THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY

INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL

FACTORS AFFECTING ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS AN

INVESTIGATION INTO SOLID HOUSEHOLD WASTE TREATMENT

IN NAM TIEN COMMUNE, PHO YEN TOWN, THAI NGUYEN

PROVINCE

A Research
Presented to

The Department of Life Science

International School of Thai Nguyen University

The Socialist Republic of Vietnam

In Partial Fulfillment

Of the Requirements for the Degree

Bachelor of Sciences

Major in Environmental Management and Sustainability

By

TA HOANG NAM

Advisor: Dr. Do Ngoc Oanh

August , 2016
 Background:

Environment has played a very important role in our life. It is not only our living space,

which entertains us with its beauty landscapes and makes our life more comfortable, but also

provides us with all kinds of natural mineral resources for manufacture and consumption.

Besides, environment also stores the wastes of the economy (Hoai, Textbook for Economic

Development). Viet Nam is still an agricultural country with 60.7 million people (out of the

total 89.7 million citizens) living in the rural area (statistics, 2013). According to a research

by Yale university (Sweden, 2006) into environment ranking, Vietnam takes the lowest rank

in the South East Asia among 8 countries. The biggest cause is the rapid increase of household

waste leading to environmental destruction. The total amount of solid household waste in all

urban areas in our country reaches 17.682 tons per day (2007); 26.224 tons per day (2010),

which increase by 10% each year. In 2014, the amount of solid household waste of the urban

area is 30.000 tons per day (Report on the current status of Vietnam environment, period

2011-2015). In the rural area, household waste is not collected and treated as much as it is

done by urban environment companies. Each family has their own way of treating the waste

depending on their awareness and conditions. Some families living next to the river or lake

throw rubbish into these water sources. Others collect rubbish in a sack and bring it to

somewhere far from their house. In many villages, there are no official landfills and people

discard garbage wherever they want. According to the research by WHO, 15.25 % people

living near the landfill suffer from cancers. Besides, 25% of the women living there are

diagnosed with inflammation due to the effect of the water resources.

1.2 Problem statement

Nam Tien is an agriculture producing commune, Pho Yen town, Thai Nguyen. The local
people are mainly farmers, taking up to 70% of the total population according to the new plan
for new rural area development of Nam Tien Commune in 2014. Nam Tien Commune has
reached the standards of new rural area development program since 2015, with public
landfills satisfying the demands of the program for new rural area development and garbage
collected and treated by urban environment companies. However, rubbish is still dumped on
empty spaces, rivers or not into the landfill which destroys the landscape and affect the
surrounding environmental resources such as air, water or land. It is clear that all peoples
actions are based on their awareness of the environment. Although they do not always do
what they say, their awareness is an important factor leading to action, and behavior is an
important step to implement the plan (Koon-Kwai Wong, 2003). Therefore, it is necessary to
find out the factors affecting peoples awareness. This is the reason why we conduct the
research Factors affecting environmental awareness, An investigation into solid household
waste treatment in Nam Tien Commune, Pho Yen town, Thai Nguyen Province

1.3. Research Questions

- What is the current status of solid household waste treatment in Nam Tien Commune?
- What are the factors affecting the methods of treating solid household waste?
1.4 Purpose of study
The study is to find out the factors affecting the awareness of the environment by
investigating the solid household waste of the people in Nam Tien Commune. After that,
recommendations are given to enhance peoples awareness.
1.5. Research Objective
- The current status of solid household waste treatment of the people in Nam Tien
Commune
- The factors affecting the methods of treating solid household waste of the people in Nam
Tien Commune
1.6. Research Hypotheses
H0: Factors such as age, education background, income, waste collection charge, gender,
amount of waste, workshop participation, fine) do not affect the methods of treating solid
household waste of the local people
1.7 Significant of study
The result of the study will show the factors affecting the methods of treating solid
household waste of the local people. Therefore, it will be the foundations for further studies
on peoples environmental awareness

1.8 Scope and limitation

1.8.1 Scope
This study was conducted in Nam Tien Commune, Pho Yen town, Thai Nguyen
Province with the total area of 8.44 square kilometers since 11th August 2016.

