FPFF PDF

FIRE PREVENTION
AND
FIREFIGHTING
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02 206 Basic Safety Course: FIRE PREVENTION AND FIREFIGHTING Revision No.: 02
Course Outline
Module 1 Minimize the Risk of Fire
The Fire Triangle
Properties of Flammable Materials
Sources of Ignition
Fire Spread
Safe Practices
Fire Hazards
Module 2 Maintain A State of Readiness to

Respond to Emergency Situations
Involving Fires
Organization of Shipboard Fire Fighting
Location of Fire-fighting Appliances and Emergency
Escape Routes
Fire Spread in Different Parts of a Ship
Fire and Smoke Detection Measures on Ships and
Automatic Alarms
Classification of Fires and Applicable Extinguishing
Agents
Module 3 Fight and Extinguish Fires

Fire-fighting Appliances and Equipment
Precautions For and Use of Fixed Installations
Use of Breathing Apparatus for Fighting Fires
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Introduction:
Safety and Principles
Course Objectives
At the end of the course, trainees will be able to:
raise the alarm
use the portable fire extinguishers
identify ways took minimize the risk of fire and maintain a state of readiness to
respond to emergency situations involving fire
fight and extinguish fires
Principles of Survival in Relation to Fire

regular training and drills
preparedness for any fire emergency
knowledge of actions to be taken when called to fire stations
knowledge of escape routes
knowledge of dangers of smoke and toxic fumes
COMPETENCE 1
Minimize the Risk of Fire
Theory of Fire
For a fire to occur, the following conditions should be present:
presence of materials which acts as a fuel
a source of ignition (chemical, biological or physical)
the presence of oxygen
Chemistry of Fire
Oxidation is a chemical process in which a substance combines with oxygen. During this
process, energy is given off usually in the form of heat. Fire or combustion is rapid
oxidation (the burning substance combines with oxygen at a very high rate). Energy is
given off in the form of heat and light. Because this energy production is so rapid, we can
feel the heat and see the light as flames.
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The Fire Triangle

Three things are required for combustion or fire:
fuel (to vaporize and burn), oxygen (to combine
with fuel vapor) and heat (to raise the temperature
of the fuel vapor to its ignition temperature). The
fire triangle illustrates these requirements. It also
illustrates two facts of importance in preventing
and extinguishing fires:
If any side of the fire triangle is missing, a
fire cannot start.
If any side of the fire triangle is removed,
the fire will go out.
The Fire Tetrahedron

The fire tetrahedron (below) is a better
representation of the combustion process. A
tetrahedron is a solid figure with four triangular
faces. It is useful for illustrating and remembering
the combustion process because it has room for
the chain reaction and because each face touches
the other three faces.
The tetrahedron illustrates how flaming combustion
is supported and sustained through the chain
reaction. The chain reaction face keeps the other
three faces from falling apart.
This is an important point because the extinguishing agents used in many modern portable
fire extinguishers, automatic extinguishing systems and explosion suppression systems
directly attack and break down the chain reaction sequence.
Properties of Flammable Materials

flammability - the degree of proneness of a material to catch fire
ignition point - The ignition point or temperature of a substance is the lowest
temperature at which sustained combustion will occur without the application of
a spark or flame.
burning temperature - The lowest temperature at which a substance will burn
without continued application of an ignition source.
burning speed - The art by which the object burns and usually depends on the
configuration of the substance. Solid fuels in the form of dust or shavings will
burn faster than bulky materials (small wood chips will burn faster than a solid
wooden beam).
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Measure of Hazard
flash point of liquid fuels
flammable range of gaseous and liquid fuels
thermal value
Flash Point
The flash point of a liquid fuel is the temperature at which it gives off sufficient vapor to
form an ignitable mixture near its surface. The mixture is capable of being ignited but is
not capable of sustaining combustion. If a liquid has no flash point, it is not flammable.
Lower flash point indicates increased susceptibility to ignition.
Flammable Range
It is the proper proportion of a flammable gas (or flammable vapor of a liquid)
and air to make an ignitable mixture.
lower explosive limit (LEL) - The smallest percentage of a gas (or vapor) that will
make an ignitable air-vapor mixture. If there is less gas in the mixture, it is too
lean to burn.
upper explosive limit (UEL) - The greatest percentage of a gas (or a vapor) in an
ignitable air-vapor mixture. If a mixture contains more gas than the UEL, it is
too rich to burn.
explosive range - The range of percentages between the lower and
Thermal Conductivity
The ability of a substance to conduct heat. Finely divided fuels have a much larger surface
area exposed to the heat. Therefore, heat is absorbed much faster and vaporization is
more rapid. More vapors are available for ignition so it burns with great intensity and the
fuel is quickly consumed. On the other hand, a bulky fuel will burn longer than a finely
divided fuel.
Thermal Value
The thermal value of a fuel is a measure of the heat released by the combustion of a given
mass of substance. The thermal value of wood is about 8,000 BTUs/pound; the thermal
value of crude oil is about 20,000 BTUs/pound. Pound for pound, petroleum fuels
produce about 2.5 times as much heat as wood does.
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Thermal value, as well as the amount of fuel, must be considered in determining how much
heat a fuel will produce if burned.
Auto-ignition (spontaneous ignition)

Some fires start without an external heat source or by auto-ignition. This will happen when
the flash point of the fuel is relatively low; ignition temperature is low than usual and the
air-vapor mixture is at explosive range.
Static Electricity - How it occurs?

While static electricity may not seem an obvious source of ignition, it does present a
hazard. Static electricity is generated when two things made of different materials rub
together. Petroleum fuels flowing through hoses can build up a charge which can cause a
spark. If the proportion of vapor in the air is in the flammable range and the spark has
enough energy, a fire or explosion can occur.
Reactivity
Reactivity is the reaction of certain materials against certain elements. For example,
chlorine produces a violent reaction when it combines with finely divided metals or certain
organic materials particularly acetylene, turpentine and gaseous ammonia. Caution: stow
in well-ventilated space. Stow away from organic materials.
Examples:
The metals, sodium and potassium react with water. Cautions: segregation same as for
flammable solids labeled Dangerous When Wet.
Ignition Sources
flame of a match
sparks caused by ferrous metals striking together
heat generated by friction
lighting (naked)
flame from any cutting torch or welding machine
electric short circuit
electric arc between conductors
heat generated by an overheated electrical conductor or motor
spontaneous ignition (auto-ignition)
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Fire Spread (Methods of Heat Transfer)

