositivo que detecta la cantidad de reduccin de la
intensidad de la luz que es absorbida por el analito, y esto puede directamente
relacionarse con la cantidad de el elemento en la muestra.
TIPOS DE ATOMIZACIN
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QUIISPE ALMERCO, Javier A lex
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DANIEL ALCIDES CARRION INGLES TECNICO
Hay algunos elementos que son difciles de volatilizar con una llama o un horno. Para
estos elementos se utiliza la tcnica de generacin de vapor, ya sea formando el hidruro
metlico del elemento (As, Bi, Sb, Sn, Se y Te) o directamente vapores como en el caso
del Hg. La generacin de vapor aumenta la sensibilidad de la tcnica de absorcin
atmica.
INTERFERENCIAS
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QUIISPE ALMERCO, Javier A lex
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DANIEL ALCIDES CARRION INGLES TECNICO
TEORIA
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QUIISPE ALMERCO, Javier A lex
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DANIEL ALCIDES CARRION INGLES TECNICO
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QUIISPE ALMERCO, Javier A lex
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DANIEL ALCIDES CARRION INGLES TECNICO
El diagrama de niveles de energa de la figura 5.2. sugiere que una lnea atmica contiene
nicamente una longitud de onda. Sin embargo, existen distintos fenmenos por los que
las lneas atmicas tienen en realidad anchuras finitas, tal como se indica en la figura 5.3.
La anchura de lnea efectiva, Dl1/2, es la anchura en unidades de longitud de onda
cuando se mide a la mitad de la seal mxima. El ensanchamiento de las lneas
espectrales se debe a las siguientes causas:
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QUIISPE ALMERCO, Javier A lex
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DANIEL ALCIDES CARRION INGLES TECNICO
El ensanchamiento de una lnea atmica (a la mitad de la altura) por este efecto viene
dado por la expresin:
Como en el interior de las llamas, los tomos individuales presentan una distribucin
estadstica de velocidades de Maxwell-Boltzmann, las frecuencias que llegan al detector
muestran una distribucin aproximadamente simtrica, con un mximo que corresponde a
un desplazamiento Doppler de cero. En las llamas ms comunes, estos ensanchamientos
son de 5x104 a 5x103 nm.
Las etapas que deben seguir los tomos del analito desde la disolucin inicial hasta llegar
a transformarse en vapor atmico son comunes para todos los mtodos que utilizan llama.
En la figura 5.4. se han representado esquemticamente los ms significativos y que se
comentan a continuacin.
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QUIISPE ALMERCO, Javier A lex
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DANIEL ALCIDES CARRION INGLES TECNICO
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QUIISPE ALMERCO, Javier A lex
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DANIEL ALCIDES CARRION INGLES TECNICO
Este tipo de nebulizadores neumticos produce un aerosol constituido por gotitas cuyo
dimetro oscila entre 1 y 25 mm. Sin embargo, nicamente resultan adecuadas para ser
introducidas en la llama las gotitas de dimetro inferior a 10 mm, que constituyen solo un
10 % del total de muestra nebulizada. (Las gotitas mayores no son adecuadas porque se
vaporizan de forma incompleta, reducen la temperatura de la llama e incrementan el ruido
de fondo).
Transporte del aerosol. Esta etapa tiene como finalidad asegurar que solamente lleguen
hasta la llama las gotitas de tamao adecuado. Esto se consigue mediante bolas de
impacto, tabiques deflectores, etc, con los que se pretende eliminar las gotitas de mayor
tamao producidas en la nebulizacin (figura 5.5.B.)
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QUIISPE ALMERCO, Javier A lex
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DANIEL ALCIDES CARRION INGLES TECNICO
Antes de pasar a describir los procesos que tienen lugar en el interior de la llama, es
necesario considerar algunas de sus propiedades ms importantes.
El cono externo es una zona en la que productos parcialmente oxidados en las regiones
ms internas pueden completar su combustin. Esta zona se enfra por el aire circundante
y no se utiliza demasiado.
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QUIISPE ALMERCO, Javier A lex
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DANIEL ALCIDES CARRION INGLES TECNICO
La llama formada a partir de aire y gas natural fue la primera utilizada en absorcin
atmica, si bien, su temperatura es demasiado baja para originar la atomizacin de
muchos elementos.
Con las llamas que utilizan oxido nitroso se alcanzan temperaturas intermedias entre las
que usan aire y las que emplean oxgeno, debido a que el N2O se descompone en la
llama dando doble cantidad de nitrgeno que de oxgeno.
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QUIISPE ALMERCO, Javier A lex
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DANIEL ALCIDES CARRION INGLES TECNICO
Una vez que el aerosol, conteniendo la muestra, llega a la llama, tienen lugar los
siguientes procesos:
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QUIISPE ALMERCO, Javier A lex
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DANIEL ALCIDES CARRION INGLES TECNICO
Es evidente, que la velocidad de evaporacin depende del tamao de las gotitas, de las
caractersticas del disolvente y de la temperatura de la llama. Por ello, si las gotas son
demasiado grandes, la de-solvatacin se produce de forma incompleta, lo que constituye
un problema.
Las sales que son sublimables o con bajo punto de ebullicin se vaporizan fcilmente,
mientras que aquellas que se descomponen en la llama para dar xidos estables, tales
como magnesio, aluminio o calcio, no se vaporizan completamente a las temperaturas de
las llamas ordinarias. La forma de superar estas dificultades se comentar posteriormente
en la seccin dedicada a "interferencias".
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QUIISPE ALMERCO, Javier A lex
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DANIEL ALCIDES CARRION INGLES TECNICO
El vapor originado en la etapa comentada anteriormente puede estar constituido por las
siguientes especies: molculas, tomos libres o iones, tanto en estado fundamental, como
en estado excitado (figura 5.4.). Parece probable que, al menos entre algunas de estas
especies, se establezcan los correspondientes equilibrios, algunos de los cuales se
tratarn a continuacin.
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QUIISPE ALMERCO, Javier A lex
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DANIEL ALCIDES CARRION INGLES TECNICO
En la tabla 5.2. Se muestran las fracciones de tomos excitados al primer nivel energtico
para algunos elementos a diversas temperaturas.