Interview was carried out on 50 people out of the total population (7312)
1.8.2 Limitation
Due to the lack of time and secondary data, the time for this study is short. Moreover,
farmers do not give honest answers

1.9 Definition of term

Solid household waste, like any other substances discarded from human and animal
activities, is often considered to be useless or undesirable (Tchobanoglous, et al., 1993).
 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. Definition of household waste.
- Waste:
Waste can be solid, liquid or gas discarded from the manufacture, businesses, services,
household activities as well as other activities (Le, 2009).
- Solid waste
According to general belief, solid waste is all the materials that human discard during their
social and economic activities (manufacture and life activities). Among them, the most
important waste is solid waste from all manufacture and living activities. (Tran, et al., 2001).
According to new definition, urban solid waste (urban waste) is all the man-made materials
discarded in the urban area without the compensation for the disposal. In addition, the waste is
called the urban solid waste if the society considers it as the things which city has the
responsibility to collect and treat (Tran, et al., 2001).
- Household waste
Household waste has some relations to human activities and come mainly from residential
area, offices, schools, commercial and service centers. Solid household waste consists of
metal, paper, ceramics, ect. (Tran, et al., 2001).
2.2. Sources and classification
2.2.1. Sources of solid waste
The main sources of solid waste are :
- Residential areas (household waste).
- Offices, schools, public facilities
- Urban services
- Industrial activities
- Agricultural activities
- Urban development activities
- City sewage treatment plant and drainage system
2.2.2. Classification of solid household waste
- In terms of location: solid household waste is classified into in-house, out-house, street,
market, ect.
- In terms of chemical and physic elements: solid household waste is classified into
organic, inorganic, combustible, incombustible, metallic, non-metallic, leather, cloth, rubber,
plastic, ect.
- In terms of origin:
 + Household waste is the materials that have some relations to human activities and come
mainly from residential area, offices, schools, commercial and service centers. Solid
household waste consists of metal, paper, soil, rock, rubber, plastics, ceramics, food
remaining, expired food, animal bone, bamboo, wood, poultry feather, cloth, straw, animal
bodies, ect. (Tran, et al., 2001).
Food waste including food remaining, fruit is decomposed easily. However, the process
results in uncomfortable smell, especially in hot and wet weather. Beside family leftovers,
there is also food remaining from community kitchens, restaurants, hotels, dormitory, market,
ect, (Tran, et al., 2001).
Animal waste from human and animal includes manure. Liquid waste comes mainly from
mud, drains and other waste from the residential areas.
Ash and discarded materials include burnt materials, coal and wood as well as combustible
waste in the family, offices, factories.
Solid waste from street includes leaves, brances, dry wood, plastic bags, sacks (Tran, et al.,
2001).
2.3. The risks of solid waste
2.3.1. The damage of urban beauty
Solid waste, especially household waste, if not properly collected, transported and treated,
it will reduce the beauty of urban sights. The cause of this issue is the lack of peoples
awareness. Peoples action of throwing rubbish on the road and open ditch is very popular,
leading to water pollution and flood
2.3.2. Environment pollution
To the air resource
The biological decomposition process of waste creates uncomfortable smell in the waste
transshipment sites in the residential area causing air pollution. Especially, the smell of waste
in the open dumping landfills also affect peoples economy and health.
To the land resource
Solid waste, especially harzardous waste, contains many toxics such as chemicals, heavy
metals, radioactive matters. Without proper treatment, this kind of waste can cause serious
damage to the environment
To the water recourse
Waste and pollutants change the colors of the surface water to black and cause
uncomfortable smell. The high amount of dirty organic matters disorders the lives of surface
aquatic animals (Environment Protection Administration, 2004)
 For the underground water, the excessive amount of Nitro in this level is the result of
wasted water and the unstrictly-controlled disposal of rubbish in the open area.
2.4. Environmental awareness
2.4.1. Definition of awareness
The term awareness is used to describe the amount of knowledge gained through
practice and the acquiring ability. However, it is also associated with recognition, or the
acceptance of something which is previously known. (AnfH.Ziadat, 2007).
Environmental awareness is the concern of environment and environmental issues. In other
words, it is defined as a common impression of attitude toward something without much