Heat from a fire is transferred by one or more of three methods:
Conduction
It is the transfer of heat through a solid body. For example on a hot stove, heat is
conducted through the pot to its contents. Wood is ordinarily a poor conductor of heat but
metals are good conductors. Since most ships are constructed of metal, heat transfer by
conduction is a potential hazard. Fire can move from one hold to another, one deck to
another and one compartment to another via heat conduction.
Convection
It is the transfer of heat through the movement of heated gases and liquids. The smoke,
heated air and gases and flying embers produced by a fire are lighter than cool air. They
rise to the highest point that they can reach. If their upward movement is blocked, they will
move horizontally until they find an upward pathway. On a ship, heat from a fire on a
lower deck will travel horizontally along passageways and upward through stairways and
ladder and hatch openings.
Heat radiation
It is the transfer of heat from a source across an intervening space (no material substance
is involved). The heat travels outward from the fire in the same manner as light (in straight
lines). This is how we receive heat from the sun.
Radiant heat from a fire in one area of a cargo hold can raise the temperature of a
substance on the opposite side of the hold to the point where it vaporizes and the fuel
vapors ignite.
Spread of Fire
Spread of fire occurs as a result of equalization in temperature between fire and
surroundings via conduction, radiation and convection currents.
If a fire is attacked early and efficiently, it can easily be confined to the area in which it
started. If it is allowed to burn unchecked, it can generate great amounts of heat that will
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travel away from the fire area, igniting additional fires wherever fuel and oxygen are
available and both are in plentiful supply throughout most ships. Steel bulkheads and
decks and other fire barriers can stop or delay the passage of heat to some extent but not
completely. As the original fuel source is consumed, the heat and the fire will extend to
new fuel sources.
Phases of Fire Development

Fire development in a contained space such as a room or a cargo hold follows four
stages:
1. ignition stage (incipient) - The four elements of the fire tetrahedron come together,
and the fire begins.
2. developing stage - The fire is releasing increasing amounts of heat. As the
temperature rises, increasing amounts of vapor are being released and ignited. The
rate of the chain reaction increases and the fire burns more intensely and grows
rapidly. The smoke produced by the fire rises and forms a hot gas layer below the
ceiling.
3. absolute fire stage - Fully developed, all flammable substances in the space are
burning. The amount of vapor released from the fuels reaches a maximum rate
and begins to level off producing a steady rate of burning. This usually continues
until most of the fuel has been consumed.
4. burning out stage - There is fewer vapors to oxidize and less heat is produced.
Now, heat production begins to break down and the fire begins to die out. A solid
fuel may leave an ash residue and continue to smolder for some time. A liquid or
gaseous fuel usually burns up completely.
Safe Practices - General Safety Procedures

no smoking in hazardous areas
maintain cleanliness
ensure good housekeeping
recognize fire hazards and take the
necessary steps to prevent fires
Safety in the Engine Room

ensure insulation and lagging are kept in good condition
eliminate oil leaks and prevent accumulation of oil
take proper fire precautions when welding or burning is being carried out
check that caps and cocks for sounding pipes to oil tanks are closed
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maintain a clean engine-room, remove oil-soaked rags
Safety in the Galley

keep extraction fan and flue-gas duct clean
ensure cooking oils do not spill on top of the stove or overheat in electrical
cooking pans
keep electrical installations well maintained
Safety in the Accommodation

no smoking in bed
no unauthorized electrical fittings
no emptying of ashtrays into wastepaper bins without ensuring all cigarette
ends are extinguished
Safety in the Cargo Area

ensure hatches are correctly cleaned
ensure cargoes are stowed and ventilated in accordance with the rules
prohibit smoking during cargo-working periods
secure cargo
inert the atmosphere in cargo compartments when required
ensure hold /cargo compartment lights are switched off and cargo clusters
disconnected, removed and stored away after use and before closing of
hatches
Need for Constant Vigilance

Prevention is by far the best method of combating fire and this can be achieved through the
following:
constant vigilance
preparedness
fire patrol
proper watch keeping
maintenance of equipment
Fire Hazards on Ship

Most hazards on a ship are fuel sources or ignition sources. The air usually provides
enough oxygen for fire.
Fire Hazards in the Engine Room

combustible liquids like fuel and lubricating oils
oil leaks and oil-soaked insulation
hot surfaces, e.g. exhaust pipes, engine parts overheating
defects in lagging
hot work, e.g. welding, cutting by oxy-acetylene torch
auto-ignition, e.g. oil dripping on hot surface
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Fire Hazards in the Galley

combustible liquids, e.g. cooking oil, hot fat
hot surfaces, e.g. ovens, frying pans, flues
defective electrical connections
Fire Hazards in Accommodation

combustible materials, e.g. furnishings, personal effects
carelessness with cigarettes and matches, setting fire to bedclothes,
wastepaper bin contents and furnishings
defective electrical connections
Fire Hazards from Cargoes

self-heating cargo and spontaneous combustion
oxidizing cargoes and organic peroxides
compressed flammable gas
explosives
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COMPETENCE 2
Maintain A State of Readiness to Respond to Emergency Situations Involving Fires
Organization of Shipboard Fire Fighting
General Emergency Alarm

Consist of seven short blasts followed by one long blast on the ships whistle and bells.
This special alarm signal activated from the navigating bridge summons/calls the crew to
fire stations.
Other Fire Alarm

The ship has other fire alarms installed as well.
CO2 alarm -Evacuation alarms warn people to leave spaces that are about to
be flooded with a fire-extinguishing material such as carbon dioxide, halon, or
foam
manually operated fire alarm such as PULL BOXES, are located throughout
the ship
UMS fire-detection system -automatic fire detection alarms are activated by
smoke, flame, and heat detectors. The alarms consist of bells and lights on a
remote control panel
Fire Control Plan

It is a diagram of the ship showing the various fire protection features:
decks
control stations
fire detection and alarm systems
sprinkler installations
ventilation systems
fire zones
access routes and escape routes
fire-fighting equipment
Fire control plans are usually kept in well-marked red cylinders mounted in the bridge and
in other prominent locations. A copy of the plan is also kept in a cylinder on the main
deck for the benefit of land-based fire-fighting personnel.
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Muster List
Also known as station bill, muster list is a ship document which lists and describes
assigned special duties and duty stations to crewmembers during emergency situation. The
muster list also lists the ships emergency equipment and alarms.
Muster list is posted at the bridge and at all duty

stations. There is only one muster list, but all
crewmembers are given individual station card
listing their own specific duties.
Only the Master can override the muster list

instructions. However, other officers may give
you additional tasks during an emergency.
Communications
Effective communication throughout the ship is vital during emergency like fire. Passengers
and crews have to be informed. Fire-fighting operations need to be coordinated.
Methods of communication used during a fire emergency are:
messengers
telephones
two-way radios
ship-to-shore VHF radios
public address system
Communication with the M aster should be established by phone or by messenger.

