The Geological of Lumut, Perak : Emphasizing on Slope Failure
Mohammad Faiz bin Mohd Sobri
Geoscience Department
Faculty of Geosciences & Petroleum Engineering
Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS
faiz94utp@gmail.com
Abstract - This project deals with slope stability at
Taman Permai Jaya, Jalan Teluk Muruh 32200
Lumut, Perak, which located at southwestern part of
Perak, Malaysia nearby residential area. These
consist of Kati beds, Tualang limestones and Gelubi
schist of Carbonaceous to Permian sedimentary
sequence. The alluvial deposits in Taman Permai
Jaya, Lumut area are mainly consists of alternating
layers of unconsolidated to partly consolidated sand,
and sand clay with presence of gravel beds. A
detailed failure analysis of the discontinuity data of
the selected sites was performed by using the DIPS
software that has shown the likelihood of wedge,
toppling and planar failures. The inference deduced
from this slope analysis project would be useful to in
having a proper understanding of the slopes analysis
mechanism and a proper mitigation planning.
I. INTRODUCTION
Slope stability has been studied extensively and
the application of rock mechanics to the study of mine
slopes has aided in the design of stable slopes or long-
term mine reclamation and short-term slope stability
(Hoek and Karzulovik, 2000; Wyllie and Mah, 2004). By
contrast, the stability of slopes has received less
attention. However, as coring of aggregate resources
continues and urban development encloses the mined
lands, the stability of slopes has become a significant
concern. The basic importance of the slope stability
analysis is to avoid any inconvenience occur specifically
to residence nearby.
Manjung, Perak is a district in West Perak,
Malaysia. The geology of the area is divided into three
geologic unit which are Kati beds, Tualang limestone and
Gelubi schist. These three units are believed to be
contemporaneous and classified as Carboniferous to
AP Askury Abd Kadir
Geoscience Department
Faculty of Geoscience & Petroleum
Engineering
Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS
askury_akadir@utp.edu.my
Permian in age based purely on lithological similarity to
rocks of known age in the neighboring area.
The study area will be focus in Taman Permai
Jaya, Jalan Teluk Muruh 32200 Lumut, Perak with
coordinate 41220.16 N 1003757.94 E and are 25 m
elevated from the sea level. This area is a good study
because the outcrop is around 15 meter from the
residential area, that may become hazard for the
residence in future.
II. OBJECTIVES
a) To construct geological mapping of Lumut
area.
b) To assess the slope failure mode within the
study area (Taman Permai Jaya, Lumut)
c) To propose a mitigation plan to lower the risk
hazard of the study area.
III. METHODOLOGY
A. Fieldwork (Geological Assessment)
In the survey, the pertinent geological features
such as lithological types, structural discontinuities,
degree of weathering, and the existing anticipated
geotechnical problems were noted and recorded. For a
rock slope design, the most important characteristic of a
discontinuity is its orientation which is defined by two
parameters; strike and dip were also observed and
recorded. These values are determined by geological
compass measurements on the accessible rock outcrops.
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 B. Lab investigation (Petrographic analysis) IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Sample from the study area have been taken for
the lab investigation for further analysis of the mineral
A. Geological map of study area
present. By collecting the samples from the outcrop,
petrographic analysis can be performed by making thin
The lithology of the study area is
sections and examine it under microscope to further
characterized. As shown in figure 1, the study area
understand types of mineral in the rock itself. The
is composed of granite and being surrounded by
petrographic analysis provides unique information
sea with alluvium lithology. Besides, there is a lot
regarding the physical and chemical properties such as
of roads and building located nearby study area
porosity, permeability, and minerals content.
which in turn harmful to the residential.
C. Geological mapping

Geological maps are obtained using ArcGIS

software. ArcGIS software is a geographic information
system (GIS) for working with maps and geographic
information. It is used for: creating and using maps;
compiling geographic data; analysing mapped
information; sharing and discovering geographic
information; using maps and geographic information in a
range of applications; and managing geographic
information in a database. The map is derived for further
geological study of the project area.

D. Data processing

Data processing is carried out using DIPS

software. DIPS software is used to analyze and
visualize structural data following the same
techniques used in manual stereonets. The
accuracy of the result depends on the quality of the
data obtained at field. Dip angle and dip reading
obtained from the site survey are key in DIPS
software producing stereonets and show the slope
failure. The interpretation mode of failure is being
compared with photos at the field to confirm the
possibility of the failure.
FIGURE 1 Geological Map of Taman Permai Jaya,
Lumut, Perak
B. Petrographic analysis
Few samples were taken from two different outcrop at
Seri Manjung to identify the minerals composition inside
the granite.