knowledge about it " (Roberta, 2009).
Environmental awareness is the attention and the sensitivity of the respondent in terms of
environment (Mchenry (1992), Soukhanov (1992), cited in Sigit Sudarmadi et al. (2001). For
example, I think that water pollution is a serious trouble.
2.4.2 Measurement of the environmental awareness.
Environmental awareness is very important. Although they do not always do what they say,
their awareness is an important factor leading to action, and behavior is an important step to
implement the plan (Koon-Kwai Wong, 2003)
Evalution of the environmental awareness is the first step to understand the knowledge
level of different groups about their attention to the seriousness of environment issues and
their reaction or interaction with their environment (AnfH.Ziadat, 2007). The evaluation
process is carried out in three main steps described by Cheremisinoff and Bendavid-val
(2001) about the interaction with the environment: raising the awareness of what should be
done, enhancing knowledge and training about solving environment concern, awarding to
encourage actions for environment. Hans Kessel (1982) also points out two action strategies
to solve environmental issues: developing better technologies, making significant changes in
the society including the changes of peoples attitude. In fact, it is very important for both
individual and the community to understand the status and causes of the current
environmental issues; the differences among environmental issues as well as the complication
of the situations and technologies; the side effects of industrial development (wate pollution,
air pollution, dust, solid waste, noise) on the community health, trees, water resource and
other social economic aspects
Besides, the environment is also the face of a country (Anf H. Ziadat, 2010).
Environmental awareness plays an important part in enhancing sustainable development of
any countries (Young (2000); Harvey (1995), Jianguo also states that environmental
awareness and quality are important criteria to evaluate the civilization of a country or a
people (cited in Anf H. Ziadat, 2010).
2.4.3 The global increase in the environmental awareness recently.
In the past 20 years, there has been a global increase in the environmental awareness in
both developed and developing countries. Experiences in environment issues and scientific
proofs have provided the public the truth about the environmental risks if nations have no
solutions to prevent and reduce their citizens effects (Takala, 1991). Besides, each person on
their own can recognize the environmental issues through the necessary experiences they gain
in an education program which allows people to improve the precision of their decision,
action and attitude so as to enhance a friendly lifestyle to the environment (Takala, 1991).
A research which compares the environmental awareness of the public and a special group
(environment experts, industry managers, politicians) of three developed countries: Germany,
England and United States of America (Hans Kessel, 1982) and another studying the
awareness of Beijing students (Koon-Kwai Wong, 2003) point out that there is an increase in
peoples awareness of the issue. They realize that the industrial society brings about higher
income and are aware of the emergency of environmental issues, especially in urban areas and
agree that human should live in harmony with the nature.
However, they are more pessimistic about the environment in the future. The environment
issues will become worse and they do not set the priority for either environment protection
and economic development (Koon-Kwai Wong, 2003; Hans Kessel, 1982) while both these
tasks are indispensable for the sustainable development of all nations.
For the first time in 1987, World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED)
provided a profound analysis on sustainable development in its Brundtland report Our
common future. The report pointed out the relationship between environment and economic
development which identified the features of the environmental issues and linked the shared
concern of all countries in order to persue sustainable development strategies and policies.
The report emphasized that governments should implement strategies to reduce the impacts of
human activities on the environment of the future generations. Sustainable development is
defined as the development which satisfies our current demands, but does not cause any
damage to the environment or affect the ability to meet the demands of the future generations.
(Bruntland report 1987; Dale And Hill 2001; Giddings Et al.2002; Oneil Et Al.2001;
Government Of Western Australia 2003)
 2.5. Factors affecting environmental awareness.
Previous studies have agreed that the differences in understanding, belief and action are
inspired from peoples awareness (attitudes) toward the environment which is affected by the
differences in education background, age group, occupation, social status, living place and