Communication with firefighting teams must also be established and maintained.
Messengers would be best for this purpose since telephone lines might be destroyed by the
fire and firefighters would be moving constantly. An internal two-way radio system, if
available, could be used to coordinate firefighting efforts.
Personnel Safety Procedures
Firefighting Team
An emergency squad or fire party is a group of crewmen selected by the master for their
special training to deal with emergency like fire. The chief officer (assisted by the
boatswain) is normally in command of the team. The rest of the team should be made up
of crewmen trained in the use of fire and rescue equipment.
Candidates for the fire party would be crew members who are highly knowledgeable in
emergency procedures and have earned certificates for their proficiency.
Staging area
The staging area should be established in a smoke-free area, as near as possible to the fire
zone. An open deck location windward of the fire would be ideal. However, if the fire is
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deep within the ship, the staging area should be located below deck. A location near a
ships telephone, if feasible, would be helpful in establishing links.
All supplies needed to support the firefighting effort should be brought to the staging area.
These would include backup supplies of hose, nozzles and axes, spare cylinders for
breathing apparatus and portable lights. The staging area should also be used as the first
aid station. The equipment required to render first aid to injured crewmen should be set up
there.
Entering fire zone

Do not enter the fire zone where the fire is burning until the team leader gives the order.
You must familiarize yourself with the fire zone first and escape routes. During fire, the fire
zone can be sealed off. Knowing the location and layout of the fire zones will improve
your emergency response.
Shipboard drills
Shipboard drills are simulated emergency situations. During fire drill, firefighting team as
well as the rest of the crew learns how to coordinate their emergency efforts. They also
learn the necessary knowledge and skills in using the equipment properly. Likewise, during
this drill, a crewmember learns his fellow crew emergency duties. This will make him
flexible in filling vacancies of key personnel in the fire party.
The typical exercises during fire drills are:

extinguishing a fire in a deep fryer
entering a closed room that is on fire
rescuing an unconscious person from a smoke-filled space
extinguishing a major deck fire.
During drills, always follow your muster list duties unless the Master orders otherwise.
Location of Fire-fighting Appliances and Emergency Escape Routes
Basic Principles
The following basic principles having regard to the type of ship and the potential fire
hazards involve:
division of ship into main vertical zones by thermal and structural boundaries;
separation of accommodation spaces from the remainder of the ship by thermal
and structural boundaries;
restricted use of combustible materials;
detection of any fire in the zone of origin;
containment and extinction of any fire in the space of origin;
protection of means of escape or access for firefighting;
availability of fire-extinguishing appliances; and
minimization of possibility of ignition of inflammable cargo vapors.
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Bulkheads
The cargo deck, cofferdams, paint store, chemical store and machinery compartments are
classed as hazardous areas. These areas are isolated from the accommodation by A - 60
bulkheads. An A-60 bulkhead or deck is constructed of 4.5 mm thick steel suitably
stiffened. The steel is then insulated with 50 mm of glass wool. This type of bulkhead or
deck will provide a minimum of 60 minutes protection from smoke or flames. There is an
A-60 deck between the accommodation and the machinery compartments, the
accommodation and the bridge. This will ensure that the accommodation will not be
affected by fire from either the machinery compartments or the cargo deck. The bridge is
also protected from an accommodation fire.
The accommodation is classed as a non-hazardous area. The corridors are made from B-0
class panels. These are 1.6 mm thick steel panels with 50 mm of mineral wool to provide
insulation. They will provide 30 minutes protection from smoke or flames.
The cabin walls are made from C - class panels which are sandwich panels of galvanized
steel coated with a PVC film. They have 50 mm of rock wool insulation. These panels will
provide 30 minutes protection from smoke and heat. The accommodation, engine room,
emergency exit and stairways are surrounded by A-60 bulkheads to ensure an adequate
escape route.
Fire Doors
Doorways between A-60 bulkheads are A class doors fitted with a self-closing device.
Doorways in the accommodation corridor are fitted with B class doors and magnetic self
closing devices linked to the fire alarm panel. Cabin doors are B class doors.
Inert Gas System

Although the inert gas system is not a fire extinguishing system, it is designed to prevent
fires and explosions. With few exceptions, every tank ship of 100,000 or more dead
weight tonnage and with a keel-laying date of January 1, 1975 or later must have an inert
gas system.
Inert gas system was developed to reduce the

oxygen content in the cargo tanks.
Hydrocarbon gas will not normally burn in an
atmosphere with less than 11% of oxygen by
volume. Therefore, to prevent an explosion
or fire in the cargo tanks, the vapor space
oxygen content is kept below 8% by using
inert gas from the boilers or an inert gas
generator. It must be operated as necessary
to maintain an inert atmosphere in the cargo
tanks except during gas freeing operations.
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The inert gas system is composed of a gas generator, a scrubber, blowers, distribution
lines, valves, instrumentation, alarms and controls.
When cargo is loaded, the inert gas is shut down and the tanks are vented. Once loaded,
a positive pressure is maintained in the ullage space to prevent the ingress of air. While
discharging, the inert gas keeps pace with the falling level of liquid.
To prevent hydrocarbon gases returning to the uptakes, a non-return valves and a water
seal are placed in the system. The system is continuously monitored in the Cargo and
Engine Control Room with a repeater on the bridge. Alarms will sound if oxygen content is
above 5%, low water seal level and low/high pressure (200/1260 mm H.G.)
Fixed Fire-Extinguishing Arrangements in Cargo Spaces

Cargo spaces of ships of 1000 gross tonnage and above are protected either by a fixed
gas fire-extinguishing system or by foam fire-extinguishing system.
Cargo spaces of ships of 2000 gross tonnage and above are exempted from the above
provision if they are provided with steel hatch covers and effective means of closing all
ventilators and other openings leading to the hold.
Emergency Fire Pump

The emergency pump is use if the main fire pumps, their sources of power or their controls
are damaged or inaccessible. The emergency pump must be capable of pumping enough
water (50 psi) to operate two hoses. Fire pumps are the only means for moving water
through the fire-main system when the ship is at sea. On cargo ships, if a fire in any one
compartment could disable all the fire pumps, there must be a fixed emergency pump with
an independent source of power.
The emergency pump must be located in a space that does not share a common boundary
with spaces containing:
the main fire pumps
internal combustion machinery
oil-fired boilers
oil fuel preparation units
Emergency Escape Routes

In and from all passenger and crew spaces and in spaces in which the crew is normally
employed other than machinery, stairways and ladders, have a ready means of escape to
the lifeboat and liferaft embarkation deck.
Below the bulkhead deck, two means of escape (at least one of which is
independent of watertight doors) are provided for each watertight compartment or
similarly restricted space.
Above the bulkhead deck, there are at least two means of escape from each main
vertical zone wherein one of it gives access to a stairway.
Two means of escape are provided for each machinery space.
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Two sets of steel ladders widely separated from each other, with one leading to the
doors in the upper part of the space.
One steel ladder leading to a door in the upper part of the space from which
access is provided to the embarkation deck.
A steel door capable of being operated from each side and which provides a safe
escape route to the embarkation deck is provided.
Emergency escape routes are well marked showing arrows and symbols. They are
provided also with an emergency lighting system.
Fire Spread in Different Parts of a Ship