Como prcticamente todos los tomos en la fase de vapor estn en estado fundamental,
podra esperarse que la absorcin atmica fuese siempre ms sensible que la emisin
atmica; sin embargo, esto no siempre es as, ya que a bajas concentraciones de analito
es mucho ms fcil medir de forma precisa una pequea seal de emisin que una
pequea diferencia entre dos seales grandes, como se hace en absorcin atmica.
Como regla general, con mtodos de llama, los elementos con sus principales lneas de
resonancia a longitudes de onda inferiores a 300 nm se determinan con mayor
sensibilidad por absorcin atmica, mientras que la emisin atmica es ms sensible para
elementos con lneas de resonancia a longitudes de onda superiores a 350 nm.
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QUIISPE ALMERCO, Javier A lex
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DANIEL ALCIDES CARRION INGLES TECNICO
En las llamas que utilizan aire como oxidante, la ionizacin del analito es prcticamente
despreciable. Sin embargo, si la temperatura de la llama es ms elevada, como cuando
se emplea oxido nitroso u oxgeno como oxidante, los tomos neutros del analito pueden
originar iones sencillos y electrones libres durante la vaporizacin trmica, segn el
proceso:
Los elementos alcalinos presentan una fuerte tendencia a formar iones en la llama,
observndose que esta tendencia aumenta desde el litio (Ei=5.39 eV) hasta el cesio
(Ei=2.89 eV). Por su parte, los alcalinotrreos tienen menos tendencia a ionizarse, si bien,
pueden formarse iones moleculares del tipo MOH+.
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QUIISPE ALMERCO, Javier A lex
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DANIEL ALCIDES CARRION INGLES TECNICO
INSTRUMENTACION
* Una fuente de radiacin que emita la lnea espectral del elemento de inters.
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QUIISPE ALMERCO, Javier A lex
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DANIEL ALCIDES CARRION INGLES TECNICO
En la prctica ordinaria, muchos aparatos de absorcin atmica operan con haz sencillo,
ya que, para bajos valores de absorbancia, se obtienen lmites de deteccin ms
favorables, si bien, cuando es necesaria una correccin del fondo, los instrumentos de
doble haz posibilitan la incorporacin de sistemas para llevar a cabo esa compensacin.
Fuentes de radiacin
Cuando se aplica una diferencia de potencial suficiente entre los dos electrodos tiene
lugar la ionizacin del gas y los cationes gaseosos son acelerados hacia el ctodo,
adquiriendo la suficiente energa cintica para arrancar algunos tomos metlicos del
material catdico. Algunos de estos tomos metlicos son excitados al chocar con los
iones gaseosos, y al retornar a su estado fundamental emiten radiacin caracterstica.
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QUIISPE ALMERCO, Javier A lex
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DANIEL ALCIDES CARRION INGLES TECNICO
Al apagar la lmpara, los tomos metlicos vaporizados tienden a depositarse sobre las
paredes del ctodo o sobre las paredes de vidrio del tubo, siendo mnima esta posibilidad,
por el diseo cilndrico del ctodo.
El hecho de que los diferentes elementos tengan que ser determinados de uno en uno,
hace que la absorcin atmica sea una tcnica de anlisis cuantitativo, no siendo efectiva
para la identificacin de los elementos presentes en una muestra.
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QUIISPE ALMERCO, Javier A lex
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DANIEL ALCIDES CARRION INGLES TECNICO
Las anchuras de rendija juegan un papel importante, al determinar la fraccin del espectro
que incide en el detector. La rendija deber ser lo ms estrecha posible, con objeto de
reducir la cantidad de radiacin emitida por la llama que llega al detector. Algunos
instrumentos comerciales estn provistos de dos tipos de rendijas, para usarlas con llama
o con atomizacin electrotrmica respectivamente.
Detectores
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QUIISPE ALMERCO, Javier A lex
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DANIEL ALCIDES CARRION INGLES TECNICO
INTERFERENCIAS
Interferencias fsicas
Este tipo de interferencias se debe a cambios en las propiedades fsicas, tales como
viscosidad, densidad, tensin superficial, etc. en la disolucin del analito y en los
patrones, los cuales pueden afectar al proceso de nebulizacin y, en consecuencia, al
nmero de tomos presentes en la llama.
En cualquier caso, las interferencias fsicas pueden evitarse procurando que las
propiedades fsicas y la matriz sea la misma en la muestra y en los patrones. Tambin
utilizando el mtodo de adicin estndar o, incluso, a veces, simplemente operando con
disoluciones ms diluidas.
Interferencias qumicas
Las interferencias qumicas son aquellas en las cuales algn tipo de compuesto qumico
est presente, o se forma en la llama, con la consiguiente disminucin de la poblacin de
tomos libres.
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QUIISPE ALMERCO, Javier A lex
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DANIEL ALCIDES CARRION INGLES TECNICO
Cuando la especie de inters pierde algn electrn, formando los iones correspondientes,
se origina la llamada interferencia de ionizacin. Se produce en los elementos fcilmente
ionizables, como alcalinos y alcalinotrreos. Esta interferencia se evita con la adicin de
un supresor de ionizacin , el cual es un elemento que proporciona una concentracin de
electrones relativamente alta, con lo que inhibe la ionizacin del elemento de inters.
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QUIISPE ALMERCO, Javier A lex
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DANIEL ALCIDES CARRION INGLES TECNICO
Interferencias espectrales
Una interferencia espectral tiene lugar cuando se produce absorcin o emisin por una
especie a la misma longitud de onda que el analito, o a una longitud de onda tan prxima
que el monocromador no puede separar ambas seales.
Este tipo de interferencia es muy rara, ya que solo se han encontrado seis pares de lneas
que se interfieren mutuamente. Adems, la interferencia se evita fcilmente utilizando otra
lneas de resonancia de las del analito. Concretamente, en el ejemplo anterior, se podra
utilizar la lnea que presenta el aluminio a 3097.7 .
* Presencia en la llama de productos con bandas de absorcin anchas. As, por ejemplo,
la presencia de calcio en la llama aire-acetileno origina CaOH, el cual interfiere en la
determinacin de bario, como puede observarse en la figura 5.10., donde se ha
representado la banda de absorcin del CaOH y la lnea de resonancia del bario.