gender. Van Liere and Dunlap (1980) are the pioneer in evaluating materials on environmental
awareness. They state that five main factors that affect environmental awareness of different
social groups include age, gender, living place, political belief and social status (cited in Anf
H. Ziadat, 2007). Study about environmental awareness of the local people in South Jordan
(Anf H. Ziadat, 2007) also reveals the main factors affecting our environmental awareness,
namely geographical features, age, gender, education background. The study concludes that
the old people have better environmental awareness than the young; women have better
environmental awareness than men; people in the regions of which economic benefits are
closely linked to environment (e.g. owning travelling sites) have better environmental
awareness. The higher the education background is, the better the environment awareness is.
Besides, the study also indicates the differences in living quality and culture in the case of
Jordan are not the main factors that affect its people enrivonmental awareness. When
examining the environmental awareness of the public and a special group (environment
experts, industry managers, politicians) of three developed countries: Germany, England and
United States of America (Hans Kessel, 1982), Hans Kessel shows that there are differences
in the awareness of these groups, especially between the environmentalist and industry
manager (environmentalist have better enrivonmental awareness than the other). Also, there
are also differences in environmental awareness among nations listed below in decreasing
order Germany, England, United States of America. Hans Kessel also indicates that the laws
of developed countries have strong effects on their people who are willing to pay all kinds of
environment taxes.
Other studies also state that among factors affecting peoples awareness, education
background is an important one and raising education level is one basic solution to enhance
the environmental awareness. The study which focuses on the perception, understanding,
awareness and attitude toward environmental issues in two groups: community (including 3
sectors: industrial, commercial and the residential) and lecturers at Indonesian National
University indicates that the group with higher education background have better perception,
understanding, awareness and attitude toward environmental issues than the other group (Sigit
Sudarmadi et al. ,2001).
The studies into measuring the level of environmental awareness of different groups in a
country show that the groups with higher education background have better understanding
and awareness toward environmental issues (AnfH.Ziadat, 2007). In fact, there is an increase
in the environmental awareness among the young generation in the world (Fien et al. ,2002).
This might be the result of the education consistency in primary school in almost all
developed countries and some developing countries which promotes the compulsory
environment education.
2.6. Gaps
The studies above indicate the factors affecting peoples awareness. However, there are
still lacks of findings about the factors affecting peoples environmental awareness through
their solid household waste treatment, especially in Nam Tien Commune, Pho Yen town, Thai
Nguyen province.
2.7. Legal basis for research
Environmental Protection Law (2005) passed by the 11th National Assembly of Socialist
Republic of Vietnam on 29th November 2005 and took effect since 1st July 2006.
Decree No 80/2006/N-CP passed on 9th August 2006 about the guideline to the
implementation of Environment Protection Law
Decree No 59/2007/ND-CP passed on 9th April 2007 about solid waste management
Cicular No 39/2008/TT-BTC passed on 19th May 2008 about the guideline to the
implementation of Decree No 174/2007/ND-CP passed on 29th November 2007 by Viet Nam
government about environment protection charges for solid waste.
Decree No 38/2015/ND-CP passed on 24th April 2015 about wastes and scraps management
 CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
This chapter discusses the methodology that is used in this study. The first section
describes the conceptual framework, then research design, follows by methods of data
collection. Subsequent sections explicate method and analysis data to investigate the
relationship and the efficiency of specific factors: age, education background, income, waste
collection charges, gender, amount of disposed waste, training, fine for improper waste
disposal. This research study was conducted based on the methodology. Methodology plays
an important role in implementing this research study accordingly. The details of the
methodology are explained in detail in this chapter.
3.1. Conceptual Framework
This part provides the conceptual framework by studying the theories of the factors
affecting environmental awareness, as well as model with relation to the reality of material
research above. This part explains important factors (variables) and the relations between
models.