A fire in machinery space will be contained in the machinery space itself and will not
spread to accommodation as accommodation is separated from machinery space by
structural and thermal protection boundaries.
A fire in cargo pump room will be contained in the cargo pump room itself and will not
spread to accommodation as accommodation is separated from cargo pump room by
structural and thermal protection boundaries.
All A-60 doors separating machinery space and cargo pump room will be shut in case of
fire in respective spaces.
All ventilation flaps will be closed in case of fire in machinery space and cargo space.
The accommodation fire should be contained in accommodation itself and should not be
allowed to spread in machinery space and cargo pump by similar arrangements as stated
above.
The accommodation fire originating in galley, laundry, linen locker, common public
spaces, and living spaces should be contained in the space of origin of fire and should not
be allowed to spread to other parts of accommodation by using thermal protection and
ventilation flaps/draught stops.
A fire in any cargo hold should be contained in the affected cargo itself by shutting hatch
covers, ventilator flaps and cooling boundary bulkheads.
The fire in isolated spaces such as wheel house, radio room, chart room, forepeak area,
i.e. paint locker etc. and steering gear compartment should be contained in the space of
origin itself by shutting doors, ventilator flaps and using the fixed installation and other fire-
fighting appliances where provided.
Fire Detection
A well-designed fire detection system, properly installed and maintained, will give an early
warning of the presence and location of a fire in the protected area. A fire detector gives a
warning when fire occurs in the area protected by the detector. A fire detection system,
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including one or more types of detectors, sounds the alarm in the affected areas and alerts
those responsible for fire-fighting operations.
Automatic Fire Detection Systems

An automatic fire detection system is made up of:
Normal and emergency power supplies
Fire detection control unit
Fire detectors
Light and bell signals.
Fire Detection Control Unit

The fire detection control unit consists of a control panel containing the fire alarm signal,
as well as trouble alarm and power alarm failure devices. These devices provide both
visible and audible signals. The control unit also contains a power supply transfer switch to
engage the emergency power supply if the normal power supply fails.
The control unit is normally located in an area that is safe from flammable gases and
vapors, while control panels may be located throughout the ship, such as on the bridge.
Fire detectors sense and initiate a signal in response to heat, smoke, flame or some other
indication of fire, and initiate an appropriate signal.
When fire is detected, lights are automatically activated:

Indicator lights on the control unit and control panels
Alarm lights in the affected areas.
Alarm bells or tones are sounded:

On the control unit and control panels
In the engine room
In the affected areas.
These lights and alarms can be shut off only by their respective manual resetting devices.
Fire Detectors
There are three main types of automatic fire detectors:
Heat-activated fire detectors
Smoke detection systems
Flame detectors.
Two non-automatic systems are:

Manual fire alarm systems
Supervised patrols and watchmens systems.
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Heat-Activated Fire Detectors

Heat-activated fire detectors are activated by the heat of a fire, and include:
Fixed-temperature detectors
Rate-of-rise detectors
Combined fixed-temperature and rate-of-rise detectors
Automatic sprinkler systems.
Fixed-Temperature Fire Detectors

A fixed-temperature fire detector activates a fire alarm when the temperature of the device
reaches a predetermined value. Because the heat transfer from the air to the device takes
time, by the time the fixed-temperature detector activates, the surrounding air is always
hotter than the detector. This delay is called thermal lag.
Automatic Sprinkler System

Automatic sprinkler systems are both fire detection and fire extinguishing systems. The
system piping is usually charged with water to the sprinkler heads. The water is held back
by a fixed-temperature seal in each head. The seal is either a piece of fusible metal or a
liquid-expansion bulb. Either one will allow water to flow through the sprinkler head when
the temperature reaches a preset value.
Aboard ship, automatic sprinkler systems are arranged so that the release of water from a
sprinkler head automatically activates visible and audible alarms in the bridge or fire
control station.
Manual Fire Alarm System

Manual fire alarm systems consist of normal and emergency power supplies, a fire control
unit to receive the alarm and the necessary fire alarm boxes. The fire control unit is similar
to the automatic fire detection control unit (it must contain means for receiving alarm
signals and translating these signals into audible and visible alarms). It must also have
provision for registering trouble signals. Similar to automatic system, vibrating bells are
required for engine room notification.
Manual alarm systems are usually combined with automatic detection systems. If the
automatic system fails, a crewman who discovers a fire can promptly send an alarm via the
manual alarm system.
In addition, the manual system is important even when the automatic system is functioning
properly. If a manual alarm is received on the bridge shortly after an automatic alarm, the
watch officer can be fairly certain that there is an actual fire and not a false alarm.
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Alarm Boxes
There is at least one manual fire alarm box in each fire zone on the vessel. Framed charts
or diagrams in the bridge and fire control station adjacent to the fire alarm receiving
equipment should indicate the locations of the fire zones in which the alarm boxes are
installed. Manual fire alarm boxes are usually located in main passageways, stairway
enclosures, public spaces and similar areas. They should be readily available and easily
seen in case of need. Manual alarm boxes must be placed so that any person evacuating
a fire area will pass one on the way out.
Smoke Detection Systems

A complete smoke detection system aboard a ship includes:
A means for continuously exhausting air samples from protected places
A means of testing air for contamination by smoke
A visual, or visual and audible, means for indicating the presence of smoke.
Types of Smoke Detectors

A smoke detector is a device that tests air samples for smoke. Available types of smoke
detectors include:
Photoelectric smoke detector
Ionization smoke detector
cloud chamber smoke detector
Flame Detectors
Flame detectors are designed to recognize flames. Although flame detectors are
sometimes used in shore side buildings, they are rarely used on ships, due to frequent false
alarms in the shipboard environment.
Classification of Fires and Appropriate Extinguishing Agents
Class A Fire
Ordinary combustible material; carbonaceous or deep seated; ex: wood, cloth, paper,
mattress
Extinguishing Agents:
water (cooling; red cylinder)
foam
dry chemical powder
Class B Fire
Flammable liquid (gasoline, diesel) and or flammable gas (LPG, acetylene)
Extinguishing Agents
foam (smothering; pale cream cylinder)
CO2
dry chemical powder
shut off supply fuel (starving)
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Class C Fire
Energized electrical equipment
CO2 (Oxygen dilution; black cylinder)
dry chemical powder
shut off power supply
Class D Fire
Combustible metal: ex.: magnesium, potassium, sodium
dry powder (inhibiting; French blue cylinder)
dry sand
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COMPETENCE 3
Fight and Extinguish Fire
Fire-fighting Appliances and Equipment
Fire Hoses and Nozzles

Every ship should be provided with appliances whereby at least
two powerful jets of water can be rapidly and simultaneously
directed into any part of the ship, at least one of which shall
be from a single length of hose; such appliances should
include at least two pumps operated by power and at least
three fire hoses; at least one fire hose should be provided for
every 30m in length of the ship or fraction thereof.
For each length of hose required, one hose nozzle of dual-purpose type capable of
delivering a solid stream or a spray and incorporating a shut-off should be available.
Joining Hoses
Hoses are often linked together to give firefighters a greater range of mobility. Hoses are
joined manually by threaded couplings. One end of the hose is male, and the other end is
female.
The male coupling is threaded on the outside. The female coupling is always threaded on
the inside, and is often called the swivel coupling.
Hydrant
Connecting a hose to a hydrant is exactly the same as joining hoses together. To fit nozzle
to the fire hose, the same arrangement of threaded coupling is used. The male end of the
hose fits in the female end of the nozzle.
Mobile Apparatus
Mobile apparatus are semi-portable fire extinguisher or an extinguishing system wherein a
hose can be run out to the fire.
Semi-portable system provides a way of getting a sizable amount of extinguishing agent to
a fire rapidly. This allows the operator to make a sustained attack.
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Types of Mobile Apparatus

carbon dioxide cylinders
powder containers with propellant gas
foam-making equipment
Semi-portable systems are usually set up to protect the same areas as fixed systems.
Where possible, a fire is first attacked with the semi-portable system. If this attack controls
or extinguishes the fire, then the large fixed system need not be activated. Semi-portable
systems may also be used as primary extinguishing system. Since they are initial attack
systems, it is essential that they be backed up with additional firefighting equipment.
Portable Fire Extinguisher