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QUIISPE ALMERCO, Javier A lex
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DANIEL ALCIDES CARRION INGLES TECNICO
* Absorcin debida al fondo. La absorcin del fondo es un trmino que se utiliza para
designar colectivamente una serie de efectos tales como la absorcin por molculas o
radicales originados en la llama por la matriz de la muestra, por la propia llama, as como
la dispersin de radiacin por partculas slidas o gotitas de lquido, etc. La correccin del
fondo se hace necesaria en muchas ocasiones, para lo cual se han propuesto diferentes
mtodos, algunos de los cuales se describen a continuacin:
Utilizacin de una fuente contina. La correccin del fondo por este mtodo consiste en
utilizar una fuente de radiacin continua, generalmente una lmpara de hidrgeno o de
deuterio* (figura 5.11.)
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QUIISPE ALMERCO, Javier A lex
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DANIEL ALCIDES CARRION INGLES TECNICO
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QUIISPE ALMERCO, Javier A lex
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DANIEL ALCIDES CARRION INGLES TECNICO
La utilizacin del efecto Zeeman para la correccin del fondo se basa en que la absorcin
del fondo se debe, fundamentalmente, a dispersiones y absorcin molecular, la cual no es
afectada por la presencia de un campo magntico, contrariamente a lo que sucede con la
absorcin atmica. En principio, el campo magntico puede aplicarse a la fuente de
radiacin o al sistema de atomizacin.
Este efecto se debe a que las corrientes elevadas producen una gran concentracin de
tomos no excitados, los cuales son capaces de absorber la radiacin producida por las
especies excitadas (fenmeno de auto-absorcin). Smith y Hiefje consideraron que el
fenmeno podra aplicarse a la correccin del fondo. Para ello, se hace funcionar la
lmpara, en primer lugar, a baja intensidad, con lo que su radiacin es absorbida por el
analito y por el fondo. A continuacin, se hace pasar a travs de la lmpara un impulso de
corriente mucho ms intenso, pero de poca duracin, con lo que tiene lugar el fenmeno
de la auto-absorcin, reducindose considerablemente la absorcin de la muestra,
mientras que el fondo absorber en la misma proporcin que antes. La correccin del
fondo se obtiene por la diferencia entre ambas seales.
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QUIISPE ALMERCO, Javier A lex
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DANIEL ALCIDES CARRION INGLES TECNICO
APLICACIONES
Para caracterizar las medidas de absorcin atmica suelen utilizarse los dos parmetros
siguientes: sensibilidad y lmite de deteccin. La sensibilidad se define como la
concentracin en solucin del el elemento a determinar que origina una absorbancia de
0.00444 (1 % de absorcin) unidades a la longitud de onda usada, respecto al disolvente.
Tambin puede considerarse como la pendiente del calibrado en su regin lineal. As, la
sensibilidad es una medida del tamao de la seal de absorcin.
Por su parte, el lmite de deteccin suele tomarse como la concentracin de elemento que
produce una seal dos o tres veces la raz cuadrada del valor medio del ruido de fondo.
En otros trminos, es la ms baja concentracin que estadsticamente puede distinguirse
del cero (blanco). La distincin entre estos trminos se ilustra en la figura 5.15. Las
seales mostradas presentan la misma sensibilidad, pero el lmite de deteccin es ms
favorable en b.
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QUIISPE ALMERCO, Javier A lex
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DANIEL ALCIDES CARRION INGLES TECNICO
Para llevar a cabo una determinacin por absorcin atmica es necesario seguir un
camino que consta, normalmente, de las etapas siguientes:
Cuando se trata de sustancias orgnicas, puede llevarse a cabo una mineralizacin, con
la posterior disolucin del residuo en cidos minerales. Asimismo, en ocasiones, es
posible la disolucin en disolventes orgnicos, si bien, la utilizacin de estos disolventes
presenta una problemtica particular, que se tratar ms adelante.
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QUIISPE ALMERCO, Javier A lex
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DANIEL ALCIDES CARRION INGLES TECNICO
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QUIISPE ALMERCO, Javier A lex
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DANIEL ALCIDES CARRION INGLES TECNICO
BLIBLIOGRAFIAS
www.absorcionatomica.com
www.wikipedia.absorcion.com/net
www.espectrofotometria.com
www.partesdelaespectrofometria.com
www.aplicacionesespectrometria.com
www.wikipediaespectrometria.com
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QUIISPE ALMERCO, Javier A lex
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DANIEL ALCIDES CARRION INGLES TECNICO
INGLES
Introduction
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QUIISPE ALMERCO, Javier A lex
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DANIEL ALCIDES CARRION INGLES TECNICO
Although he has permitted the technology's advance having different instrumental so-
analysis techniques sophisticated and fast as them ICP, ICP - MS, X-ray fluorescence, etc,
these in turn are difficult in order to many laboratories, and furthermore in order to the
Universities and Instituciones Pblicas. Hence Absorcin Atmica's instruments continue
to be analytical tools more economic, accessible, easy of learning, you need to and fast to
take to end the greater part of these analytical works, in them as the precision,
reproducibility and hushed detection limits are requisite.
Also evaluating our aftermaths's quality is very important in the laboratories, requirements
in the accreditation process and laboratories certification are which. He is that's why, than
it are followed true procedures that they secure our aftermaths's quality as exactness,
precision, linear range, sensibility and detection limit in an analytical process.
theoretic aspects will expose themselves more In this course important of the atomic
spectroscopy, the practical part will understand the standards preparation and signs in
order to the readings in Absorcin Atmica's team and finally, we will arrange for the
respective reports to evaluate our aftermaths's quality.
Although he has permitted the technology's advance having different instrumental so-
analysis techniques sophisticated and fast as them ICP, ICP - MS, X-ray fluorescence, etc,
these in turn are difficult in order to many laboratories, and furthermore in order to the
Universities and Instituciones Pblicas.
Three Basic atomic- absorption BEGINNINGS 1. All of the atoms can absorb light.
2. The wavelength to her as light is absorbed she is specific in order to each element in
particular.
3. The light quantity absorbed comes from proportional to the concentration absorbent
atoms.
Analytical REQUISITES
emission Source of characteristic light. ?An atomization system to create an atoms
population
A monocromar to separate a characteristic wavelength's light.
An optic system to direct the light from the source through the population of atoms
and toward the monocromar.