H o u
E x t s e h
e r n I on l td
a l e w r na s
f a c ta e l
t o r f ta r ec a
s : t t om r e
ns t:
Figure 3.1: Conceptual Framework
Description: in this study, there are two factors that affect peoples treatment of solid
household waste; they are internal and external ones
Internal factors include education (the number of school years)
Income (the factual monthly amount they earn, collected from interview)
The amount of waste (the amount disposed by a person per day)
External factors include training from the local authority on waste collection and
treatment
 Waste collection charges: the monthly amount of money a family has to pay for
environment company.
Fine: The financial punishment for improper disposal of waste
In this study, the practice of household waste sorting is divided into 5 categories: 1.
Never; 2: Sometimes; 3: Often; 4: Usually; 5: Always. There are also 5 categories to identify
the importance of waste sorting which are 1: Very unnecessary; 2: Not necessary; 3: Neutral;
4: Necessary; 5: Very necessary. In terms of the importance of waste treatment, 5 categories
are used: 1: Very unnecessary; 2: Not necessary; 3: Neutral; 4: Necessary; 5: Very necessary
3.2 Research approach and design
This study focuses on the people living in Nam Tien Commune, Pho Yen town, Thai
Nguyen Province. Data are collection from August 2016 to February 2017. The study deals
with factors affecting the treatment of solid household waste in order to draw conclusion on
the factors affecting peoples awareness. This study used 20 questions focusing on the
following variables
- Education
- Income
- Amount of disposed waste (1 person per day)
- Number of training sections
- Waste collection charges
- The frequency of fine for improper waste disposal
- Gender
- Frequency of waste sorting
- Importance of waste treatment
- Importance of waste sorting
3.3 Method of data collection
a) Inherited method and secondary data collection
Collecting result of the researches which affect peoples environmental awareness. Take
advantage of selected materials and credited researches which deals with related matter
Collecting data on the geographical, economic and social conditions from Nam Tien
Peoples Committee.
Direct interview with workers who collect and treat waste in Nam Tien Commune. This
information was used to be secondary data for the research.
b) Field survey method
Investigating by observing, taking photographs and notes on household waste treatment
method of all 11 villages of Nam Tien Commune, namely Ho Son, Doi, Truong Thinh, Giua,
Dinh, Lo, Nui 1, Nui 2, Trai, Chua.
c) Interview method
 The primary data for this study comes from interview with families in Nam Tien
Commune, Pho Yen town, Thai Nguyen province. A structured interview schedule was used to
collect related date for research. The questionnaire was filled through face-to-face interview
by researcher. The research visited farmers from 10 villages for interview which lasted 10-15
minutes each.
Questions aiming at finding out the household waste treatment method and
environmental awareness. In this study, peoples awareness toward waste treatment was
gathered by the use of Likert-scale qualitative questions. The response to each perception
aspect was recorded as always (5), usually (4), often (3), sometimes (2) and never (1) for
favorable statements and vice versa.
Tabular analysis
Peoples treatment method of household waste and their understanding of the
importance of waste treatment.
Quanlitative data was also used in this study by asking open questions about age,
income, education, training, waste collection charges, fine.
The researcher also seeked the sources of information the respondents use in order to
decide the treatment methods.
The draft interview schedule was prepared in accordance with the objectives of the
study. The interview schedule was pre-tested with five interviewees. Necessary correction,
addition, modification were made in the interview schedule which is based on pre-test result.
Wherever the interviewees felt any difficulty in understanding any questions, the researcher
will take care to explain and clarify.
Qualitative data were converted to quantities one whenever necessary. Data were
obtained from interviewees were first put to a master sheet, then compiled, tabulated and
analyzed in the accordance with the objectives of the study.
While there are some open questions out of the total 20 questions, the rest are closed
questions which seek short answers from the interviewees
d, Sampling
A random sample selection was conducted. 50 Nam Tien people who come from all 11
villages were chosen and observed so as to obtain the most suitable answers which satisfy the
variables (education, income, amount of disposed waste (1 person per day), number of
training sections, waste collection charges, The frequency of fine for improper waste disposal,
gender, frequency of waste sorting, importance of waste treatment, importance of waste
sorting)
 3.5. Method of data analysis
Using the descriptive statistic method: By the comparison and inspection of primary
data from sample investigation for synthesis as well as evaluation of factors leading to
household waste treatment method in Nam tien Commune, Pho Yen town.
Mean, the maximum, the minimum and standard deviation, percentages were used to
describe information about each interviewee of research, which is based on the criteria and
the factors affecting household waste treatment
The researcher plans to use the criteria of scale rating of class interval of Best (1970) to
interpret the mean score of farmers opinion with the survey question content .
Table 3.5: Meaning of average mean ranges for household waste sorting
Range of average mean Meaning
1.00 1.80 Never
1.81 2.60 Sometime
2.61 3.40 Often
3.41 - 4.20 Usually
4.21 5.00 Always

