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Hydraulic Cements
Concrete Technology
HYDRAULIC CEMENTS
AND THEIR PROPERTIES
Concrete Technology
Concrete Basics
Concrete Technology
Definitions
Cement Powder
Concrete Technology
Definitions
Concrete Technology
Cement
Cement is a pulverized material that
develops binding forces due to a reaction
with water
Concrete Technology
Hydraulic Cements
Cements that harden by reaction with
water and form a water-resistant
product.
Portland Cement (P.C.)
Portland cement is a hydraulic cement
capable of setting, hardening and
remains stable under water. It is
composed of calcium silicates and some
amount of gypsum.
Concrete Technology
Cement Chemistry
In cement chemistry, the individual oxides and clincker
compounds are expressed by their abbreviations
Concrete Technology
Concrete Technology
Cement Chemistry
Hydration Reactions
2C3S + 6H C-S-H + 3CH (120 cal/g)
2C2S + 4H C-S-H + CH (62 cal/g)
C3A + 3CSH2 +26H C6AS3H32 (300 cal/g)
2C3A + C6AS3H32 + 4H 3C4ASH12
C4AF + 10H + 2CH C6AFH12
Concrete Technology
Concrete Technology
Manufacturing Process
Calcium silicates are the primary constituents
of portland cement.
Raw material for P.C. Calcium & Silica
Calcium: Limestone, chalk, etc (CaO+CO2)
Silica: Clays and shales (SiO2+Al2O3+Fe2O3+H2O)
Concrete Technology
Manufacturing Process
Concrete Technology
Manufacturing Process
Concrete Technology
Manufacturing Process
This image cannot currently be display ed.
Concrete Technology
Manufacturing Process
Raw T = 1400C
(Limestone Rotary Kiln Clinker+Gypsum
+Clay) Grind
Grind Mill Portland Cement
3CaO.SiO 2 C3S
Limestone CaO CO 2 C 2S
2CaO.SiO 2
Clay SiO 2 Al2 O 3 Fe 2 O 3 H 2 O 3CaO.Al2 O 3 C3A
4CaO.Al2 O 3 .Fe 2 O 3 C 4 AF
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Concrete Technology
Fineness
Reactivity of cement with water is
a function of its fineness.
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Concrete Technology
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Concrete Technology
The compressive strength found by Bouge and Lerch** for hydrated samples of the
pure cement phases C3S and C2S are plotted as a function of age. The compressive
strengths of C3A and C4AF, hydrated along and with gypsum, fall within the cross-
hatched region labeled A and have not been plotted explicitly. The time scale is
linear. The time scale is logarithmic, which has the effect of expanding the early
ages, and this shows the differences between strength gain of C3S and C2S pastes.
Concrete Technology
A polished section
of concrete
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Concrete Technology
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Concrete Technology
Microstructure of Concrete
(Hydration products)
CH C-S-H
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Concrete Technology
Microstructure of Concrete
(Hydration products)
Ettringite
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Concrete Technology
Microstructure of Concrete
(Transition Zone)
Characteristics of the TZ
Large crystals of Ettringite and
CH with preferred orientation
Porous Structure 26
Concrete Technology
Concrete Technology
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Concrete Technology
Concrete Technology
Originally water-filled space = clear, unhydrated cement = /// , inner hydration products = ,
outer hydration products = , & primary portlandite = P1.
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Concrete Technology
Capillary Porosity
The originally-water-filled space within the
cement paste becomes the capillary pores
which act as stress concentrations and
reduce the strength significantly.
The strength of most engineering materials is
increased with a decrease in porosity, and by
controlling the water/ cement ratio the
engineer is assured that the basic porosity of
the paste is also controlled. That is not to
say the other sources of porosity will not
occur, but at least the cement paste will
have a given porosity.
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Concrete Technology
Capillary Porosity
Figure below shows a graphical representation of the
relative volumes of hydration products during hydration.
Concrete Technology
*T.C. Powers, The Non-Evaporable Water Content of Portland Cement Paste: Its Significance for
Concrete Research and Its Method of Determination, ASTM Bul., No. 158, (May 1949) pp. 68-76.
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Concrete Technology