ESO 210

Introduction to Electrical Engineering

Lecture-17

Magnetic Circuits
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Announcements:
Main Quiz-1 for 30 mins: Friday, Sep 5, 2014
Syllabus: Three Phase AC Circuits

Time: 10am
Venue: L8
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SERIES-PARALLEL
MAGNETIC CIRCUITS

EXAMPLE: Determine the current I required to establish a flux of

1.5x10-4 Wb in the section of the core indicated in Fig. below
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Solution: The equivalent magnetic circuit and the electric circuit analogy
appear in Fig. below. We have

From the magnatization curve for sheet steel

Given for B2=0.25 T we have
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From the magnetization curve:

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Given from the curve

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EXAMPLE: Calculate the magnetic flux for the magnetic circuit of Fig. below.

Magnetization curve
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EXAMPLE: Find the magnetic flux for the series magnetic circuit of Fig. below
for the specified impressed mmf.
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How do you calculate the
magnetic field from a moving
charge or from a current
flowing in a wire?

What do the flux lines look

like?
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How do you find the Magnetic field due

to a current?

Biot-Savart Law direct integration

Amperes Law uses symmetry
Current produces a magnetic field

Biot-Savart Law

0 id l r
dB
4 r 2

To find the B field of a current distribution use:

This Law is found from experiment

 Find B field at center of loop of wire lying in a plane with radius R and total
current i flowing in it. i

0 i dl r R
B
4 r 2

d l r is a vector coming out of the paper The angle
dl between dl and r is constant and equal to 90
degrees.
r dl r dl sin k
P
sin sin 90 1
dl r dl k
0 idl 0 i 0 i
B dB k 2 k 2 dl k 2 2 R
4 R 4 R 4 R
Magnitude of B field at center of
loop. Direction is out of paper. 0i
Magnitude is
0i 2R
k B k
i
R
2R Direction is k
Example
Loop of wire of radius R = 5 cm and current i = 10 A. What is B at the
center? Magnitude and direction
0i
i B
2R
10 A
B 4 107 N
A2
2(.05m)
B 1.2 106 102 T
B 1.2 104 T 1.2 Gauss Direction is out
of the page.
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Another Right-Hand Rule

Rules for finding direction of B field from a current flowing in
a wire

0i
B
2r
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The line integral of the magnetic field around some

closed loop is equal to the 0 times the algebraic
sum of the currents which pass through the loop
Example: Use Amperes Law to find B near a very long,
straight wire. B is independent of position along the wire and
only depends on the distance from the wire (symmetry).

i dl r i

By symmetry B dl

B dl Bdl B dl B2r 0i
0 i Suppose i = 10 A N
4 10 7
2 10A
B A
2 r R = 10 cm B
2 0.1m
0 4 107 N
A2 B 2 10 5 T

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SELF-INDUCTANCE:
The ability of a coil to oppose any change in current is a measure of the self-
inductance L of the coil. Inductance is measured in henries (H), after the
American physicist Joseph Henry

Inductors are coils of various dimensions designed to introduce

specified amounts of inductance into a circuit. The inductance of a coil varies directly
with the magnetic properties of the coil. Ferromagnetic materials, therefore, are
frequently employed to increase the inductance by increasing the flux linking the coil.

A close approximation, in terms of physical dimensions, for the inductance of the coils
of Fig. on the next page can be found using the following equation:

N=no. of turns
A= Area of the core in sq meters
l= Mean length of core in meters
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EXAMPLE: Find the inductance of the air-core coil of Fig. below

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EXAMPLE: Repeat previous Example but with an iron core and conditions such
that r=2000.
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Symbols:
The primary function of the inductor, however, is to introduce inductance
not resistance or capacitanceinto the network. For this reason, the symbols
employed for inductance are as shown in Fig. as below:
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