Portable fire extinguishers are an excellent first line of defense when a fire breaks out. They
are light and easy to use but also fast to dispense extinguishing agents.
Types of Portable Fire Extinguishers
Stored-Pressure Water Extinguisher

Absorbs heat and cool burning material.
Fights class A fires.
Have a range of 30 to 40 feet.
Lasts for about 55 seconds.
Can be recharged on board with water.
The stored-pressure water extinguisher is the most commonly used portable firefighting
appliance. The 9.5 liter size has an NFPA rating of 2A. It weighs about 13. 6 kg. (30 lb)
and has a horizontal range of 10.7 -12.2 m. In continuous operation, it will expand its
water in about 55 seconds. However, it may be used intermittently, to extend its
operational time.
The container is filled with water or an anti-freeze solution to within about 15 cm of the
top. The extinguisher is pressurized through the air valve with either air or an inert gas
such as nitrogen. The normal charging pressure is about 690 kilopascals (100 psi). The
gauge allows the pressure within the extinguisher to be checked at any time. Most gauges
are color coded to indicate normal and abnormal pressures.
The extinguisher is carried to the fire and the ring pin or other safety device is removed.
The operator aims the nozzle with one hand and squeezes the discharge lever with the
other hand. The stream should be directed at the seat of the fire. It should be moved back
and forth to ensure complete coverage of the burning material. Short bursts can be used
to conserve the limited supply of water.
Page No.: 22
As the flames are knocked down, the operator may move closer to the fire. By placing the
tip of one finger over the nozzle the operator can obtain a spray pattern that will cover a
wider area.
Foam Extinguishers
Primary SMOTHERING agent
The best extinguishing agent for Class B liquid fire
Aggregations of small bubbles or tiny bubbles
Foam Extinguishers
Foam extinguishers are similar in appearance to water extinguisher but they have a greater
extinguishing capability. The most common size is 9.5 liters, with an NFPA rating of
2A:4B. This indicates that the extinguisher may be used on both class A and class B fires.
It has a range of about 9.2 - 12.2 m and a discharge duration of slightly less than a
minute.
The extinguisher is charged by filling it with two solutions that are kept separated (in the
extinguisher) until it is to be used. These solutions are commonly called the A and B
solutions (their designations have nothing to do with fire classifications).
The foam extinguisher is carried to the fire right side up and then inverted. This mixes the
two solutions producing a liquid foam and CO2 gas. The CO2 acts as the propellant
and fill the foam bubbles. The liquid foam expands to about 8 times its original volume
(this means the 9.5 liter extinguisher will produce 68 -76 liters foam).
The foam should be applied gently on burning liquids. This can be done by directing the
stream in from of the fire to bounce the foam onto the fire. The stream also may be
directed against the back wall of a tank or a structural member to allow the foam to run
down and flow slowly. For this reason, the stream must be directed to the fire from several
angles for complete coverage of the burning materials.
Foam extinguishers are subject to freezing and cannot be stowed in temperature below 4.4
C. Once activated, these extinguishers will expel their entire foam content which should
all be directed onto the fire. Maintenance consists mainly of annual discharging,
inspection, cleaning and recharging.
Dry Powder
Primary inhibiting agent
The best extinguishing agent for Class D
Dry powder (not dry chemical) is the only extinguishing agent that may be used on
combustible-metal (class D) fires. Class D extinguisher has a range of only 1.8 - 2.4 m.
The extinguishing agent is sodium chloride, which forms a crust on the burning metal.
Page No.: 23
The nozzle is removed from its retainer and the puncture lever is pressed. This allows the
propellant gas (CO2 or nitrogen) to activate the extinguisher. The operator then aims the
nozzle and squeezes the grips to apply the powder to the surface of the burning metal. The
operator should begin the application of dry powder from the maximum range 1.8 - 2.4
m.
Dry Chemical
It has a smothering effect to fire
Can be used in Class A,B,C
Non conducting extinguishing agent
Carbon Dioxide Extinguishers

Smother fires by diluting the oxygen supply
Fight class B and C fires
Have a range of 5 feet
The extinguisher is carried to the fire in an upright position. The short range of the CO2
extinguisher means the operator must get fairly close to the fire. The extinguisher is placed
on the deck and the locking pin is removed. The discharge is controlled either by opening
a valve or by squeezing two handles together.
The operator must grasp the hose handle and not the discharge horn. The CO2 expands
and cools very quickly as it leaves the extinguisher. The horn gets cold enough to frost
over and cause severe frostbite. When a CO2 extinguisher is used in a confined space,
the operator should guard against suffocation by wearing breathing apparatus.
Using Portable Fire Extinguishers

Page No.: 24
PULL the pin: This unlocks the operating lever and allows
you to discharge the extinguisher. Some extinguishers may
have other lever-release mechanisms.
AIM low: Point the extinguisher nozzle (or hose) at the base
of the fire.
SQUEEZE the lever above the handle: This discharges the

extinguishing agent. Releasing the lever will stop the
discharge. (Some extinguishers have a button instead of a
lever.)
SWEEP from side to side: Moving carefully toward the fire,

keep the extinguisher aimed at the base of the fire and
sweep back and forth until the flames
Portable Foam Applicator

In addition to fire extinguishers, there are other types of
portable equipment such as portable foam applicators (also
called in-line proportioners). The in-line proportioners give
the nozzle men more freedom of movement than the nozzle
with pickup tube. The proportioners may be installed
anywhere in the hose line between the fire main and the foam
nozzle. It also feeds mechanical foam to the nozzle but it may
be placed at a convenient distance from the heat of the fire.
The in-line proportioner is a light weight venture device. It uses the water-stream pressure
to draw foam concentrate from a 19-liter container through a pickup tube and into the
water stream in the proper proportion.
Page No.: 25
The pickup tube is screwed into the top center of the proportioner. The female end of the
firefighting hose is screwed into the male end of the proportioner. The male end of the
firefighting hose is advanced to the fire, and mechanical foam nozzle is screwed on. The
firefighting hose should not be longer than 45.7 m from proportioner to nozzle.
Personal Equipment
Firemans Outfit
Ships must carry at least two outfits. The outfits constitute three sections as:
personal equipment
breathing apparatus
fireproof lifeline with snaphook and harness
Breathing apparatus (BA) is designed to enable seamen to

enter such as hostile environment with some degree of
protection for the respiratory system.
Two types of breathing apparatus:
self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA)
hose masks (fresh air breathing apparatus)
A self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) is excellent for fire fighting and rescue
because the apparatus is mounted at the users back, thus, providing freedom of
movement. The SCBA unit is heavy and is dependent on the users rate of breathing. It
supplies air for only 20 to 30 minutes. The SCBA unit is equipped with a Personal Alarm
Safety System (PASS) which alerts others if the wearer is immobilized or still for a period of
time.
Hose Mask (fresh air breathing apparatus)