E. Kinematic analysis
The kinematic analysis of a rock slope dip
and dip direction is analysed using stereonets
produced from DIPS application software.
Stereonets are used for graphical kinematic
analysis. The product of analysis is to get the
picture of probable type of rock failure. Based on
this stereographic analysis, the potential mode of
rock slope failures can be determined thus
assisting the engineer to design or plan suitable
stabilization works based on recommendation
given.
FIGURE 2 Thin sections of granites
Based on the thin sections conducted as shown in figure 2,
there is presence of biotite (10%), plagioclase feldspar
(10%), quartz (70%) and other minerals (10%).
C. Slope failure analysis
The kinematic analysis was produced based on the
overall readings of dip and dip direction taken in the study
area (table 1). Results from the stereonet analysis are
shown in the figure 3.

No. Dip Dip Direction

2
 1 83 41
2 69 189
3 74 63
4 84 225
5 16 195
6 39 80
7 54 105
8 36 322
TABLE 1 Mode from the reading

Interpretation was done with the friction angle 30

degree. The slope failure that were identify are stated in
the table below.
FIGURE 3 Stereonet showing overall result for
kinematic FIGURE 4 Wedge failure at the outcrop
analysis

No. Mode of Code Dip Dip

failure Direction

1 Wedge A1(8,3) 36,74 322,063

Failure
2 Wedge A2(6,7) 39,54 080,105
Failure
3 Wedge A3(6,2) 39,69 080,189
Failure FIGURE 5 Toppling failure at the outcrop
4 Plane B1 74 063
Figure 4 and figure 5 show the fracture pattern
Failure
identify in the study area.
5 Toppling C1 84 225
Failure D. Mitigation planning
TABLE 2 Mode Failure Summary

The major trend of the slope is facing to the North East.

It was predicted that if the slope failure happen it will fall
on the same direction of the slope face which is North
East, directly to the residential area.

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FIGURE 6 Summary of the danger zone (source from
google earth)
Figure 6 shows the summary of and direction of the
slope failure and the danger zone for the resident area by
combining the kinematic analysis with the google earth
image the danger area will be 24 meters radius because
the slope failure will move double the height of the
outcrop.
Based on the results of kinematic analysis that
has been done, there is chance of landslide occur that
might become hazard to the residence nearby. Thus, it is
important to prepare for some mitigation plan at the study
area such as flattening or reducing slope, various drainage
techniques and vegetation to reduce the surface erosion.
VI.
RECOMMENDATION
Suggest horizontal drains to be located at the lowest
two berms of the slope to channel raining water more
efficient.
Suggest to put retaining wall at the failure to prevent
the failure material fell further toward the residential
area.
Carried out slope routine maintenance to ascertain the
need for maintenance of man-made items.
VII.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my highest gratitude to
my projects supervisor, AP Askury Abd Kadir in
helping me in completing this project. I am honoured to
be given the chance to do this project along with him. I
would also like to give my special thanks to the
Petroleum Geoscience Department for giving me
chance to handle this project. Lastly, I would like to
express my gratitude to my family and friends who
have given me support in many aspects. All their
contribution to my accomplishment of this project shall
not be forgotten.

VIII.
V. CONCLUSION AND REFERENCES
RECOMMENDATION
Ali, D., Majeed, Y., Shahzad, M., Iqbal, M.M., Liaqat,
The knowledge of slope stability is important to the S., Gill, A.M. and Amir, M. (2015) Detailed slope
geotechnical engineers for them to decide the best method stability analysis of selected slope sites situated along
to mitigate the area from natural hazards. Some mitigation Katas-Choa
planning had been listed out for further action. As Saiden shah road, International Journal of Engineering
conclusion, the slope failure in the study area are wedge Inventions, 5(1), pp. 22787461.
failure, plane
failure and toppling failure and 5 failure will occur based Ayodele, A.S. and Bello, W.A. (2014) Slope stability
on analysis of bench in complete construction solid
concentrate (quarry) limited, Ilorin, Nigeria.
the fracture system. The root cause of the failure might
Assaad, F. A., Lamoreaux, P. E., & Hughes, T. H. (2003). Field
be weathering and water seepage at the slope. The
method for geologist and hydrogeologist, New York.
lithology of the study area is weathered granite.
Fractured rock of the granite allows the surface water to
Dikau, R., Brunsden, D., Schrott, L., & Ibsen, M. (1996).
flow through it and accumulate at the toe of the slope. It
Landslide recognition (5th ed.). Chichester [u.a.]:
was predicted that if the slope failure happen it will fall
Wiley.
on the same direction of the slope face which is North
East, directly to the residential area. This information is
Hubbard, C. (2016) Slope stability, part 1: I see a
vital for mitigation planning especially for the residence
problem. Retrieved from
who live nearby.
https://braunintertec.com/slope-stabilitypart-1-i-see-a-
problem.

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