A light-sensitive detector.
An electronic system which measure the detector's answer.
Turning into solution the sign.
A sign with absence of analito ( target )?calibration Solutions?Constructing a
calibration curve
sign's Atomization.
BASES
The free atoms pregnant fundamental, they can absorb light to a true specific wavelength.
The metallic ions restrained converts come from to his atomic status by means of the use
a flame in a solution.
A light is to an appropriate wavelength supplied and the light quantity absorbed can be
measured athwart a calibration curve standardized.
atomic- absorption BEGINNINGS
This technique requires a liquid sign that it is inhaled, Aero contest ground, and it blends
with combustible gases, as acetylene and air or acetylene and nitrous oxide. The mixture
is kindled inside a flame that has a temperature range that they go for from 2100 2800.
During the combustion, the of concern atoms of the elements in the sign are reduced to
free atoms, atoms pregnant basal excited, them as they absorb light to characteristic
wavelengths
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QUIISPE ALMERCO, Javier A lex
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DANIEL ALCIDES CARRION INGLES TECNICO
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QUIISPE ALMERCO, Javier A lex
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DANIEL ALCIDES CARRION INGLES TECNICO
Atomic absorption
atomic absorption is a common technique to detect metals and metalloids in environmental
signs, you water down, grounds and air, as well as mineral signs, alimonies, chemical
products, alloys and foundings
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QUIISPE ALMERCO, Javier A lex
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DANIEL ALCIDES CARRION INGLES TECNICO
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QUIISPE ALMERCO, Javier A lex
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DANIEL ALCIDES CARRION INGLES TECNICO
The energy levels diagram of represent 5.2 . suggests that an atomic line contains only a
wavelength. However, distinct phenomena that the atomic lines have in reality finite widths,
just as he indicates him in figure 5.3 for exist . The in-line width effective, Dl1/2, the width
in units becomes of wavelength when he measures himself in the middle of the maximum
sign. it happens to me that They must owe the spectral lines's enlargement to the
following causes:
To ) natural Ensanchamiento. It is produced as a consequence of Incertidumbre's
Principio of Heisenberg, because the life time of an electron in a status excited is limited,
in the neighborhood of 10-8 seconds. It is demonstrated that natural enlargement can
understand for the equation: Dn. This factor, in turn, he is related ( he is inversely
proportional ) in the course of time of state life once was excited. The enlargements in-line
they are in the neighborhood of 10-5 nm for this process, enough inferior to the right things
to another properties.
B ) Ensanchamiento Doppler. The atoms of the analito in flame's inside Are originated
from as a consequence of the movement. Of analogous form to as it happens with the
sound waves, the emitted or absorbed frequency of the radiation for an atom that moves
rapidly grows larger if movement is toward the detector, and diminishes if he gets away
from the same one.
The enlargement of an atomic line ( in the middle of the height ) for this effect die comes
for expression:
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QUIISPE ALMERCO, Javier A lex
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DANIEL ALCIDES CARRION INGLES TECNICO
Where v . frequency belongs to the fotn once was absorbed, T the absolute temperature
of the absorbing sorts, M the atomic weight, R, the constant of the gases and c the light's
velocity. Of the expression previous it is deduced than this effect not only that intense as
much as principal is the temperature and more fast the in point element.
I have a meal in flames's inside, the individual atoms present a statistical velocities
distribution of Maxwell - Boltzmann, the frequencies that arrive to the detector point out an
approximately symmetric distribution, with a peak that zero Doppler corresponds to a
displacement with. In the more common flames, these enlargements belong to 5x10-4 to
5x10-3 nm.
C ) pressure Ensanchamiento. It stems from the collisions among the sorts that they
absorb or emit with another atoms or present ions in the middle ( enlargement Lorentz ) or
enclosure with atoms of the same element ( enlargement Holtsmark ). These collisions
provoke little changes in the drastic levels atomic and, in consequence, a dispersion
comes from the wavelengths broadcast or absorbed.
The enlargement of a spectral line for effect Lorentz expresses himself for
Where s2 is a parameter pertaining to sorts's diameter that they collide pertaining to, N
the atoms or strange- molecules number apiece of volume, M1 the atomic weight or
molecular of the strange sort, M2 the atomic weight or molecular of the absorbing sort, R
the constant of the gases and T the absolute temperature. Doppler is The enlargement
due to this effect of the same magnitude order than the produced for effect.
The effect Holtsmark it depends, evidently, of analito's concentration, if good, the
enlargement that he produces is alone in the neighborhood of 10-5 nm with dissolutions 1
M, for the that he can consider oneself despicable.
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QUIISPE ALMERCO, Javier A lex
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DANIEL ALCIDES CARRION INGLES TECNICO
D ) Efectos manufactured for electric and magnetic fields. the electric- ( effect Stark )
or- magnetic- fields Presence ( effect Zeeman ) originates true disturbances in the
absorption or emission lines, if well, only they bring forth themselves to the operating in
the presence of very intense fields or when midway is very ionized, I eat in a plasma. He
presents a true interest in so far as I have developed some systems to correct the bottom
based in it In atomic absorption, and what else forward they will make a comment .
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QUIISPE ALMERCO, Javier A lex
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DANIEL ALCIDES CARRION INGLES TECNICO
sign's Transportation. The transportation of the sign that must be in dissolution, to the
nebulization chamber, uses to become through a little plastic tube. Venturi produces the
dissolution's movement himself generally for aspiration due to the effect, if good, can be
able to utilizarse dumbfounded peristaltic, or enclosure you squirt that they inject (subj) the
sign in the atomizer. In any event, it is necessary to work at velocity conditions identical in
the sign and in the employers. When transportation comes true inhaling the sample,
reproducibility is gotten controlling strictly the oxidizer flow. In like manner, the
characteristic physicses of he shows them and of the employers, such as viscosity,
superficial tension, etc . they must be identical, for it as it is necessary to utilize the same
solvent in both. On the other hand, dust particles and turbid dissolutions make difficult the
reproducibility in the transportation.
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QUIISPE ALMERCO, Javier A lex
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DANIEL ALCIDES CARRION INGLES TECNICO
Nebulizacin. It consists in the conversion of the dissolution in a very fine fog or aerosol.
