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Decreased Contractility
- Hypoxia (oxygen saturation <50%)
- Hypercapnia
- Cardiac muscle disease
- MI
- Decreased HR
- Metabolic acidosis
Physiologic Compensation
- Increased peripheral vascular disease
- Tachycardia
- Ventricular remodeling
- Renal sodium/water retention
Type of Heart Failure Causes Symptoms
Left Ventricular Systolic CAD Weakness, fatigue
Dysfunction Hypertension Changes in exercise tolerance
Dilated Cardiomyopathy Changes in sensorium (lightheaded, confusion)
Impairment of left ventricular Aortic insufficiency Dyspnea, DOE, PND
contraction Dysrhythmias Tachypnea
Electrolyte disorders Diaphoresis
Insufficient blood ejected to Thyroid disease Sacral edema
meet tissue needs Drug abuse Crackles, ronchi
Nocturia
Cyanosis (late)
Left Ventricular Diastolic CAD Due to increased filling pressures:
Dysfunction Hypertension - Dyspnea, orthopneabld backup
Valvular Disease - Tachypnea
Impairment of ventricular Cardiomyopathy; hypertrophic, infiltrative, restrictive - Pulmonary edema
relaxation LVH - Exercise tolerance
Impaired filling Diabetes, Age - Signs of R-sided HF
Right-Sided HF Peripheral edema
Hepatomegaly
Ascites
JVD
Fatigue, weakness
Anorexia, N/V
Left-Sided HF Dyspnea, orthopnea
PND
Fatigue, weakness
Acute HF Sudden appearance of dyspnea
Acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema
Cardiogenic shock
Acute decompensation from CHF
Chronic HF BP stable
May have peripheral edema
Stable level of exercise tolerance
Type of Heart Failure Causes Symptoms
High Output HF Thyrotoxicosis
Sepsis
Exercise demand Anemia
Cirrhosis
Impaired filling AV malformation
Low Output HF Dilated cardiomyopathy
Myocardial ischemia
Poor systolic function Valvular heart disease
Toxins (EtOH)
Low ejection fraction Dysrhythmias