Here, the user wears a facepiece that is connected to a
pump through a long hose. Air is pumped to the user,
whose mobility is limited by the length and weight of the
hose. The device can be used for extended period of
time.
The use of fresh air breathing apparatus is limited mainly

by hose length. When the hose is longer than 132 ft.,
the pump may not be able to supply enough air to the
user.
Requirements for a Lifeline (Regulation 14 SOLAS)

For each breathing apparatus, a fireproof lifeline of sufficient length and strength shall be
provided capable of being attached by means of a snap hook to the harness of the
apparatus or to a separate belt in order to prevent the breathing apparatus from becoming
detached when the lifeline is operated.
Page No.: 26
The lifeline guides the firefighter out of the fire area. It is important to take the same path
in and out so the lifeline is not caught on obstructions.
The lifeline is also for communication between the firefighter and the person outside the
fire area who monitors the lifeline. Signals are sent back and forth by tugging on the line.
5.
1.
6.
7.
8.
2. 9.
3.
4.
Fire Blanket
The complete extinguishing equipment comprises an attractively designed synthetic
cupboard containing a neatly folded fire blanket which is surrounded by a metal bracket.
The fire blanket only requires a space of 7 cm in depth for storage. When the lid is
opened, the fluff free fiber glass blanket is automatically ejected and ready for use.
The rescuer can immediately insert his hands into the pockets at either side of the blanket
and release the blanket from the bracket. The blanket unfolds in such a manner that the
rescuer can cover either the person or object and extinguish the starting fire without any
danger to himself. The operational use of the fire blanket cupboard enables the prevention
of serious personal injury or extensive damage in an efficient manner.
Fire Safety Arrangements

Alarms
Each fire zone has at least one manual fire alarm box. Manual fire alarms are in
accommodation spaces, service spaces and control stations. Each exit to the outdoors has
a manual alarm. Location of alarms is posted in the fire control stations.
Emergency controls
During emergency like fire, it is necessary to shut off engines, fuel lines and oil pumps. To
isolate the fire zone, you simply pull the emergency control to shut off equipment in an
emergency.
Page No.: 27
You will find emergency controls near the equipment that they control. They may be
located outside the door of the engine room or cargo space or in a nearby control station.
Fire Alarms and First Actions

The following actions should be immediately taken by the person who discovers fire:
1. Activate the alarm.
2. Inform control station (bridge).
3. Restrict.
4. Try to extinguish the fire.
Fire Fighting
Factors to consider when deciding on fire-fighting methodology:
accessibility of the location of the fire
personnel present at the location of the fire
reactions with the cargo / burning material
equipment and fire-fighting agents appropriate to the fire
Fire Fighting Medium

water (in the form of solid jet, spray, fog or flooding)
foam (as high, medium and low expansion)
carbon dioxide
steam
dry chemical powders
Fire Fighting Procedures

When the fire alarm is given, fire procedures and emergency stations procedures are put
into effect:
1 Crew assemble at the designated fire stations as given in muster list
2 The fire parties assemble, on orders from the bridge and carry out their tasks aimed
at containing the fire and extinguishing it.
3 The pumps are started to supply extinguishing water.
4 The Master decides the most appropriate method for fighting the fire.
The Master controls the fire-fighting operations from the bridge. When the fire is
extinguished, a fire watch is kept.
An investigation into the cause of fire is initiated by the Master to avoid recurrence. If the
fire is in port, the shore authorities are informed immediately.
Precautions For and Use of Fixed Installations
General Requirement for a Fixed System

The medium used must not produce toxic gases
The quantity of the medium must be adequate for the spaces which are to be
protected
Page No.: 28
The piping system must have control valves

The release of a gas medium must not be automatic
The order to release the medium must be given by the Master or a senior officer
Fixed fire systems are designed and installed in a ship as a part of its original construction.
The ships Master, officers and crew members rarely have any influence on the type of
firefighting systems employed. Marine and fire protection engineers generally make these
decisions to conform with SOLAS provisions.
Types of Fixed Installations

carbon dioxide
sprinkler (wet and dry risers)
foam (low expansion)
foam (high expansion)
fire mains, hydrants
emergency generators, fire and bilge pumps
pressure water spray in special category spaces
chemical powder applicants
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Fire Extinguishing System

Carbon dioxide is used as a smothering agent in
engine room, pump room, inert gas fan room,
emergency generator room and incinerator room
When the CO2 control box is opened, alarms are

actuated in the engine room and pump room to warn
the crew that the CO2 is about to be released. The
air conditioning fans will automatically stop and the
vents will close for that area of the ship. A head
count should be taken before discharging the system.
In addition to the main CO2 system, there are
separate systems for the inert gas fan room, emergency generator room and the
incinerator. These systems comprise of four CO2 gas cylinders that are manually
operated.
Foam Fire Extinguishing System

Foam is a blanket of bubbles that extinguishes fire mainly by smothering. The bubbles are
formed by mixing water and a foam-making agent (foam concentrate). The result is called
a foam solution. The various foam solutions are lighter than the lightest of flammable oils.
Consequently, when applied to burning oils they float on the surface of the oil.
Extinguishing Effects
Firefighting foam is used to form a blanket on the surface of flaming liquids including oil.
The blanket prevents flammable vapors from leaving the surface and prevents oxygen from
Page No.: 29
reaching the fuel. Fire cannot exist when the fuel and oxygen are separated. The water in
the foam also has a cooling effect which gives foam its class A extinguishing capability.
The ideal foam solution should flow freely enough to cover a surface rapidly, yet stick
together to provide and maintain a vapor-tight blanket. The solution must retain enough
water to provide a long-lasting seal. Rapid loss of water would cause the foam to dry out
and break down from the high temperatures associated with fire. The foam should be light
enough to float on flammable liquids yet heavy enough to resist winds.
Types of Foam
Chemical foam
Chemical foam is formed by mixing an alkali (sodium bicarbonate) with an acid (aluminum
sulfate) in water. This mixture is in a sealed airtight container. A stabilizer is added to
make the foam tenacious and long-lived.
When this chemicals react, they form a foam or froth of bubbles filled with carbon dioxide
gas. The carbon dioxide in the bubbles has little or no extinguishing value. Its only
purpose is to inflate the bubbles from 7 to 16 volumes of foam are produced for each
volume of water.
Many chemical foam systems are still in use both aboard ship and in shore installations.
However, they are being phased out in favor of the newer mechanical foam or as it are
sometimes called, air foam.
Mechanical (air) foam