A very common atomizer fellow shows in the figure 5.5.a himself., Where he shows her
Venturi inhales himself through a capillary tube for effect. Due to the great velocity of the
gas in the capillary's extreme, the liquid scatters in little very fine drops. Almost always, the
gas that is utilized in order to this process is the oxidizer, and below the aerosol once was
formed blends with the fuel.
This pneumatic- atomizers fellow produces an aerosol once whose diameter was
constituted for little drops oscillates However, only they prove to be made suitable among
1 and 25 mm. to be once the inferior- diameter little drops were introduced in the flame to
10 mm, that they constitute alone one 10. ( The little bigger drops are not adequate
because they vaporize of incomplete form, reduce flame's temperature and increment in-
depth noise ).
Relatively the atomizers's efficacy Has less it the principal is limitation of the atomic-
absorption systems that they utilize flame, since solo utilizes of the order del10 itself. This
has been one of the motives that electrotrmicos in order to the atomization have impulsed
the methods development, that they will make a comment to him later on.
the aerosol's Transportation. It has This stage as purpose to secure than only Let them
go up to the flame the size little drops made suitable. This gets itself by means of impact
balls, partitions deflectors, etc, with the one that is attempted eliminating the bigger- size
little drops manufactured in the nebulization ( he represents 5.5.B.)
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QUIISPE ALMERCO, Javier A lex
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DANIEL ALCIDES CARRION INGLES TECNICO
Before going by to describe the processes that have room in flame's inside, he is
necessary to consider some of his more important properties.
flames's Characteristics
A flame stems from an exothermic reaction among a combustible gas and an oxidizing
agent gaseous. 5.6 . imagines a typical flame, where can stand out three parts In the
figure: An internal zone, an intermediate region and an external cone.
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QUIISPE ALMERCO, Javier A lex
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DANIEL ALCIDES CARRION INGLES TECNICO
The parameter that is utilized normally to characterize a flame is the temperature of the
intermediate region even though is difficult, of measuring exactly, to depend of the relative
fuel and oxidizer velocities. The temperatures of some flames utilized in analysis suggest
5.1 . themselves In the board.
The flame once was formed starting from air and natural gas was the first once was
utilized in atomic absorption, if good, it is his temperature too low to originate many
elements's atomization.
The flame air - acetylene proves to be adapted in order to the actual atomization of a
numerous elements group. This flame is practically transparent in an ample spectral zone,
and puede to have an operation in conditions estequiomtricas or weakly oxidizing.
However, his temperature is not enough of a high to dissociate metallic oxides refractory,
in order to them as utilizing more calorific flames, as oxygen becomes necessary -
acetylene. He provides This flame some 1000.
They attain intermediate temperatures that they use air among With the flames that utilize
nitrous oxide and the one that use oxygen, because the N2O gets sick in the flame giving
look-alike nitrogenous quantity than of oxygen.
The flames job of nitrous oxide - acetylene starting from the year 1965 represented a great
advance in the works with flame, because its relatively high temperature made possible
many elements's atomization, including those that refractory oxides form . Besides, the
combustion velocity is relatively low, with it than the implosions danger.
The flame air - it has happened to me that hydrogen has been utilized in order to the
alkaline- metals analysis for photometry of flame ( emission ) due to his little core
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QUIISPE ALMERCO, Javier A lex
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DANIEL ALCIDES CARRION INGLES TECNICO
emission, if good, present related problems with the combustion velocity and bigger
explosions danger.
Finally, with the mixture cyanogen - oxygen they attain very temperatures raised, with the
advantage than it he supposes as to the sensibility in order to some elements's
determination. However, his use is not too extended, due to the raised toxicity of the
cyanogen and to the explosions danger that it represents the working with the mentioned
mixtures.
A time than the aerosol, containing the sign, he arrives to the flame, the following take
place processes:
Desolvatacin. The first thing that occurs when the aerosol gets in touch with the flame
is her of - solvatation, that is, the elimination of the water and another solvents to form little
dry- salt particles. The evaporation velocity depends on the transferential heat velocity
from the environment of the flame to the aerosol little drop, and, considering that this
transference of heat takes place for conduction, he can express oneself for the equation:
Where r is the radio of the little drop, l the thermic conductivity halfway of the gaseous
environment of the flame, Cp the calorific constant, capability of the pressurized solvent's
vapor T the temperature of the flame, Tb the boiling point of the solvent and L the
vaporization heat of the solvent.
It becomes of evident, than the velocity evaporation he depends on the size of the little
drops, of the characteristics of the solvent and of flame's temperature. Hence, if the drops
are too big, her of - solvatation is produced of incomplete form, what constitutes a
problem.
In another sense, when he is worked up with solvents organic, the evaporation velocity not
only that lifted, due to the younger heat of vaporization and to the heat liberation for the
own solvent's combustion. Besides, the little superficial tension and many organic
solvents's viscosity increase the flow velocity and favor nebulization, incrementing, in
consequence, the atoms concentration in the flame.
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QUIISPE ALMERCO, Javier A lex
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DANIEL ALCIDES CARRION INGLES TECNICO
Vaporization. This stage consists in the particles transformation of salt solid or fused in
vapor. A quite critical stage in the methods that they utilize Is flame and depends on the
chemical composition of the analito, of the size of the particles and of flame's temperature.
You put salt in them(subj) that they are sublimables or they vaporize easily with hushed
boiling point, while than those that they break down in the flame to give stable oxides, such
as magnesium, aluminum or calcium, they do not vaporize completely to ordinary flames's
temperatures. He forms it of surpassing these difficulties one will make a comment
posteriorly in the section once was dedicated to atmospherics.
As for the temperature and composition of flame's gases, can be able to indicarse the
following: He favors the metallic- oxides formation nonvolatile to the working out for with
flames estequiomtricas or when one operates with excess of oxidizer. The reducing
Flames make easy the reduction of the oxide particles to free atoms or more volatile
species.
In short, the velocity of the vaporization process can grow for:
* the concentration's Decrease ( of the analito or of the womb ).
* volatile- by-products Formation of the analito.
* Constituted Formation of an aerosol for very small particles.
* I use of flames with high temperatures.
* reducing- flames Utilization.