Analysisofcorrelationcoefficient
Toassessthestrengthofrelationshipamongfactorsaffectingpeoplestreatmentmethodof
solidhouseholdwaste.
Themeaningcorrelationcoefficientr:
r<0.2:nocorrelation
rfrom0.2to0.4:weakcorrelation
rfrom0.4to0.6:averagecorrelation
rfrom0.6to0.8:strongcorrelation
rfrom0.8to<1:verystrongcorrelation
Correlationissignificantatthe0.05level

Regression analysis
All the hypothesis were tested through research data of regression formula. To test the
hypothesis, hypothesis H0, error (p-value) and mean () would be used (95% confidence
interval and = 0,05)
ANOVA analysis
Scales will be tested by ANOVA, T-test. Testing by ANOVA, T-test will help identify the
impacts of personal characteristics on environmental awereness. Standard for testing the
scales is the mean (sig.) 0,05
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
English
Tchobanoglous, G., Theisen, H. Eliason, R. (1977). Solid wastes: Engineering principles and
management issues, McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, USA, pp. 14-15.
Ziadat A. H. (2010). Major factors contributing to environmental awareness among people in
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Young, J. (2000). Education at the commission on sustainable development: The
perception of the international community. The Environmentalist, 20, 169178
Roberta,S. (2009). Indications of Environmental literacy: using a new survey instruments to
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Staniskis, J. K., & Stasiskiene, Z. (2006). An integrated approach to environmental
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Cheremisinoff, N., & Bendavid-val, A. (2001). Green Profits, The managers handbook for
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rn

SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM

QUESTIONNAIRE
On solid household waste treatment
Location: Nam Tien Commune, Pho Yen town, Thai Nguyen
Dear Sir/Madam,
We are from Thai Nguyen International School. We are currently conducting a social study
into factors affecting environmental awareness through solid household waste treatment in
Nam Tien Commune, Pho Yen town, Thai Nguyen. We hope that we can receive your anwers
to the following questions to fulfill the stated purpose. We guarantee that all your answers will
be kept confidential. The results of the study will only be used for teaching and learning
Thank you very much

I. Profile information:
Full name:..
1. gender:
2. Age:
3. highest education:.
4. monthly income:
II. Status of waste collection and treatment:
5. The amount of household waste you dispose every dayt:.kg
6. How do you treat the waste?
a. Bring it to public landfill
b. Burning
c. Throw it into river or empty spaces
d. Dumping
e. Recycling
f. Other.
7. In your opinion, is it important to treat the waste?
a.Very necessary
b. necessary
c. Neutral
d. Not necessary
e. Very unnecessary
8. Do you separate waste before treatment?
a. Yes
b. No
9. Do you know how to separate waste?
a. Yes
b. No
10. Do you often separate waste before treatment?
a. Always
b. Usually
c. Often
d. Sometimes
e. Never
11. In your opinion, is it important to separate waste before treatment?
a.Very necessary
b. necessary
c. Neutral
d. Not necessary
e. Very unnecessary
12. Do you store your waste in a bag before disposal?
a. Always
b. Usually
c. Often
d. Sometimes
e. Never
13. What do you think about peoples treatment of household waste today?
a. Very good
b. Good
c. Neutral
d. Not good
e. Very bad
14. According to you, the reason for improper waste disposal is ---
a. Peoples habit
b. High charge of waste collection and treatment
c. Uncleared trash bin
d. Lack of trash bin
e. The convenience of such action
f. Examples from the neighborhood
g. Others
15. What factors encouraging you to treat waste?
a. Banners, leaflets
b. Family
c. Friends
d. Mass media
e. Local authority
16. How often do the local authority encourage and popularize the waste treatment?
a. Usually
b. Not usually
c. Never
17. Have you ever been to a training on waste treatment?
a. Yes (How many times:)
b. No
18. Is there any local fine for improper waste disposal?
a. Yes (How much:..)
b. No
19. Have you ever been fined for improper waste disposal?
a.Yes (How many times:..)
b.No
20. What do you think about the waste collection program of the urban environment
company?
a. Very effective
b. Effective
c. Neutral
d. Ineffective
e. Very ineffective