Mechanical foam is produced by mixing a foam concentrate with water to produce a foam
solution. The bubbles are formed by the turbulent mixing of air and the foam solution. As
the name air foam implies, the bubbles are filled with air. Aside from the workmanship
and efficiency of the equipment, the degree of mixing determines the quality of the foam.
The design of the equipment determines the quantity of foam produced.
There are several types of mechanical foams. They are similar in nature but each has its
own special firefighting capabilities. They are produced from proteins, detergents (which
are synthetics) and surfactants. The surfactants are large group of compounds that
include detergents, wetting agents and liquid soaps. Surfactants are used to produce
aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF).
Foam Systems
Foam may be generated chemically or mechanically. Chemical foam is produced by
chemical reactions taking place in water. The foam bubbles are filled with CO2.
Mechanical foam is produced by mixing foam concentrate with water to produce a foam
solution then mixing air with the foam solution. The bubbles are thus filled with air.
Page No.: 30
Foam systems are acceptable as fire protection for boiler rooms, machinery spaces and
pump rooms on all vessels. Mechanical foam systems may be installed in these spaces
instead of other approved systems such as CO2. Deck foam systems must be installed on
tankers constructed after January 1, 1970 as fire protection for flammable-liquid cargo.
Some older vessels may have foam systems protecting flammable-liquid cargo holds (foam
systems are no longer employed for this purpose).
Chemical Foam System

Chemical foam is produced by the reaction of bicarbonate of soda with aluminum sulfate
(or ferric sulfate). A foam stabilizer is added to improve its extinguishing properties.
Chemical foam has more body than mechanical foam and will build a stouter blanket.
A continuous type chemical foam generator is shown below. The generator may be fixed
or portable. It consists of a hopper with a foam ejector at the bottom (its function is to
dissolve the dry foam chemicals in a stream of water). The generator inlet is connected to
a hose line or piping to the fire main.
The continuous-type generator uses foam chemical at a rate of about 45.4 kg./min (100
lb/min) with either fresh or salt water at 21.1C (70 F). Since 0.45 kg. (1 lb) of foam
powder produces about 30 liters (8 gal) of foam, the unit produces about 3000 liters / min
(800 gal / min) of foam. In one minute this quantity of foam can cover an area of 37 m2
(400 ft2) to a thickness of 76.2 mm (3 in). This area is equivalent to a square 6.1 m (20
ft) on each side.
Mechanical Foam Systems

Mechanical foam concentrate is available in 3% and 6% concentrations. It may be mixed
with either fresh or salt water to produce foam solution:
12 liters (3 gal) 3% concentrate, mixed with 367 liters (97 gal) of water produces
379 liters (100 gal) foam solution
2.3 liters (6 gal) 6 % concentrate, mixed with 356 liters (94 gal) water produces
379 liters (100 gal) foam solution
Page No.: 31
When the foam solution is mixed with air, it expands. The expansion ratio of the foam
indicates the proportions of air and water it contains. Thus, for example a 4:1 foam
expansion ratio is defined as the quantity of moisture contained in a given quantity of
foam. In 1000 : 1 high expansion foam, there is one gallon of moisture in 1000 gallons
of the high expansion foam. A 100 : 1 expansion ratio means the foam contains 99
volumes of air for each volume of water. The air is introduced into the foam solution at a
foam spray nozzle, monitor or turret nozzle.
In fixed foam extinguishing systems, the air-to-water ratio is set to obtain the desired foam
properties. In general, the lower the expansion ratio the wetter, the more fluid, the heavier
the more heat resistant is the foam.
Foam Fire Fighting System

The foam system on most ships is used for fighting a fire on the cargo deck. The system
comprises:
foam bulk storage tank
foam pump
variable flow injector (proportioner)
The foam system is operated from the FGFC room. The foam bulk storage tank contains
4m3 of fluoro-protein foam with an additional 100 L tank used for exercises. The foam is
pumped from the tank by an electrically driven pump. The foam concentrate is admitted to
the foam main via the variable flow injector where it mixes with sea water at 3 % (fed from
the fire pumps).
The foam main feeds seven monitors on the cargo deck and seven foam valves, for use
with portable foam making equipment. The foam mixture is aerated at the monitors with
an expansion rate 12:1. This produces low expansion foam, which is laid across the cargo
deck. Low expansion foam is used to give a good throw and make the foam resistant to
wind drift.
Cooling Effect Systems
Sprinklers
Sprinkler systems are generally used to protect
living quarters, adjacent passageways, public
spaces and vehicular decks on roll-on / roll-off
(ro-ro) vessels and ferryboats.
Sprinkler systems may extinguish fire in these
spaces. However, their primary function is to
protect the vessels structure, limit the spread of fire
and control the amount of heat produced. They
also protect people in these areas and maintain
escape routes.
Page No.: 32
How the System Works

Heat from the fire melts the fusible links of one or
more sprinkler heads. The heads open allowing
water to flow. The initial supply of water comes
from the piping and then from the pressure tank.
As water flows out of the tank, its pressure is
reduced. This pressure drop causes a pressure-
sensitive switch to electrically activate the
sprinkler water pump and the alarm bells.
The sprinkler pump takes over as the water source
supplying water from a fresh water holding tank.
Check valves in the piping ensure that the water flows from the pump to the sprinkler
heads rather than into the pressure tank. When the holding tank water supply is depleted,
the pump suction must be manually shifted to seawater.
Crewmen should not depend on an automatic sprinkler system as the sole method of
extinguishment. As in all fire attack operations, the initial attack (by the sprinkler system)
should be backed up with charged hose lines. An activated sprinkler should not be shut
down until the fire is at least knocked down and hose lines are in position to extinguish any
remaining fire. It is important to prevent unnecessary water accumulation but the primary
objective is to get the fire out. If an automatic sprinkler system is shut off too soon, heat
from the continuing fire can cause many more sprinkler heads to open. The additional
open heads can put an excessive load on the system beyond the capability of the sprinkler
pump. The result would be reduced pressure in the system and insufficient water flow from
the sprinkler heads. The heads then would not be able to form the spray pattern necessary
to achieve extinguishments.
After the fire is extinguished the sprinkler system should be restored to service. The
sprinkler heads that were opened should be replaced with heads of the same temperature
rating and deflector type. A supply of heads of the proper types should be kept on board
for this purpose. The pressure tank should be refilled and pressurized and the valves reset.
Manual Sprinkler Systems

In a manual or dry riser sprinkler system, the sprinkler heads are normally open and there
is no water in the piping. When a fire is discovered, the fire pumps are started and a
control valve is manually opened, supplying water to all the heads in the system. The
manual system supplies a larger volume of water to a protected area than the automatic
system does.
Page No.: 33
Fire Mains System
The fire-main system is the ships first line of defense against fire. It is required no matter
what other fire extinguishing systems are installed. Every crew member can expect to be
assigned to a station requiring knowledge of the use and operation of the ships fire main.
Fire-main system supplies water to all areas of the vessel. Fortunately the supply of water
at sea is limitless. The movement of water to the fire location is restricted only by the
system itself, the effect of the water on the stability of the ship and the capacity of the
supply pumps.
The fire-main system is composed of the following:
fire pumps
piping (main and branch lines)
control valves
hose and nozzles
Different Streams (used in fire-fighting)

solid-jet (straight stream)
For hard to reach area/structure above; cannot be used for Class B (liquid fire)
because it will splash and scatter and make the condition worse
semi-fog stream (60 degrees) - for extinguishment and cooling
full fog stream (180 degrees) For shielding / protection; use for attacking and
back outing the fire
Hydrants and Piping