Equilibriums among species vaporized
The vapor once was originated in the stage once was commented previously can be
constituted for the following sorts: Molecules, free atoms or ions, point I have a meal
pregnant fundamental, pregnant excited ( he represents 5.4.). He seems probable than, at
least enter some of these sorts, establish him(subj) the correspondent equilibriums, some
of them as will handle itself below.
The formation of molecular species, MX, he is a reversible process in which, the said sorts
mass meetings are related to them of the correspondent atomic sorts through the
equilibrium constant,.
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QUIISPE ALMERCO, Javier A lex
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DANIEL ALCIDES CARRION INGLES TECNICO
Where M represents a metallic atom and X the molecule's the rest MX. The constant K he
depends on temperature and of the molecule's nature. As much as principal be (subj) the
temperature and principal K's value, all the more disconnected will be the molecule MX.
In many instances, the represented sort previously they are metallic oxides for MX. In
these cases, the contained job of a reducing flame, with bass of oxygen, outmode the
equilibrium toward the free- atoms formation:
In practice, the atoms concentration uses to increase to the doing the combustible- gas
flow, all over if acetylene is had to do with or of hydrogen. Besides, on fire of strongly
acetylene reducing, CN, NH, CH and C2, of relatively long life, instruct radicals themselves
them as they collaborate of important form to the metallic- oxides reduction.
In the board 5.2. the excited- atoms fractions Show up to the first drastic level in order to
some elements to diverse temperatures.
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QUIISPE ALMERCO, Javier A lex
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DANIEL ALCIDES CARRION INGLES TECNICO
The fact of than the atoms fraction pregnant fundamental be very lifted it is important,
since it does unnecessary to have to control carefully the temperature of flame, because
little fluctuations in her are not decisive in absorption atomic, it as he constitutes a
considerable advantage.
I eat practically all of the atoms in the steam-driven phase they are pregnant fundamental,
I would be able to be expected than the atomic absorption be more sore always than the
atomic emission; However, this not always is thus, right now that measuring of precise
form a little emission sign than a little difference among two big signals is to analito's
hushed concentrations much more easy, as he makes him in absorption atomic. As
general rule, with methods of flame, the elements with his principal resonance lines they
determine with principal sensibility for atomic absorption to inferior wavelengths to 300 nm,
while than the atomic emission not only that sore in order to elements with lines of
resonance to superior wavelengths to 350 nm.
In the flames that utilize air as oxidizer, the analito's ionization is practically despicable.
However, if flame's temperature not only that lifted, as when nitrous oxide or oxygen as
oxidizer, the analito's neuter atoms are used can originate simple ions and free electrons
during the thermic vaporization, according to the process:
The constant Ki depends on temperature and of the ionization potential. In the board 5.3.
The ionization percentage in order to a few elements Is indicated to different
temperatures.
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QUIISPE ALMERCO, Javier A lex
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DANIEL ALCIDES CARRION INGLES TECNICO
The alkaline elements show one fortress tendency to form ions in the flame, observndose
than this tendency increases from the lithium to the cesium ( Ei. For his part, the alkaline-
earth have less tendency to become ionized, if good, they can have got the fellow's
molecular ions MOH.
In general, as much as principal be (subj) the temperature and minor the energy of
ionization, so much principal will be the manufactured- ions number, for it it decreases than
the atoms fraction pregnant fundamental and the detection limit is made less favorable.
INSTRUMENTATION
The basic components of an atomic- absorption spectrometer, mostrados in the figure 5.1.,
They are :
* A radiative source that he emit (subj) the of concern element's spectral line.
* An atomization system, that he supply (subj) energy enough in order to the analito's
disassociation and the free- atoms formation.
* A monocromar to isolate the spectral line once was measured.
* A detector once the data's measuring or record's system was linked with obtenidos.
Analogously whereto it happens with the espectrofotmetros that measure molecular
absorption, commercialized atomic- absorption instruments of simple and double- bundle's
bundle exist . The change once was produced in the intensity of the radiative source's
proceeding bundle is measured In them of simple bundle when interacciona with the
element's atomic vapor to examine. In the double- bundle systems, the radiative source's
proceeding bundle divides in two itself, by means of a rotating mirror, doing to pass one
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QUIISPE ALMERCO, Javier A lex
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DANIEL ALCIDES CARRION INGLES TECNICO
through the sign ( atomic vapor in the flame ) and deviating the other around the flame.
Both beams himself recombinan posteriorly and the acquaintance measures herself
among themselves ( he represents 5.7.).
Operating with the double- bundle system the radiative source's any fluctuation is
compensated, thus I have a meal of the detector or of the electronic system. However, it's
evident that he does not correct him the noise in-depth produced for the own flame, since
this one he finds only in one of beams.
In practice ordinary, many atomic- absorption implements operate with simple bundle, right
now than they obtain more- detection limits favorable,, in order to absorbancia's hushed
moral values, if good, when is necessary a correction of the bottom, the double- bundle
instruments make possible the systems incorporation to take to end that compensation.
Sources radiative
The more critical Part of an atomic- absorption instrument is the source, since is very
difficult to measure with good exactness lines of absorption so narrow that show the
atoms. it has happened to me that They have resolved The problem applying the
beginning that each chemical sort is capable, in co ndiciones made suitable, of absorbing
his own radiations. Under this premise have developed me the cathode lamps hole and
the unloading lamps without electrodes.
cathode Lamps hole. They consist in a glassy tube containing argon or neon to hushed
pressure ( 1-5 torr.) And two electrodes. The anode uses to come from wolfram, and the
cathode, of cylindrical form, is constructed with the metal that one wishes to determine
with ( he represents 5.8.)
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QUIISPE ALMERCO, Javier A lex
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DANIEL ALCIDES CARRION INGLES TECNICO
When he applies a potential difference enough between you and me electrodes place has
the gas's ionization and the gaseous cations are accelerated toward the cathode, acquiring
the enough kinetic energy to pull out the cathodic material's some metallic atoms. Some of
these metallic atoms are excited to the colliding with gaseous ions, and to the returning to
his fundamental state they emit characteristic radiation.
To the extinguishing the lamp, the metallic atoms vaporizados tend to deposit on the
glassy walls of the cathode or on the tube's walls, being minimal this possibility, for the
cathode's cylindrical design.
The fact that the different elements have to (subj) be given one by one, he does that
atomic absorption be (subj) a quantitative- analysis technique, being effective in order to
the identification of the present elements in a sign.
Ordinarily he utilizes a lamp, in order to each element, if good, have dealt in commerce to
me cathode lamps hole multi - elementary. These lamps are built with different- metals
alloys, procuring that they have (subj) similar fusion and volatility points, I have a meal for
example, Ca/Mg, Ag/Au, Cu/Pb/Zn, Co/Cr/Cu/Fe/Mn/Ni
unloading Lamps without electrodes. They consist in a hermetically- quartz tube closed
containing the of concern element's a few milligrams and an inert gas to hushed pressure.
activation takes to intervening end an intense radio frequencies field ( 100 kHz - 100 MHz )
or microwave oven radiation (. When it operates, the noble gas becomes ionized, and the
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QUIISPE ALMERCO, Javier A lex
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DANIEL ALCIDES CARRION INGLES TECNICO
manufactured ions are accelerated for the radio frequency field until they acquire energy
enough to excite to the metal's atoms. atomization Systems
Historically, the llama has played a role important in atomic absorption in order to the
steam-driven generation starting from dissolutions atomic, or solid- signs enclosure. At
present, and in spite of his limitations, still it is utilized very extensively, due to his
simplicity, under cost of the team and his versatility in order to several elements of different
nature.
As to the burner, the more utilized is the of premixture, operating in laminar diet and than
schematically it has happened to me that 5.5 has been represented in the figure. In like
manner, I have developed atomization systems without flame, that will be commented at
the end of the chapter. Monocromar
The one and only the monocromar's purpose is to isolate the resonance line of the of
concern element. In order to the elements's heft, the problem uses to be simple, because
the different lines use to be quite separate, as shown in the figure 5.9., Where Ag, Pb and
Zn. imagine the elements's more characteristic lines It does that a very high- resolution
moncromar not be necessary (subj), and, in consequence, no too difficult, being this I join
of the factors that have contributed to that technique be (subj) very utilized in practice
ordinary of the analysis.
The crack widths they play a role important, to the determining the faction of the spectrum
that affects in the detector. The crack will have to be the more narrow possible, in order to
reduce the radiative quantity once was emitted for the flame that arrives to the detector.
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QUIISPE ALMERCO, Javier A lex
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DANIEL ALCIDES CARRION INGLES TECNICO
Some commercial instruments are supplied with two cracks types, stop to use them with
flame or with atomization electrotrmica respectively.
Detectors
The universally detector once was used in atomic absorption is the tube photomultiplier,
right now than nobody else system offers the same sensibility in the wavelengths utilized
margin herein technique.
ATMOSPHERICS
the element's atomic absorbancia Considers here the various- factors influence on her
himself to determine to and forms it of avoiding or palliating said effects. In general,
atmospherics can classify in physicses, chemistries and spectral.
Physical Atmospherics
it happens to me that They must owe This atmospherics fellow to changes in the physical
properties, such as viscosity, density, superficial tension, etc . in the analito's and the
employers's dissolution, them as they can affect to the nebulization process and, in
consequence, to the present atoms number in the flame.
At times they utilize organic solvents to increase the nebulization's efficacy and also
flame's temperature, if good, the organic- substances presence originates one all kinds of
atmospherics, most of all to the increasing flame's core emission and provoking
fluctuations in his temperature.
When electrotrmica utilizes atomization himself, Let them not sole to have place physical
atmospherics as the just described, since the analito places himself in directly the
atomizer, without previous nebulization. However, given solvents use to cause problems
when they get in the graphite tube, since they produce an in-depth absorption among 200-
250 nm to 2500.
In any event, the physical atmospherics evitarse procuring than the physical properties
and the womb can be able to be the same one in the sign and in the employers. Also
utilizing the standard- addition method or, enclosure, sometimes, simply operating with
more dilute dissolutions.
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QUIISPE ALMERCO, Javier A lex
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DANIEL ALCIDES CARRION INGLES TECNICO
Chemical Atmospherics
chemical atmospherics are those in which some kind of repaired chemical he is present, or
it takes shape in the flame, with the free- atoms population's resulting decrease.
B Witnesses it of the element, easily ionizable, makes of than the equilibrium M ionization
it be displaced(subj) to the left. He names them To these sorts also ionization plugs..
Spectral Atmospherics
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QUIISPE ALMERCO, Javier A lex
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DANIEL ALCIDES CARRION INGLES TECNICO
A spectral interference takes place when absorption or emission for a sort are produced to
the same wavelength than the analito, or he can not separate both signals to a so
proximate wavelength than the monocromar.
In general spectral atmospherics are not enough, in atomic absorption,, because the lines
of the source are extremely narrow and specific. However, it is not true, as he uses to be
told to, than the technique he is in free suchlike atmospherics. They can consider oneself
the following cases:
* lines Overlap of resonance of some component of the womb with the resonance line of
the analito. Thus, for example, the aluminum and the vanadium show resonance lines to
3082.15 and 3082.11.
This interference fellow is very rare, right now than solo I have been found six lines pairs
that interfere with themselves mutually. Besides, interference is avoided easily utilizing
other resonance lines of them of the analito. Concretely, in the example previous, it would
happen to me that the line that shows the aluminum to 3097.7 could be utilized.
* He witnesses in the products flame with bands of absorption broad. Thus, for example,
the calcium presence in the flame air - acetylene he originates CaOH, which interferes in
the barium determination, I have a meal can be able to observarse in the figure 5.10.,
Where it has happened to me that the absorption band of the CaOH and the resonance
line of the barium have been represented.
The interference, in this case particular, it is eliminated easily utilizing nitrous oxide as
oxidizer, instead of air, right now than the principal temperature once was caught up with
does that the CaOH get sick (subj), disappearing, in consequence, his absorption band.
* Absorption once should have been owed at the bo ttom. the bottom's absorption
is a term that is utilized to designate collectively a properties series such as the absorption
for molecules or radical originados in the flame for the womb of the sign, for the own flame,
as well as the radiative dispersion for solid particles or little drops of liquid, etc. He makes
the bottom's correction necessary in many instances, stop it as it has happened to me that
different methods have been proposed, as they describe some of them below:
a source's Utilization continues . The correction of the bottom for this method consists in
utilizing a radiative source nonstop, generally a hydrogen or deuterium lamp.)