The piping directs firefighting water from the
pumps to hydrants at the fire stations. The piping
must be large enough in diameter to distribute the
maximum required discharge from two fire pumps
operating simultaneously. The water pressure in
the system must be approximately 50 psi at the two
hydrants that are highest or furthest for cargo and
miscellaneous vessels and 75 psi for tank vessels.
This requirement ensures that the piping is large
enough in diameter so that the pressure produced
at the pump is not lost through friction in the
piping.
Page No.: 34
The piping system consists of a large main pipe and smaller branch lines leading off to the
hydrants. The main pipe is usually 4 - 6 inches in diameter. The branch lines are
generally 1 - 2 inches in diameter. Although the smaller branch lines reduce the flow
of water, they make it easier to maintain the required pressure at the fire stations. Branch
lines may not be connected into the fire-main system for any purpose other than firefighting
and deck washing.
All sections of the fire-main system on weather decks must be protected against freezing.
For these purpose, they may be fitted with isolation and drain valves so that water in the
piping may be drained in cold weather.
The schematic diagram on the previous page shows the fire main and pumps on a ship. It
comprises of two fire pumps (fire and deluge pumps) and an emergency pump. The pumps
are electric centrifugal self-priming pumps. The main fire pumps draw sea-water from a
separate sea chest than the emergency pump.
All fire pumps can be started from the following places:
bridge
cargo and engine control room
fire control center
pump side
The fire main feeds ten hydrants in the engine room (two per deck). At the
accommodation, the main branches feed the port and starboard sides. There are two
valves per deck located at the entrances to the accommodation. The fire main also runs
down the cargo deck feeding hydrants on the port and starboard sides. There are hose
reels placed throughout the ship; two per deck in the engine room, one per deck in the
accommodation and seven on the cargo deck. The International Shore Connection can be
found on the upper deck, port and starboard sides. This provides protection against a
cargo deck fire. A sprinkler system is also provided for the chemical stores in the engine
room, paint stores in the engine room and fore peak.
International Shore Connection

At least one shore connection in the fire-main system is required on each side of the vessel.
Each shore connection must be in an accessible location and must be fitted with cutoff and
check valves.
A vessel on an international voyage must have at least one

portable international shore connection available to either
side of the vessel. International shore connections may be
connected to matching fittings that are available at most
ports and terminals throughout the world.
Page No.: 35
These enable the crew to take advantage of the pumping capability of the shore installation
or fire department at any port. The required international shore connections are
permanently mounted on some vessels.
Use of Breathing Apparatus for Fighting Fires

Self-contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA)
These devices provide air or oxygen to the user, who wears

the entire device. The user is thus, completely mobile.
However, the device can supply air or oxygen for limited
amount of time only.
There are two kinds of SCBAs:
oxygen breathing apparatus (OBA)- these devices provide oxygen chemically.
demand units - these devices provide air or oxygen from a supply carried by the
user.
Self-contained Demand-Type Breathing Apparatus

Demand-type breathing apparatus is being used increasingly aboard merchant ships. Its
popularity stems from its convenience, the fact that it supplies the user with cool fresh air,
the speed with which it can be put into service and its versatility.
The demand-type apparatus gets its name from the function of the regulator which controls
the flow of air to the face piece. The regulator supplies air on demand; i.e. it supplies
the user with air when he needs it and in the amount that his respiratory system requires. It
thus, supplies different users with air at different rates, depending on their demand.
Newer model demand-type breathing apparatus are being supplied with a positive flow
to the face piece. The slight pressure in the face piece prevents contaminated air from
entering the face piece and getting into the respiratory tract. This positive air pressure
lessens the critical nature of the face piece fit against the users face.
Donning of Breathing Apparatus
Loosen straps and place the apparatus with the cylinder valve facing upward
preparation for its donning.
Page No.: 36
Place the neck strap of the face piece on your neck then don breathing apparatus
by means of over head.
Adjust shoulder straps firmly and comfortably, buckle up the waist, inserting the
male buckle on the back of the female buckle to lock it
Lean forward when the cylinder is released so that the cylinder will not slide down
the back.
Tighten waist strap by pulling either side for comfortable fit. Bear in mind that waist
carries the whole weight of breathing apparatus.
Put on the spiromatic mask by means of one hand technique. Place first the face
piece on your chin then move the mask towards face totally and give a deep breath.
The breathing valve will open automatically.
1 2 3
1 2 3
4 5 6
Page No.: 37
Steps for Putting on the Facepiece
Removing and Restowing Backpack Unit

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FIRE PREVENTION

Module 2 Maintain A State of Readiness to

Module 3 Fight and Extinguish Fires

Principles of Survival in Relation to Fire

The Fire Triangle

The Fire Tetrahedron

Properties of Flammable Materials

Auto-ignition (spontaneous ignition)

Static Electricity - How it occurs?

Fire Spread (Methods of Heat Transfer)

Phases of Fire Development

Safe Practices - General Safety Procedures

Safety in the Engine Room

maintain a clean engine-room, remove oil-soaked rags

Safety in the Galley

Safety in the Accommodation

Safety in the Cargo Area

Need for Constant Vigilance

Fire Hazards on Ship

Fire Hazards in the Engine Room

Fire Hazards in the Galley

Fire Hazards in Accommodation

Fire Hazards from Cargoes

Organization of Shipboard Fire Fighting

General Emergency Alarm

Other Fire Alarm

Fire Control Plan

Muster list is posted at the bridge and at all duty

Only the Master can override the muster list

Communication with the M aster should be established by phone or by messenger.

Personnel Safety Procedures

Entering fire zone

The typical exercises during fire drills are:

Location of Fire-fighting Appliances and Emergency Escape Routes

Inert Gas System

Inert gas system was developed to reduce the

Fixed Fire-Extinguishing Arrangements in Cargo Spaces

Emergency Fire Pump

Emergency Escape Routes

Fire Spread in Different Parts of a Ship

Automatic Fire Detection Systems

Fire Detection Control Unit

When fire is detected, lights are automatically activated:

Alarm bells or tones are sounded:

Two non-automatic systems are:

Heat-Activated Fire Detectors

Fixed-Temperature Fire Detectors

Automatic Sprinkler System

Manual Fire Alarm System

Smoke Detection Systems

Types of Smoke Detectors

Classification of Fires and Appropriate Extinguishing Agents

Fire-fighting Appliances and Equipment

Fire Hoses and Nozzles

Types of Mobile Apparatus

Portable Fire Extinguisher

Types of Portable Fire Extinguishers

Stored-Pressure Water Extinguisher

Carbon Dioxide Extinguishers

Using Portable Fire Extinguishers

SQUEEZE the lever above the handle: This discharges the

SWEEP from side to side: Moving carefully toward the fire,

Portable Foam Applicator