The proceeding radiation of this lamp and the cathode lamp's proassignor they make hole
to pass themselves alternatively ( 10 or plus times per second ) through the sign.
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QUIISPE ALMERCO, Javier A lex
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DANIEL ALCIDES CARRION INGLES TECNICO
The proceeding radiation of the cathode lamp hole is absorbed for the analito ( very thin
band ) and for the bottom ( band widens ). However, absorbancia's sign once was
measured proceeding of the Indian- deuterium lamp, approximately exclusively the
bottom's absorption, since the radiative quantity once was absorbed for the analito on that
so broad band is practically negligible ( he represents 5.12.). In this way, obtaining the
signals difference among both lamps, the bottom's effect is eliminated or it decreases
considerably.
Effect Zeeman. It consists, essentially, in the following: In the presence of a magnetic field,
the spectral lines they split atomic in, at least, three components: Her component p, once
was placed to the original line's wavelength, and them components s, displaced persons
toward bigger wavelengths and minors. These components are symmetric, and his
intensity is the original line's fourth part ( he represents 5.13.). Besides, both component
they are polarized in different diagrams.
the effect's utilization Zeeman in order to the bottom's correction bases whereon the
bottom's absorption himself they must owe me, fundamentally, to dispersions and
molecular absorption, her as she is not affected by a magnetic field's presence, contrarily
whereto it happens with the atomic absorption. In principle, magnetic field can be
applicable to the radiative source or to the atomization system.
When magnetic field is applicable to the radiative source, the spectral line once was
emitted splits in the components p itself and s. To the going through the sample once was
reduced to atoms, the component p is absorbed for the analito and the bottom, while than
the components s. The technician can become adapted to easily any atomization system.
Smith's System - Hieftje. In Pittsburgh's lecture, in 1982, a new method was up for the
correction of the bottom, of surprisingly simple foundation. It is tasted, for a long time, than
when an excessively- high- current intensity through a cathode lamp makes to pass itself
hole, an enlargement of the line of emission and the intensity's decrease is produced, just
to the of concern wavelength ( he represents 5.14.)
it happens to me that They must owe This effect to that the currents lifted produce a great
atoms concentration no excited, them as they are able to soak up the radiation once was
produced for the excited sorts ( car phenomenon - absorption ). Smith and Hiefje
considered that the freak would be able to devote oneself to the bottom's correction. In
order to it, it is made to work the lamp, in the first place, to hushed intensity, wherewith his
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QUIISPE ALMERCO, Javier A lex
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DANIEL ALCIDES CARRION INGLES TECNICO
radiation is absorbed for the analito and for the bottom. Below, he puts through the lamp a
much more- intense- current impulse, but of short duration, wherewith her phenomenon
takes place car - absorption, decreasing considerably sign's absorption, while he will
absorb the bottom in the same proportion than before. the bottom's correction is obtained
for the difference among both signals.
APPLICATIONS
atomic absorption is an excellent method in order to the elements determination level of
traces. method is based in the radiative absorption electromagnetic, coming true Beer's
Law. However, I have a meal in the molecular- absorption methods, taking to end can be
risked a unchecked determination experimentally the linearity among her absorbancia and
the concentration. Hence, determinations take to intervening end the curved calibration
correspondent, if good, at times, method results from advantageous standard addition.
to characterize the atomic- absorption measures use to utilizarse both parameters
following: Sensibility and detection limit. sensibility is defined as the concentration in
solution of the the element to determine that 0.00444- units absorbancia originates one to
the wavelength once was used, in relation to the solvent ( 1. Also he can consider oneself
as the slope of the calibration in his linear region. Thus, sensibility is a measure of the size
of the absorption sign.
The square root of the in-depth noise's halfway value uses to take as the concentration of
element that a sign produces two or three times For his part, the detection limit. In other
words, he is bottom concentration than statistically he can stand out from zero ( target ).
The distinction among these terms illustrates in the figure 5.15 itself. The signals shown
present same sensibility, but the detection limit not only that favorable in b.
Following a road is that it is evident to imply to end a determination for atomic absorption,
normally, of the stages following:
* Preparation and signs's dissolution. Although it has happened to me that methods in
order to the solid- or- suspensions's signs atomization have been described, practically all
the determinations for atomic absorption demand the sign in dissolution.
The habitual procedures, that they include treatment with acid minerals instantly, follow
oxidation with renet cashes themselves In order to the decay and solid signs dissolution
( HNO3, HClO4, etc.), Combustion in bomb of oxygen, disintegrations to high temperature
( Na2CO3, Na2O2, etc ) etc. It is necessary to bear in mind that sometimes, the reactive
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QUIISPE ALMERCO, Javier A lex
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DANIEL ALCIDES CARRION INGLES TECNICO
utilizados to dissolve the sample can originate some kind of interference, as well as
holding back the own analito as impurity, it as he comes from important in analysis traces.
In any event, it is necessary for the smelling salts contents in the final dissolution to be
superior to the 2.
When organic substances are had to do with, may be in for to end a mineralization, with
the later dissolution of the residue in acid minerals. In like manner, at times, the dissolution
in organic solvents is possible, if good, a problematical individual, that he will try to him
later on presents these solvents's utilization.
* flows Relation of fuel and oxidizer. It is important according to interest working with
oxidizing or reducing flame. The fuel and oxidizer setting of the flows relation uses to
become of empiric manner. In order to it, usually, the oxidizer flow to get an optimal
nebulization becomes regulated, and, below, the fuel flow to obtain an optimal sign is
varied. In doing this, atomization gets modified and, consequently, the absorption. It is
necessary to consider that, at times, the increment in the sensibility that one obtains in to
the action this way, is fictitious, because uses to grow larger also the in-depth noise and,
consequently the detection limit.
* Made suitable Selection of the wavelength in order to each element. Any one of
good intensity is selected Inside the resonance lines and rid of spectral atmospherics.
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DANIEL ALCIDES CARRION INGLES TECNICO
BLIBLIOGRAFIAS
www.absorcionatomica.com
www.wikipedia.absorcion.com/net
www.espectrofotometria.com
www.partesdelaespectrofometria.com
www.aplicacionesespectrometria.com
www.wikipediaespectrometria.com
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